考研翻译讲义.pdf

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1、翻译篇翻译篇第一章考研英语翻译标准解析评分原则1.五个翻译试题每题2 分，总 分 10分。2.如果一道题只译出部分词语，或整句译错，部分词语译对，给分最多不超过0.5分。3.如果考生就一个题目提供了两个或两个以上的译法，并且都译对了，给满分：如果其中一个译法有错，应根据错误的扣分。4.中文错别字不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣0.5分，无 0.25扣分。第二章：翻译过程详解1、通读全句、准确理解2、分析成分、划分意群3、选择词义、贴切表达4、适当调整、工整书写第三章：翻译技巧：词类转换1.转换成汉语动词A.名词转换成动词(1)具有动态意义的名词；(2)由动词派生

2、出来的名词1 I admire your decision tofight for the difficulties inpreparing the examination.1你决定在备考中与困难做斗争，对此我很羡慕/赞赏！2 Rockets have foundapplication for the exploration ofthe universe.火箭已经用于探索宇宙。Apply使用；申请ApplicationApply to 适用于Apply for 申请Applicable 适用的Applicant申请人Economy经济；节约Economic经济的2Economical 节约的I

3、ndustry 工业、行业；勤奋Industrial 工业的Industrious 勤奋的Explore3 We must place stress on theprevention of disease.我们必须重视预防疾病。4 In China,there is a lot ofemphasis on politeness.在中国，人们都注重礼节。5 A careful study of the originaltext will give you a better3translation.仔细研究原文，你会翻译得更好。B.形容词转换为动词6 I am anxious about hish

4、ealth.我很担心他的健康。7 Scientists are confident thatall matter is indestructible.科学家们坚信所有物质都是不灭的。DestroyDestroyer破坏者；驱逐舰Destruction4Exclude 排除Exclusive排他的Exclusive news 独家新闻Include 包括Inclusive包括性的InclusionConclude 总结ConclusiveConclusion英语汉语英语汉语Destructiveof.破坏Differentfrom 同，不工Exclusi排除Full充满5ve of(from)o

5、 f.Paralle1 to(with)平行于Peculiarto.局限于Responsiblefor.负贝 Scareeo f.缺乏Similarto.相似于Shorto f.缺乏；缺少Subjectto.服从于Worthy值得6 of.Relative to.与/有关Familiarwith 熟悉C.副词转换为动词8 The test was not over yet.这次测试尚未结束。一9 An exhibition of newproducts is on there.那里正在举办新产品展览会。10 The experiment inchemistry was ten minutesb

6、ehind.这项化学实验推迟了 10分钟。711 The electric current flowsthrough the circuit with theswitch on.开关一开，电流就会流过线路。12 He took the machine apartyesterday.昨天他把这台机器给拆了。D.介词转换成动词13 The volume of a gasbecomes smaller when thepressure upon it is increased.当作用于气体的压力增大，气体的体积变小。14 No body at rest can be set inmotion wit

7、hout a force being8acted upon it.没有外力作用于它，物体不会移动。15 Many laboratories aredeveloping medicines againstAIDS.许多实验室正在研发治疗艾滋病的药物。2.转换成汉语名词A.动词转换成名词(1)具有静态意义的动词(2)从名词派生出来的动词16 Gases differ from solids inthat the former have greatercompressibility than the latter.9气体不同于固体/气体与固体不同，因为前者比后者具有更大的压缩性。17 The ele

8、ctronic computer ischiefly characterized by itsaccurate and rapid computations.Character性格,特征；汉字这台计算机的主要特征是，精确而快速的运算。18 Mercury weighs aboutthirteen times as much as water.汞的比重大约是水的13倍。19 Smith aims to become acomputer expert.10史密斯的目标是成为一名计算机专家。20 The university aims at thefirst rate of the world.这所

9、大学的目标是成为世界一Pink slip 解雇Blue蓝色的；忧郁的Blue ribbon 蓝丝带The Order of Garter 嘉德勋章袜带Blue-brick universityRed-brick university 非一流大学Blue blood贵族血统11Blue chip蓝筹股Blue film 色情电影Once in a blue moonB.形容词转换成名词21 He was eloquent andelegant-but soft.他口若悬河，姿态优雅，但性格软弱。22 His whole family werereligious.他的全家都信仰宗教。12c代词转换

