中石化职称英语2014中级复习重点.pdf

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1、UNIT2 City Design(P6)TextRead the text.Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese.When Im being driven through a city from our hotel to a conference center,I couldnt help but note the overwhelming presenceof cars and parking lots.The worlds cities ar

2、e in trouble.In hundreds of cities,the life of daily life is deteriorating.Breathing the airin some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes per day.The number of hours commuters spend going nowheresitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year,raising frust

3、ration levels.In response to these conditions,we are seeing the emergency of a new urbanism.In just a few years,many cities banned theparking of cars on side walks,created or renovated more parks,introduced a highly successful bus-base rapid transit system,builthundreds of kilometers of bicycle path

4、s and pedestrian streets reduced rush hour traffic,planted more trees and involved localcitizens directly in the improvement of their neighborhoods.The quality of urban life in these cities has been greatly enhanced withthe vision of a city designed for people.Now government planners everywhere are

5、experimenting,seeking ways to design cities for people not cars.Cars promisemobility.But in an urbanizing world there is an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city.After a point,as their numbersmultiply,automobiles provide not mobility but immobility.Based on this perspective,some citi

6、es in industrial and developing countries alike will dramatically increase urban mobilityby moving away from the car.Let me remind you once more,cities are built for people,not for cars.A city full of cars is like whatthe horrifying sci-fi depicted-all mechanism and no human.In order to avoid this d

7、isaster,wed better start designing sustainablecities.当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正在不断下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。每天上班族驱车时因街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。针对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主义的理念正在兴起。在短短的几年内，许多城市的人行道上不再允许停车,新建和改造了更多的停车场，建立了 一套以公共汽车为基础的极为成功的快速运行系统，兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，高峰时段的交通

8、拥挤得以减缓，种植了更多的树木，并吸收当地市民直接参与社区的改善工作。城市设计以人为本的理念使这些城市的生活质量有了很大的提高。现在，各地政府的规划者们都在尝试寻找为了人而不是为汽车设计城市的方法。汽车应带给人们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽车与城市之间的矛盾。超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而是停滞。基于这个观点，无论在发达的工业国家还是发展中国家，一些城市将会通过远离汽车来极大增加市区的通畅。让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，不是为了汽车而建设的。挤满汽车的城市就像恐怖的科幻小说里描绘的一一全是机械，没有人性。为了避免这场

9、灾难，我们最好开始设计可持续发展的城市。I.What means of transportation does the author take to the conference center?1.(He takes)a bus.2.According to the first paragraph what is happening in cities where there are more cars?2.Cars not only do harm to peoples health but also cause heavy traffic jam.3.What does the last

10、sentence“the vision of a city designed for people in paragraph 2 mean?3.Design cities for people not(for)cars.4.Why is there an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city in urban areas?4.Because people depend largely on cars.5.How would a city look like if cars were everywhere?5.There wo

11、uld be al 1 cars(mechanism)no human.A.Translate the following sentences into English.L随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的郊外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。I.The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.2.生态城市(eco-city)将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。2.The eco-city will combine elements of traditional de

12、sign with the latest green technologies.3.预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车(fuel-cell vehicles)投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。3.One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to 10,000 by 2012.4.如今，各地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城镇或生态城市计划的话题。4.These days,there is hardly a local government that doe

13、s not talk about plans for an eco-village,town or even city.5.全世界大约一半的人口居住在城市、所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。5.I t is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the worldspopulation is now city-dwellers(is now living in cities).B.Read the text and

14、translate it into Chinese.Once at a supermarket,I read a thought-provoking sign at the check-out counter.It said the store was using only plastic bags.The supermarket claimed that the energy and exhaust fumes expelled to produce and transport the same number of paper bagsoutweighed the fact that pla

15、stic wasnt biodegradable.Paper bags take up more space and require more trucks for transport,so thestore believed it was lessening its carbon footprint by using plastic.It got me thinking further.Why not ask for plastic and bring yourused plastic bags each time you visit the grocery store?If you use

16、 them five or six times,or until they start falling apart,you havereally done a good thing.You can also use them to line your small wastebaskets,instead of purchasing plastic trash bags.有一次在一家超市的收银处，我看到了一则发人深思的广告，上面写着：本店只用塑料袋。超市声称：事实上生产和运输同量纸袋所消耗的能源和所排放的废气的危害大大超过塑料袋不能进行生物降解的危害。而且纸袋占用的空间更大，需要更多的卡车运送。

17、因此，超市认为使用塑料袋可以减少碳足迹。该告示促使我作了进一步的思考。为什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去杂货店时带上重复使用呢?如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了为止，你岂不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋铺在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再买垃圾专用塑料袋。UNIT3 Population(P9)TextRead the text.Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese.A very important world problem is the incre

18、asing number of people who actually inhabit ihis planet.The limited amount of landand land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.So why is this huge increase in Dopulation taking place?It is really due to the spread of the knowledge

19、and practice of what isbecoming known as“Death Control”.You have no doubt heard of the term Birth Control”.“Death ControF,is something ratherdifierent.It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who,not very long ago,would have died ofa variety of then incurable di

