[考研英语]英语翻译及阅读资料-经济学人7.pdf

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1、Metabolic syndrome代谢综合症A game of consequences?因果游戏？One of the scourges of modern life may have been profoundly misunderstood现代生活中的一大祸害或许被深深地冤枉了Mar 11th 2010 I From The Economist print editionBEING fat is bad for you.On that,almost everyone agrees.It is just possible,though,that almosteveryone is wro

2、ng.In fact,getting fat may be a mechanism that protects the body.The healthproblems associated with fatness may not be caused by it but be another consequence,anothersymptom,of overeating.长得胖对你可一点儿都不好，几乎每个人都这么认为。然而，可能每个人都错了。实际上，发胖可能是保护身体的方法。与肥胖有关的健康问题或许并不是肥胖本身引起的，而是暴饮暴食的又一个后果，又一个症状。That is the heret

3、ical proposal of Roger Unger and Philipp Scherer.Dr Unger and Dr Scherer,whowork at the University of Texas,in Dallas,have been reviewing the science of what has come tobe known as metabolic syndrome.This is a cluster of symptoms such as high blood pressure,insulin resistance and fatness that seem t

4、o increase the risk of heart disease and strokes,late-onsetdiabetes and liver disease.Metabolic syndrome is found in a sixth of the American population这正是罗杰昂格尔和菲利普谢勒提出的颠覆传统的观点。一直以来，德克萨斯大学达拉斯分校的昂格尔博士和谢勒博士都在进行被称为代谢综合症的科学研究。代谢综合症是一系列症状，比如高血压、胰岛素抵抗和肥胖，这些症状似乎会增加心脏病和中风、晚发型心脏病和肝病的患病风险。美国六分之一的人都患有代谢综合症。“Syn

5、drome“is the medical term for a collection of symptoms whose common cause is notproperly understood.The symptom of metabolic syndrome that appears first is usually obesity,sothis is generally regarded as the underlying cause.“综合症”是一个医学术语，表示一系列的症状，而导致这些症状的共同原因没有得到正确地理解。代谢综合症最先出现的症状通常为肥胖，因而肥胖一般被视为其根本起

6、因。Dr Unger and Dr Scherer,however,turn this logic on its head.They point out that there is usuallya period of many years between a person becoming overweight and his developing the othersymptoms.If the growth of adipose tissue(the body cells in which fat is stored)were directlyharmful,that would not

7、 be the case.This is one of the lines of evidence that has led them to theconclusion that,in addition to its role in storing energy as a hedge against future famine,gettingfat is a protective mechanism against metabolic syndrome.然而，昂格尔和谢勒博士颠覆了这一逻辑。他们指出，一个人从开始发胖到出现其他症状，中间往往隔着很多年的时间。如若脂肪组织(人体贮藏脂肪的细胞)的

8、增长是直接有害的，那事情就不会是这样了。这是系列证据之一，根据这些证据，他们得出了这个结论：除了能够为预防未来的饥饿而储存脂肪之外，发胖也是抵御代谢综合症的一个保护性机制。Their thesis is that lipids(the group of molecules that includes fats),which are needed in smallamounts to make cell membranes,are toxic in larger quantities.Absorbing them into adiposetissue is one of the bodys wa

9、ys of dealing with that toxicity.But are lipids toxic?In one sense,itis obvious that they are.The build up of fatty plaques in blood vessels,which results inatherosclerosis,is a result of the inability of the cells lining the walls of these vessels to cope withtoo much fat.人体需要很少量的脂质(含脂肪的分子群)构成细胞膜，脂

10、质过多是则有毒的，这是他们的论点。将脂质吸收到脂肪组织是人体处理这种毒性的一种途径。不过，脂质真的有毒吗？从某种意义上来说，显然是的。血管中脂肪斑块的堆积会导致动脉粥样硬化，而它则是由构成血管壁的细胞无法处理过多的脂肪造成的。Fat,and proud of it以胖为荣More subtly,though,the two researchers have dug up evidence that an excess of lipids damagesheart-muscle cells,and even destroys pancreatic cells in rodents.This co

11、uld help explain the factthat the form of diabetes that follows metabolic syndrome can involve damage to pancreatic cells.然而，这两位研究者更加敏锐地发现了脂质过多能破坏啮齿目动物的心肌细胞，甚至摧毁其胰腺细胞的证据。这有助于解释为什么在代谢综合症之后出现的糖尿病症会造成对胰腺细胞的损伤。It is generally thought that the growth of adipose tissue causes cells in the liver,muscle and