10、成名词：还原代词所指23 We need frequencies evenhigher than those we call veryhigh frequency.我们需要比我们称作超高频频率还要高的频率。24 According to a growingbody of evidence,the chemicalsthat make up many plastics maymigrate out of the material andinto foods and fluids,ending upin your body.越来越多的证据显示，这种构成塑料的化学物质会从物质中13分解出来，并且进入

11、食物和液体，最终进入人们的身体。25 For nearly two thousandyears it was mistakenly believedthat all heavy objects fell fasterthan light ones.Galileo伽利略几乎两千年以来，人们错误地认为，重物体比轻物体下降的速度要快。D.副词转换成名词1426 It is officially announcedthat China has successfullylaunched her fist mannedspaceship.官方宣布，中国已经成功地发射了他的第一艘载人飞船。3.转换为汉语形容

12、词A.副词转化成形容词27 This film impressed himdeeply.这部电影给他留下了深刻的印象。B.名词转换成形容词。28 This issue is of vitalimportance.15这件事很重要。Be+of+nThe conference is of greatsignificance.29 The pallor of her faceindicated clearly how she wasfeeling at the moment.她苍白的脸色清楚地显示了她当时的感受。30 Our performance was asuccess.我们的表现非常成功。31

13、 Independent thinking is an16absolute necessity in study.独立思考在研究中绝对是必须的。4.形容词转副词32 We must make full use ofexisting technical equipment.我们必须充分利用现有设备。5.介词转连词33 With all its shortcomingsthis composition is regarded asthe best.尽管有缺点，这篇作文被认为是最好的。第四章：翻译必考考点：定语17从句1.前置法注意事项：在理解定语从句时;在翻译简短的定语从句时适用刖置法。1 He

14、who has never tastedwhat is bitter does not knowwhat is sweet.没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。2 Furthermore,humans havethe ability to modify theenvironment in which they live,thus subjecting all other lifeforms to their own peculiar ideas18and fancies.进而，人类有改造他们居住环境的能力，因此会让其它生命形式服从他们自己独特的想法和想象。Following the dog,the

15、teachercame in.狗在前Followed by a group of pupils,the teacher came in.老师在前Weather permitting,we wouldgo out for a walk.分词结构做状语时，它的逻辑主语往往要与主句的主语保持一致；如果不一致时，要将它的逻辑主语直接放在分词结构19之前，构成分词的独立主格结构。服从的t。主语、主题、子民SubjectAt the age of 6,my father taughtme English.upright3 But even more important,itwas the farthest

16、 that scientists20had been able to look into thepast,for what they were seeingwere the patterns and structuresthat existed 15 billion yearsago.但更为重要的是，它是科学家们能看到的最遥远的过去，因为他们看到的是存在了 150亿年的星云和结构。4 The method of scientificinvestigation is nothing but theexpression of the necessarymode of working of the

17、humanmind;it is simply the mode by21which all phenomena arereasoned about and given preciseand exact explanation.科学研究的方法只不过是人类大脑工作必要模式的表达；简单地说，它也是一种模式，通过它所有现象都得到推理并且对此提供精准的解释。2.后置法(1)重复先行词5 I told the story to John,22who told it to his brother.我把这个故事告诉了约翰，约翰又将它告诉了他的弟弟。6 They would have had to liveth

18、e rest of their lives under thestigma that he had recklesslyprecipitated an action whichwrecked the Summit Conferenceand conceivably could havelaunched a nuclear war.他们不得不背负恶名度过余生，他贸然地采取了行动，这个行动破坏了首脑会谈，并且有可能引发一场核战。237 Christmas carols are loved byall who hear and sing it everyyear.圣诞赞歌为人们所喜爱，人们每年都要歌

19、唱它。（2）省略先行词8 It is he who received theletter that announced the death ofyour uncle.是他收到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。9 World War II was,however,24more complex than World WarI,which was a collision amongthe imperialist powers over thespoils of markets,resources andterritories.然而，第二次世界大战比第一次世界大战复杂得多，第一次世界大战是帝国主义列强争夺市场

