考研基本语法.pdf

《考研基本语法.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《考研基本语法.pdf（55页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、一、定语从句定语从句（AttributiveClauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关 系 词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which 等。关系副词有：when,where,why等。关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man

2、who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2）Whose用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose（of which）cover is green.请递给我

3、那本绿皮的书。3）which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村 H ；现了 前所未有的繁荣。（which/that在句中作宾语）The package（which/that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。（which/that在句中作宾语）关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作

4、状语。1）when,where,why关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于”介词+which”结构，因此常常和 介词+which”结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where(in which)I was bom.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、

5、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和 介词+which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：His father died the year（that/when/in which）he was bom.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place（that/where/in which）he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。二、状语从句状语从句的种类1.时间状语从句2.地点状语从句3.原因状语从句4.条件状语从句5.目的状语从句6.让步状语从句7.比较状语从句8.方式状语从句9

6、.结果状语从句状语从句的时态特点一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如：I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.我到北京就将给你打电话。（这是由 as soon as引导的时间状语从句，从句中的谓语动词arrive是 般 现 在 时，表示一般将来时，决不可用will arrive）As soon as I have finished this work,I will go hom e.我一完成此工作,就回家。（从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finish

7、ed,表示将来完成时，决不可用will have finished）If he comes back,please let me know.如果他回来了，请通知我。（从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时，绝不可用will come back）状语从句讲解和练习状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常山副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当。例如：1.Naturally,our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call.（副词）2.We worked hard,from sunrise to sunset.（介词状短

8、语）3.To help my disabled aunt,I spend an hour working in her house every day.（不定式）4.Seen from a distance,the farmhouse looked deserted.（过去分词）5.1 know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before.（原因状语从句）状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目

9、的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下：1.时间状语从句常用弓 I 导词：when,as,while,as soon as,before,after,since,till,until特殊弓I导词：the minute,the moment,the second,every time,the day,the instant,immediately,directly,no sooner.than,hardly.when,scarcely.whe

10、nI didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.While John was watching TV,his wife was cooking.The children ran away from the orchard(果园),the moment they saw the guard.No sooner had I arrived home,then it began to rain.Every time I listen to your advice,I get into trouble.2.地点状语从

11、句常用引导词：where特殊弓I 导词：wherever,anywhere,everywhereGenerally,air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go,you should work hard.地点状语从句一般由连接副词where,wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，例如：句 型 1：Where+地点从句,(there)+主句。【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里哪里就1主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如：Where there i

12、s no rain,farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。They were good persons.Where they went,there they were warmly welcomed.他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。You should have put the book where you found it.你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。Where the Communist Party of China goes,there the people are liberated哪里有了

13、 中国共产党，哪里人民就得解放。句型2：Anywhere/wherever+地点从句，+主句。【注意】anywhere本身是个副词，但是，常可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于wherever,anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。而 wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处工 例如：Wherever the sea is,you will find seamen.有海就有海员。3.原因状语从句常用引导词:because,since,as,for特殊弓 I 导词：seeing that,now that,in that,considering that,g

14、iven that.My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come,lets begin our conference.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.4.目的状语从句常用引导词:so that,in order that特殊引导词：lest,in case,for fear that,in the hope that,for

15、 the purpose that,to the end thatThe boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.5.结果状语从句常用引导词：so.that,such that,特殊弓I导词：such that,to the degree that,to the extent that,t

16、o such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.Ils such a good chance that we must not miss it.To such a degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.6.条件状语从句常用引导词：if,unless,特殊弓I 导词：as/so long as,only if,providing/provided that,supposing that,in case that,oncondition

17、thatWell start our project if the president agrees.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.Provided that there is no opposition,we shall hold the meeting here.7.让步状语从句常用引导词：though,although,even if,even though特殊引导词：as（用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装），while（一 般 用 在 句 首）,nomatter.in spite of the fact t

18、hat,while,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whicheverMuch as I respect him,I cant agree to his proposal.尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No matter how hard he tried,she could not change her mind.He wont listen whatever you may say.8.比较状语从

19、句常用引导词：as（同级比较）,than（不同程度的比较）特殊引导词：the more.the more.Just as，so.;A is to B what/as X is to Y;no.more than;not A so much as BShe is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise,the healthier you will be.Food to men is what oil is to machine.食物之于人，犹如油之于机器

20、。9.方式状语从句常用引导词：as,as if,how特殊引导词：the wayWhen in Rome,do as the Roman do.She behaved as if she were the boss.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.10.状语从句的简化状语从句的省略状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；从句主要动词是b e的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：When(the museum is)completed,the museu