12、 fattissue to become resistant to insulin(a hormone produced in the pancreas)and thus unable toabsorb glucose from the blood.How this happens has been the subject of a lot of hand waving,though the tendency of adipose tissue to produce chemicals that encourage inflammation is oftenmentioned.专业人士一般都认

13、为脂肪组织的增长会造成肝、肌肉和脂肪组织对胰岛素(胰腺分泌的一种激素)产生抵抗，从而无法吸收血液里的葡萄糖。这一现象的发生一直是一个扑朔迷离的话题，但是脂肪组织倾向于产生恶化炎症的化学物质这一点却经常被提及。Dr Unger and Dr Scherer attack this whole notion.In a paper in Trends in Endocrinology andMetabolism they argue that insulin resistance is another side-effect of metabolic syndrome whosecause is l

14、ipid molecules poisoning tissues in which they are not supposed to be present in largequantities.The problem of lipid damage,they believe,is linked to hormones produced not by thepancreas,but by adipose tissue itself.These hormones are called leptin and adiponectin.昂格尔和谢勒博士反驳了这一整个观念。在刊登在 内分泌学和新陈代谢趋势

15、的 片文章中，他们驳斥道，胰岛素抵抗是代谢综合症的另一个副作用，代谢综合症又是由脂质分子破坏它们所在的组织造成的，而脂质分子不应在这些组织中大量存在。他们认为，脂质的破坏性与激素有关，这些激素不是由胰腺分泌的，而是由脂肪组织本身分泌的。它们被称为瘦素和脂联素。Leptin has several roles,but one is to encourage cells to oxidise lipids and thus destroy them.Forexample,in the cases of the heart-muscle cells and pancreatic cells ment

16、ioned above,dosing themwith leptin keeps them healthy.Adiponectin,meanwhile,encourages the bodys adipose tissue toabsorb lipids.瘦素扮演着几个角色，而其中一个就是刺激细胞氧化脂质从而摧毁它们。例如，以上血提到的心肌细胞和胰腺细胞来说，给这些细胞注入瘦素可以使它们保持健康。而脂联素则刺激人体的脂肪组织吸收脂质。As adipose tissue grows,however,its production of adiponectin falls.The ability o

17、f the tissue toabsorb lipids and keep the rest of the body safe thus drops.Leptin production,meanwhile,growsalong with the mass of the adipose tissue.In what is,admittedly,the least-tested part of their thesis,Dr Unger and Dr Scherer argue that other cells react to this increase in leptin concentrat

18、ion bybecoming resistant to the hormones effects.That,in turn,stops them oxidising lipids and opensthose cells to lipids9 toxic effects.然而，随着脂肪组织的增加，它分泌脂联素的数量会减少。因而脂肪组织吸收脂质、保持身体其他部位的安全的能力也跟着下降。同时，瘦素的分泌量却随着脂肪组织的增加而增加。昂格尔和谢勒博士的理论中有一部分证据最为不充分，在这一部分中，他们称其他细胞会对瘦素的累积产生反应，开始对激素的作用产生抵抗，从而不再对脂质进行氧化，是它们受到脂质毒性

19、的攻击。Dr Unger and Dr Scherer suggest that this failure of the leptin mechanism,particularly its role inoxidising lipids,is crucial to the development of metabolic syndrome,and that it is a pathology ofadipose tissue that has become overloaded.昂格尔和谢勒博士认为瘦素的刺激机制，尤其是在氧化脂质中的角色，的失效，对代谢综合症的发展至关重要，并且这是脂肪组织负

20、荷过重的一个症状。In light of all this,they suggest that insulin resistance,like obesity,should be viewed not as apathology but as an adaptive response by the body to an excess of circulating lipids.To savethemselves when they are threatened with being overwhelmed by lipids,cells becomeinsulin-resistant,whic

21、h stops them taking up extra glucose which would then be converted intolipids.根据这一切，他们认为正如肥胖一样，胰岛素抵抗不应被视为一个症状，而应被视为人体对流通的脂质过量的适应性反应。当细胞受到过量的脂质的威胁时，为了保护自己，它们对胰岛素变得抗拒，从而可以阻止它们吸收多余的葡萄糖，从而阻止这些葡萄糖被转化为脂质。In support of this hypothesis,the researchers point to studies on mice whose leptin receptors havebeen