20、、资源和领土的战争。10 After dinner,the four keynegotiators resumed their talks,which continued well into thenight.饭后，四位主要谈判代表继续25和谈，一直谈到深夜。Resume 继续 resumptionresumeassume 假定 assumptionpresume 假定 presumptionconsume 消费 consumption3.融合法：There be句型或者对术语进行界定时的定语从句，常常适用融合法；融合法11 There are many peoplewho want to r

21、ead the book.26有许多人想读这本书。There is a pretty lady downstairswho wants to see you.楼下有一位美女想见你。12 Home workers are peoplewho have made decisionsregarding their careers andlife-styles.在家工作的人根据他们的事业和生活方式做出决定。4.状译法：阅读理解时常常使用(1)译成表示“时间”的分句13 A driver who is driving the27bus mustnt talk with others orbe absen

22、t-minded.司机在开车时，；不许与他人交谈也不许心不在焉。(2)译成表示“原因”的分句14 He showed no further wishfor conversation with Mrs.Smith,who was now more than usuallyinsolent and disagreeable.他不想再与史密斯夫人交谈，因为史密斯夫人现在异常地粗鲁与不合作。(3)译成表示“条件”的分句15 Men become desperate for28work,any work,which will helpthem to keep alive their families.男

23、人们都急于找到一份工作，什么工作都可以，只要能够养家糊口就行。(4)译成表示“让步”的分句16 He insisted on buyinganother house,which he had nouse for.他坚持要再买一幢房子，尽管他并没有这样的需要。(5)译成表示“目的”的分句17 He wishes to write an article29that will attract the publicattention to the matter.为了引起公众对这个事件的关注，他想写一篇文章。18 He is collecting authenticmaterial that prove

24、s hisargument.为了证明他的观点，他正在收集确凿的材料。(6)译成表示“结果”的分句19 They tried to stamp out therevolt,which spread all the morefuriously throughout the country.他们力图镇压反抗，结果反抗愈演愈烈，遍及了全国。30(7)译成表示“转折”的分句20 She was very patienttowards the children,which herhusband seldom was.他对孩子很有耐心，但他的丈夫却很少这样。21 Actually,it isnt,becau

25、se itassumes that there is an agreedaccount of human rights,whichis something the world does nothavq.事实上，它不是这样，因为它假定有一个关于人权的通用的陈述，但世界上并没有这种陈述。31I.五个基本句型 _ _ _ _ _II.英汉差异：形 合(Hypotactic)与 意 合(Paratactic)=葡 萄v s竹竿1_2_34_5_6_7_III.理解总策略：结构+意群1 The Mr.Palomar telescope isplaced on a mountain not somuch

26、to bring it nearer to theheavens as to put it where the airis purer and clearer and thenoises and vibrations of cities areavoided.32帕拉马望远镜安装在了一座山上，与其说是让它更接近天空，不如说放在那里，空气更加清新，并且远离了城市的喧嚣。不定式可以表示目的状语In order toIn order not toSo as toSo as not toAs tall asAs/so much asNot as/so much as 否定前面与其说不如说33O f后面

27、修饰限定前面The egg and tomatoThe egg and the tomato词法：词义+词性句法：主谓宾定状补同I am teaching British English.定语：修饰限定名词结构的结构状语：(1)修饰限定动词、副词或者形容词的结构She is very beautiful.She is exceedingly pretty.(2)修饰限定整个句子的结构Because you are exceedingly34pretty,I love you.补语：补充说明We elected Trump president.He made me angry.同位语：具有同指关

28、系首都北京I got the news that he was killedby his roommate.同位语从句I got the book that she boughtfor me in the States.定语从句IV.考研英语句式特点:351.主语偏长/主语复杂化2 One of the most heartwarming aspects of people who are born with a facial disfigurement,whether minoror major,is the number of them who do not allow it to ups

29、et their lives,even reaching out to help others with thesame problem.2.状语偏长3 Sexual confusion,economicfrustrations,and religioushope-all came together in adecisive moment when he1 opened the Bible,2told hisfather that the first line(that)hesaw would settle his fate,and3read the magical words:Comeout