21、m will be open to the public next year.Hell go to the seaside for his holiday if(it is)possible.另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如：Im taller than he(is tall).The higher the temperature(is),the greater the pressure(is).就状语从句而言，有时为了使语言言简意赅，常常将状语从句进行 简化。状语从句的”简化”现象在口语中较为普遍，而且在高考中的复现率也较高。因此，有必要对其进行全面、透彻的了解。状语从句的“简化”现象常存在

22、于以下五种状语从句中:由if,unless等引导的条件状语从句;由although,though,even if/though等引导的让步状语从句;由when,while,as,before,after,until/till等引导的时间状语从句;由as,as if等引导的方式状语从句;由as,than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对这五种情形作归纳。(1)当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是b e时,it和 be要完全简化掉。例如：If(it is)possible,he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的话，他会帮你摆脱困境。You must a

23、ttend the meeting unless(it is)inconvenient to you.除非情况对你来说不方便，否则你必须出席这次会议。(2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下几种情形：a.连词+形容词As(he was)young,he learned how to ride a bike.他小时候就学会了 骑自行车。Whenever(she is)free,she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。Work hard when(you are)young,or youll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲

24、。b.连词+名词While(he was)a young boy,he was always ready to help others.他在孩子时代就乐于助人。Although(he was)a farmer,now he is a famous director.尽管他曾是个农民,但现在他是位著名的导演了。c.连词+现在分词As(she was)walking along Ihc river bank,she was singing a pop song.她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。Allhough(he is)doing his best in maths these days,he h

25、as still got no good marks.尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。d.连词+过去分词He wont go there with us unless(he is)invited.除非受到邀请，否则他不会和我们一道去那里。The concert was a great success than(it was)expected.这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。e.连词+不定式He stood up as if(he were)to say something.当时他站起来好像要说什么。He wouldnt solve the problem even if(h

26、e were)to take charge.即使他来负责，他也解决不了这个问题。f.连词+介词短语She looked anxious as though(she was)in trouble.她看上去很焦急，好像遇到了麻烦。He had mastered the English language before(he was)in the USA.他到美国之前就懂英语To注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时，从句部分要么用完全形式，要么用独立主格结构来表达。例如：When the meeting was over,all the people went out of the meeting-ro

27、om.当会议结束时，人们都走出了会议室。（=The meeting over,一、时间状语从句概念：在复合句中，由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句。（在复合句中，要注意主句和从句的时态大多都要保持致。）要点：时间状语从句，由以下连词引导：when while as after before as soon as since till/until by the time 在时间状语从句中,要注意时态一致。一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。1 .when在的时候Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.（

28、在）莫扎特4 岁的时候，开始写音乐作品。2.while在期间He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.他在旅行期间参观了许多地方。3.as在的同时；一边 一边We always sing as we walk.我们总是一边走一边唱。4.after在 之后He left the classroom after he had finished his homework.他做完作业之后就离开教室。5.before 在 之前Mr.Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.

29、布朗先生来这里之前已经在一家银行里工作一年了。6.as soon as 一 就。We began to work as soon as we got there.我们一到那就开始工作。I will write to you as soon as I get home.我一到家就给你写信。7.since自。稣 到现在表示自过去的个起始时间点到目前（说话时间）为止的段持续时间。主句般用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。还可以用作介词，本句从句还可以用短语：since three yearsago（从三年前至今）表示。Mr Green has taught in that school since he

30、 came to China three years ago.自格林先生来中国以来，他就在这所学校教书。8 till/until 菖U o o都可以作连词，连接时间状语，也可以作介词，与其它词构成介词短语，在句中作状语。（强调将一般用until）They walked till/until it was dark.他们一直走到天黑。Xiao Ming didnt leave home till/until his father came back.小明直到他爸爸回来才离开家。9.by the time 到。为 止（所在句子的主句应用完成时）By the time he gets there,h

31、is father has already gone.他到家的时候，他爸爸已经走了。By the time I got to school,the class had already began.我到校时，已经开始上课了。时间状语从句注意事项1.由when,while,a s引导的时间状语从句例如：When you think you know nothing,then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。When truth is buried under the ground it grows,it chokes,

32、it gathers such an explosive forcethat on the day it bursts out,it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！Strike while the iron is h o t.趁热打铁。Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim.我游泳的时候，请你照看一下我的衣服。You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through i

33、 t.当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。Our headmaster laughed as she spok已我们的校长一边谈一边笑。when,while和 a s的区别w hen引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬间动词。并 且 when有时表示“就在那时工例如：When she came in,I stopped eating.她进来时，我停止吃饭。（瞬间动词）When I lived in the countryside,I used to cairy some water for him.当我住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词）We were a