22、 broken by genetic mutations.In a healthy mouse(one with working leptin receptors)even adiet that is 60%fat does not cause a build-up of lipids anywhere except in the adipose tissue.Inone with broken receptors,a mere 6%is enough to overload other tissues to the point where lipidswould be toxic.Such

23、experiments cannot,of course,be done on people,but something similaroccurs naturally.A few unfortunates are bom without adipose tissue.These people rapidly developthe symptoms of metabolic syndrome.为了支持这一假说，两位研究者提及对老鼠的研究，这些老鼠的瘦素受体因基因突变而受到破坏，在一个健康的老鼠(有正常的瘦素受体)体中，即使吃了含60%的脂肪的食物，除了脂肪组织以外的任何地方都不会产生脂质的积累

24、。但是在受体受损的老鼠体中，哪怕饮食中的脂肪含量只有6%,也足够使其他组织中的脂质多到产生毒性。当然，这样的实验不能在人身上进行，不过，有的人天生就出现了类似的情况。一些不幸的人生来就没有脂肪组织,他们身上很快就出现了代谢综合症的症状。Sadly for self-indulgent humans,none of this affects the basic message about staying healthy,which remains to eat less and exercise more.It does,though,raise important questions abou

25、t howmetabolic syndrome is treated.The focus that many doctors have on controlling diabetes may bemistaken,possibly counterproductive,if insulin resistance is actually a protective mechanism.Even if it is not,the destruction of pancreatic cells that comes with diabetes may be unrelated tothe develop

26、ment of insulin resistance.And liposuction(not,admittedly,something that mostdoctors would recommend)would be expected to make things worse,since it would get rid of thesource of the hormones that regulate lipids.悲哀的是，对于自我放纵的人类，所有的这一切都无法影响他们对保持健康的理解，仍然认为应该少吃东西多锻炼。不过，这的确提出了关于该怎样治疗代谢综合症的重要问题。很多医生把重点放在

27、控制葡萄糖上，但倘若胰岛素抵抗真的是一个保护性手段，那么这一做法也许是错误的，并且很可能会起到反作用。即使不是这样，随糖尿病而来的胰岛细胞的毁坏也许跟胰岛素抵抗的形成没有关系。而抽脂（诚然是大多数医生都不推荐的）则会被认为会使情况恶化，因为这会切断能够控制脂质的激素的来源。Dr Unger and Dr Scherer,then,have attempted to apply some new thinking to a disease thataffects more people as the world gets richer.Even if they are wrong,a littl

28、e lateral thinking mayhelp shake up the field.If they are right,a lot of people may thank them in the future.所以，昂格尔和谢勒博士是想将一些新思路应用到一种疾病中，随着世界日益富有，这种疾病危害着越来越多的人。即便他们的想法是错的，一点横向思维也能够给这一领域带来翻天覆地的变化。而如果他们是对的，那么将来很多人都会对他们心存感激。1.This is a cluster of symptoms(such as high blood pressure,insulin resistance

29、and fatness)thatseem to increase the risk of heart disease and strokes,late-onset diabetes and liver disease.原群：代谢综合症是一系列症状，比如高血压和胰岛素抵抗，而肥胖似乎会增加心脏病和中风、晚发型心脏病和肝病的患病风险押:（高血压和胰岛素抵抗，和肥胖）2.More subtlyLess obviously3.become resistant to insulin原 对 胰 岛 素（胰腺分泌的一种激素）产生抵抗者 平：有人翻阻抗4.The ability of the tissue t

30、o absorb lipids and keep the rest of the body safe thus drops原I f:因而组织吸收脂质、保持身体其他部位的安全的能力也跟着下降押：若组织改卷脂肪组织曾更明碓5.other cells react to this increase in leptin concentration by becoming resistant to the hormoneeffects他们称其他细胞会对瘦素的累计产生反应，开始对激素的作用产生抵抗押：封瘦素渡度上升产生反应6.It does,though,raise important questions

31、about how metabolic syndrome is treated不过，这的确提出了关于该怎样对待代谢综合症的重要问题押：treat是治瘵的意思7.none of this affects the basic message about staying healthy,which remains to eat less andexercise more所有的这一切都无法影响他们对保持健康的理解，仍然认为应该少吃东西多锻炼押：M 切都不影响保持健康的基本概念，要少吃多51勤8.Even if it is not,the destruction of pancreatic cells