30、 from among them,touch nounclean thing,and I will be yourGod and you shall be mypeople.”36当他打开 圣经，告诉他的父亲他读到的第一行将会决定他的命运,然后他读到了充满魔力的语言：“如果从他们中间走出来，不要触摸不净之物，我将是你的上帝，你将是我的子民。”在这一决定性的时刻，性的困惑、经济上的挫败感和宗教的希望全部涌现在了一起。祈使句+and+完整的句子，其中祈使句表示条件Follow me and you will37succeed.4 As someone who has worked for the

31、past eight years as a reader of freshman applications to the Universityof California at Berkeley,and as the director of an SAPpreparation center,I know that a score on the SAT or ACTis the only data point that is an apples-to-apples comparison.3.修饰结构复杂5 Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory

32、have described the physiological mechanisms that allow theseals to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives,which can extend 500meters below the ocean surface and last for over 70 minutes.4.隔离结构6J Its notable that those who wish to see the SAT drastically altered

33、 or disappear as a college-admissionsrequirement do not work for colleges or universities with a large number of applicants.7 The processes of photosynthesis,by which carbon dioxide and water are combined-in the presence ofchlorophyll and with energy derived from lightto form sugars,require that car

34、bon dioxide from the air enter theplant.8 The second aspect is the application by all members of society,from the government official to theordinary citizen,of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.9 The main burden of assuring that the resources of the federal

35、government are well managed falls onrelatively few of the five million men and women whom it employs.第五章：真题演练2005年真题38It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in Europeanhistory.History and news become confused,and ones impressions tend to be a

36、 mixture of skepticism andoptimism.46)Television is one of the meaos by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhapsnever before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.TheEurope that is now forming cannot be anything other than i

37、ts peoples,their cultures and national identities.Withthis in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene.47)In Europe,as elsewhere,mulli-mediagroups have been increasingly successful:groups which bring together television,radio,newspapers,magazinesand publishing houses that work in r

38、elation to one another.One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group,while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly,only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such arich and hotly-contested market.48)This alone demonstrates that the televisi

39、on business is not an easy world tosurvive in,a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks,no less than50%took a loss in 1989.Moreover,the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate moreclosely in terms of both pro

40、duction and distribution.49)Creating a“European identity that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up theconnecting fabric of ihc Old Conlincnl is no easy lask and demands a strategic choice-that of producingprograms in Europe for Europe.This entails reducing our dependenc

41、e on the North American market,whoseprograms relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives,we must concentrate more on co-productions,the exchange of news,documentary services and training.This also involves the agreements between

42、 European countries for the creationof a European bank for Television Production which,on the model of the European Investments Bank,will handlethe finances necessary for production costs.50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale,it is no exaggerationto say United we stand,divided we fall”and i

43、f I had to choose a slogan it would be“Unity in our diversity.-A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.2006年真题Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?I am going tosuggest that it is not true.Fat

44、her Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectualswho have rejected America.But they have done more than that.They have grown dissatisfied with the role ofintellectual.It is they,not America,who have become anti-intellectual.First,the object of our study pleads for

45、definition.What is an intellectual?46)I shall define him as anindividual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life Ihe activity of thinking in a Socratic(苏格拉底)way about moral problems.He explores such problems consciously,articulately,and frankly,first by askingfactual questions,then

46、by asking moral questions,finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in thelight of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.47)His function is analogous to that of a judge,who must accept(he obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible(he course of reasoning w

47、hich ledhim to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals the average scientist,for one.48)I have excluded him because,while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems,hehas not been charged with the task of approaching any b

48、ut the factual aspects of those problems.Like other humanbeings,he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties-he is not supposed to39cook his experiments,manufacture evidence,or doctor his reports.49)But his primary task is not to think aboutihe moral code which g

49、overns his activity,any more than a businessman is expected lo dedicate his energies to anexploration of rules of conduct in business.During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted,as thebusinessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers,despite the

50、fact that teaching has traditionally been themethod whereby many intellectuals earn their living.50)They may leach very well and more than earn theirsalaries,but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moraljudgment.This description even fits the majori