34、bout to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。（瞬间动词）While引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如：While my wife was reading the newspaper,I was watching TV.（was reading 是延续性的动词，was reading 和 was watching 同时发生）I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮

35、球。（对比）A s表示“一边一边”，a s 引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如：We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（as表示“一边.一边”）As we was going out,it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）as when while 的辨析as when while都表示主、从句动作同时发生，三者差异如下：表示“一边。一边”的意思a s 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时用于发生时间较短时when1、还可以

36、表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作 之前 或 之后 发生。2、when=and then;at that moment（正在那个时候）while 1、用于时间较长时2、强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时有时这三个连词可以互换，有时不可以。It was raining hard when（as）I got there.我到那里时，正在下大雨。（动作同时发生，when可 换 为a s,但不能换为w h ile,因为get是点动词.）When I had read the article,he called me.我看完这篇文章之后，她给我打了电话。（从句动作发生在主句之前，注意时态表达，只能用w

37、hen）When I got to the cinema,the film had begun.（当）我到了电影院时，电影已经开演了。（从句的动作发生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意时态）He was about to leave,when the telephone rang.他正要离开，忽然电话响了。（此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达 正在”“即将”.while,as不能代替She thought I was talking about her daughter,while,in fact,I was talking about my daughter.他以为我在谈她女儿，然而，实际

38、上在谈论我女儿。（表转折，对比，when,a s都不能代替它）While the alien was buying a souvenir,the girl called the police.外星人买纪念品时，那女孩给警察打了电话。（表示主句，从句的动作同时发生，while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词，因为它表示较长时间）Mother was worried because little Alice was ill,especially as（when/while）father was away.妈妈担心，因为小爱丽丝病了，特别是他父亲不在家的时候。（此 时as,when,

39、while可通用）2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注 意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才还要注意主句和从 句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如 果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时、这样以便体现动作发生的先后。A fter表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如：It will be four days before they come back.他们要过四天才能回来。Einstein almost kno

40、cked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。They had not been married four months before they were divorced.他们结婚还不至U四个月就离婚了。After you think it over,please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。After we had finish

41、ed the work,we went home.完成工作之后，我们回家了。（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时）3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和 until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时.，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如：I didnt go to bed until(till)my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。It was not until the meeting was over that

42、 he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。I didnt work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。4.由since引导的时间状语从句。since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在Itis+时间+since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如：I have been in

43、Beijing since you le ft.自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。Where have you been since I last saw y o u?自上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing.我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月 了。知识扩展1.It is since从。以来多长时间了(因为since+从句或名词，表示一段时间)It is five years since we

44、 met last lime.从我们上次见面已经五年了。2.It is+before.(ooo 才)It was a long time before I went to sleep again.过了很长时间我才睡着。It was an hour before(=until)the police arrived.过了一个小时，警察才来。5.由 as soon as,immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the instant,the minute,等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一就”。例如：I will go there directly

45、I have finished my breakfast.吃完早饭，我立即到那里去。The moment I heard the news,I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息，马上赶到了 出事地点。As soon as I reach Canada,I will ring you u p.我一到加拿大，就给你来电话。【注意】hardly(scarcely,rarely).when/before,no sooner.than 相当于 as soon as 之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当 hardly,scarcely,rarely和 no sooner位于句

46、首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如：He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.他刚到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程。No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commencework.太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。He had hardly fallen asleep w

47、hen he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.他刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如：By the time you came back,I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。By the time you come here tomorrow,I will have finished this work.你明天来这儿的

48、时候，我将已经完成此工作了。7.由 each time,every time 和 whenever引导的时间状语从句。例如：Each time he came to Harbin,he would call on m e.他每次来哈尔滨，总是来看我。Whenever that man saysTo tell the truth”,I suspect that hes about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候，我猜想他就要说谎了。You grow younger every time I see you.每次遇到你，见你更年轻了。8.由 as long as 和 s

49、o long a引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久就多久”，通常译为“只 要 例 如：You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark.你可以随意到哪里去，只要在天黑以前回来就行。I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body!只要我 一 息、尚存，我就要反对这种境况。9.when和 while的区别引导时间状语从句。w hen和 w hile都可表示“当.时“这时候.“when后及短暂性动 词(land,

50、come in,meet,leave 等，while 后及延续性动词(shop,visit,read,sleep 等)when 后及一般过去式。eg：The girl was shopping when she saw the alien.What was Charlotte doing when the alien took off?while 后及过去进行时。eg：While the alien was buying a souvenir,the boy called thepolice.While the alien was reading the book,the boy called