32、that comes with diabetes may be unrelated tothe development of insulin resistance即使不是这样，随葡萄糖而来的胰岛细胞的毁坏也许跟胰岛素抵抗的形成没有关系押：随糖尿病而来的胰岛细胞的毁坏9.Dr Unger and Dr Scherer,then,have attempted to apply some new thinking to a disease thataffects more people as the world gets richer接着，昂格尔和谢勒博士又试图将一些新思路应用到一种疾病中押:the

33、n在道狸不是“接著”的意思。鹰是“所以“所以，昂格尔和谢勒博士是想将一些新思路应用到10.Even if they are wrong,a little lateral thinking may help shake up the field.即便他们的想法是错的，一点横向思维能够使这一领域的研究更加平衡青 平：shake up the field means“to bring big changes1 .dosing them with leptin keeps them healthy.给这些细胞注入瘦素可以使它们保持健康。我们一般不会说细胞-健康，而是说细胞生长发育良好。2.other

34、cells react to this increase in leptin concentration by becoming resistant to the hormoneseffects他们称其他细胞会对瘦素的累计产生反应，开始对激素的作用产生抵抗我觉得在此细胞对瘦素可以理解为是一个剂量效应It is just possible,though,that almost everyone is wrong.然而，恰恰可能几乎每个人都错了。这句话读起来怪怪的，翻译痕迹太重了，也许：“然而，可能我们大家都错了”会好些Dr Unger and Dr Scherer,then,have attem

35、pted to apply some new thinking to a disease thataffects more people as the world gets richer.接着，昂格尔和谢勒博士又试图将一些新思路应用到一种疾病中，随着世界日益富有，这种疾病危害着越来越多的人。这里原文意思就是在说上面一直在提的疾病，所以翻作“将一些新思路应用到一种疾病中”不明确，中文读起来好像作者要转换话题了，试译：所以，昂格尔和谢勒博士试图将一些新思路应用到这一随着世界的日益富有而影响到越来越多的人的疾病中Even if they are wrong,a little lateral thin

36、king may help shake up the field.即便他们的想法是错的，一点横向思维能够使这一领域的研究更加平衡。楼上已经有人提过这句话有问题了，我想说另一个问题：既然开头用了“即使”，后面最后能加个“也”，不是说一定要遵从什么规矩，而是这句话现在读起来真的一点没有逻辑性最后，楼主如果有时间，并且觉得楼上的同学们说的有道理的话，可以在原文中改改相应的部分Thank you-Iv learnt a lot from your comments.And sorry for my late reply.I met a big problemwith my net connection

37、2.subtly在这里应该是取其另外个意思。朗文第五版subtle 释义3very clever in noticingand understanding things.另外那个resistant貌似阻抗和抵抗两种说法都有其他的就多些指出啦。汗。还是太眼高手低了，都是些低级错误。Palaeontology古生物学Do the locomotion活动活动The earliest animal tracks yet found have been unearthed in Canada在加拿大出土了迄今为止发现的最早动物足迹Mar 4th 20101 From The Economist pri

38、nt editionONE of the greatest mysteries of the history of life is the Cambrian explosion.Prior to 560m yearsago,animal fossils are rare.Then,in a geological eyeblink,they become common.Shellycreatures such as trilobites and brachiopods,of whose ancestors there is little sign in the rocks,aresuddenly

39、 everywhere.Biologists would dearly love to know what happened.寒武纪的大爆炸是生命史中最大的谜团之一。5.6亿年以前的动物化石寥寥无几。然而，只过了地质史上一瞬间的功夫，它们便多得不足为奇了。像三叶虫、腕足动物此般壳类动物的祖先没有在岩层中留下什么痕迹，但它们的遗迹却突然间比比皆是。生物学家们迫不及待地想知道当时到底发生了什么。Recent discoveries at the delightfully named Mistaken Point,in Newfoundland,serve to lift theveil sligh

40、tly.These findings are not of Precambrian animals themselves,but of their tracks.Andthese,paradoxically,may be more useful.纽芬兰岛上有个地方名字很有趣，叫“错误点”，正是最近在这里的一些发现轻轻掀起了这个神秘面纱的一角。发现的并不是寒武纪前的动物本身，而是它们的足迹。而出人意料的是，这些足迹可能还更有用。Alexander Liu of Oxford University and his colleagues took an interest in Mistaken Po

41、int becauseit is a site known for so-called Ediacaran fossils,shell-less animals of unknown provenance thatslightly predate the Cambrian.As Mr Liu and his team explored the rocks they came across morethan 70 markings that looked like tracksslight impressions in the sediment with tiny ridgessticking

42、up along the sides.These markings,they report in Geology,are up to 13mm wide and upto 17cm long.牛津大学的亚历山大刘和他的同事们之所以对“错误点”产生兴趣，是因为它因埃迪卡拉动物化石而闻名，埃迪卡拉动物是存在于略早于寒武纪时期的缘起不明的无壳动物。在刘和他的团队对那里的岩石进行勘察的过程中，他们发现了 7 0 多个类似足迹的斑点在沉淀物中的一些浅痕，其周边有轻微的突起。据他们在 地质学杂志中的报告，这些斑点宽不过13毫 米,长 不 过 17厘米。What is most curious about

43、these tracks is that the rock they are in is reckoned to have formed atleast a kilometre below sea level.Fossil bodies might get into such rock by sinking to the sea floor.Tracks,however,must have been made by something that was alive.Precambrian animals musttherefore have lived at such depths.更奇特的是

44、，据估计，这些足迹所在的岩石是在海平面至少一千米以下形成的。化石体倒是可能会沉到海底而进入这块岩石。然而，只有活的东西才能留下足迹。因此，前寒武纪的动物肯定曾经生活在这么深的地方。The tracks also cast light on what the Ediacarans actually were.Some palaeontologists think themmembers of a phylum that is now extinct.Others,though,believe they were Cnidarians,the groupthat includes modern s

45、ea anemones and jellyfish.Cnidarians grow from embryos that have onlytwo layers of cells.Most animals,including all the shelly Cambrian ones,grow from three-layeredembryos.The tracks found by Mr Liu look suspiciously like those left by modern sea anemoneswhich,despite their sedentary appearance,do m

46、ove around slowly.这些足迹也使我们了解了埃迪卡拉动物到底是什么。有的古生物学家认为它们属于已经绝迹的一门动物。而有的则认为它们是刺胞动物，这是包括现代的海葵和海蛰在内的一门动物。刺胞动物是由只有两层细胞的晶胚发展而来的。而包括所有寒武纪壳类动物在内的大多数动物都是由三层细胞的晶胚发展而来。刘发现的这些足迹疑似现代的海葵的足迹。海葵虽然看起来不怎么活动，但它们确实会慢慢地四处游动。That is not strong evidence that Ediacarans were Cnidarians,but it is something.Yet if that is theri

47、ght interpretation,it leaves the question of what evolved into the trilobites and their kind asmysterious as ever.这虽然不能有力地证明埃迪卡拉动物属于刺胞动物，但它的确是一个重要的发现。不过倘若这样的解释是正确的，三叶虫和它的同类由何而来的问题将仍然神秘晦涩，一如往昔。第五段中Cnidarians grow from embryos that have only two layers of cells.Most animals,including all the shelly Ca

48、mbrian ones,grow from three-layered embryos.grow翻译成 发育 会比 发展 好一些1.Then,in a geological eyeblink,they become common.原群：然而，仿佛 眨眼的功夫，它们便在地质层中频频被掘出，一点都不足为奇了押：我想直翻”地 上 的 眨 眼 也 很 可 以 被 理 解 的 吧。频频被掘出，一点都不足为奇了”有一黠不到位，也言午可翻 然而，在 地 上一眨眼的功夫狸，它们就燮得稀鬃平常了”2.These findings are not of Precambrian animals themselves

49、,but of their tracks原群：发现的并不是前寒武纪的动物本身，而是它们的足迹押：被彝现的加不是寒武融!前的勤物，而是它们的足迹3.As Mr Liu and his team explored the rocks they came across more than 70 markings that lookedlike tracksslight impressions in the sediment with tiny ridges sticking up along the sides原群：他们发现了类似足迹的7 0 多个斑点在那个沉淀物中的一些凹痕，凹痕的周边有轻微的突起

50、押：在 彳爰面的鹰叫亥就是封斑点的描述。impression在此是被造成的印痕。凹痕有黠不到位。他们发现了类似足迹的70 多个斑点在沉激物中被造成的印 而其周边有轻微的突起或由某槿束西在沉漓!物中造成的印 而其周边有轻微的突起4.That is not strong evidence that Ediacarans were Cnidarians,but it is something原I I：这虽然不能有力地证明埃迪卡拉动物属于刺胞动物，但它一定是某种动物祥 that is not strong evidence,but it is something雎然力蒙不是很有力，但至少提供了一些瞪明