20、seases.Through a wide variety of technological innovations that include farming methods and thecontrol of deadly diseases,we have found ways to reduce the rate at which we die.However,this success is the very cause of thegreatest threat to mankind.If we examine the amount of land available for this

21、ever-inerrasing population,we begain to see the problem.If every on theplanet had an equal share of land.We would each have about 50000 square meters.This figure seems to be quite encouraginguntil we exanine the amount of usable land we actually have.More than thuen-fifths of the worlds land cannot

22、produce food.Obviously,with so little land to support us.we should be taking great care not to reduce it further.But we are not!Instead,weare consuming its“capital”-its nonrenewable fossil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of years to form but whichare now being destroyed in decade

23、s.We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as beingnonrenewable,such as fertile soils,groundwater and the millions of other species that share the earth with us.在我们这个星球上居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。如果继续按照现有的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地及土地资源很快不能养活这么巨大的人口。那么为什么会出现人口的大量增长呢?这的确是因为知识的广泛传播和

24、众所周知的“死亡控制”的结果。毫无疑问,你肯定听到过“生育控制”这个术语。“死亡控制”是大不相同的。它承认了医生和科学家的工作，现在他们能够留住那些患有各种各样绝症的病人的生命。而这些绝症在不久之前还是不可治愈的。通过大范围的技术创新，其中包括耕作方法和对绝症的控制，我们己经找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是这项成功给人类带来最大的威胁.如果计算下维持不断增长的人口所需的土地量，我们就能意识到这个问题。如果这个星球上的每个人都平均分一块土地，我们每个人会拥有五万平方米。这个数字看似相当振奋人心，而当我们计算一下每个人的实际可用耕地之后，就知道情况不太乐观了。因为世界上超过3/5 的土地都不能生产

25、粮食。显然，能够养活我们的耕地如此之少，我们就应该想疗设法不要让耕地继续减少下去。但是，我们并没有这样做!反而我们正在消耗它的“本钱”一一其不可再生的化石燃料与其它矿藏，它们是在几百万年的时间里才形成的，然而现在，几十年内就会被消耗殆尽。我们对待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的的重要自然资源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百万与我们共同居住在地球上的物种。I.What can be learnt about the population growth at present?1.It continues to increase/grow at its present rate.2.Accordi

26、ng to the article,what contributes to the population increase?2.Death Control3.What is the doctors?job according to paragraph 2?3.They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive.4.Why isnt there enough land to support human beings?4.Because the worlds land has already been taken up/occupie

27、d by the ever-increasing population.5.In paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered as.5.nonrenewableA.Translate the following sentences into English.1.亚洲大陆面积占世界陆地面积的29%。1.Asia makes up twenty-nine per cent of the worlds land area.2.人口的增加使土地必须生产更多的粮食。2.The increasing population makes it necessary

28、for the earth to produce more grain.3.我们应该先进行抽样调查再写报告。3.We should conduct a sampling investigation before we write the report.4.我承认我在工作中因缺乏经验犯过这样那样的错误。4.I admit that due to lack of experience I have made mistakes of all kinds.5.中国的现代化工业和商品经济的发展，促进了职业流动和人口流动。5.The development of modern industry and c

29、ommodity economy in China has promoted occupational(mobility)andpopulation mobility,B.Read the text and translate it into Chinese.A report,based on United Nations projections showing slow,steady growth of economies and populations,suggests that bymid-century,humanitys demand on nature will be twice

30、the biospheres productive capacity.At this level of ecological deficit,exhaustion of ecological assets and large-scale ecosystem collapse will become real.Moving towards sustainability depends on significant action now.Population size changes slowly,and human-made capital-homes,cars,roads,factories,

31、or power plants-can last for many decades.This implies that policy and investment decisionsmade today will continue to determine resource demand throughout much of the 21st century.一份以联合国所作的经济和人口缓慢增长的预期为基础的报告显示，到本世纪中叶，人类对自然界的需求将达到生态圈自身生产能力的两倍。在这样的生态“赤字”水平下，生态资源的枯竭和大规模的生态系统崩溃将会成为事实。向可持续发展的转变取决于现在所采取的

32、重大行动。人口数量变化缓慢，而人类创造的资本，如住宅、汽车、道路、工厂或发电站等会持续几十年。这意味着，今天所作的政策和投资决策将决定我们在21世纪的大部分时间里对资源的持续需求。UNIT1 How to be Happy(P2)TextRead the text.Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese.In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness foirnula defined by

33、positive psychologist Martin SeligmaawhereH(hapDiness)=S(your biological set point for feeling hapDy)+C(the conditions of your life)+V(the voluntary choices you make).This week we look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient.Step 1 ：Peace and quietJonathon Haidt in his exce

34、llent book,The Happiness Hypothesis,notes that research shows that we can never completely adaptto new or chronic noise pollution.Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses(the other is the fear of falling)andwe can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.It is es

35、sential to have some peace and quiet every day.If you areunfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy,persist with complaining to your local council.Additionally,try wearing waxearplugs to have some respite.If you need your TV,radio or music up loud,wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to yourneig

36、hbours,which will make you and them feel good.Step 2：RelationshipsThis is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient.Often our deepest sources ofunhappiness are found in poor relationships with others.A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner o

37、r lover leaves us feelingbetrayed and abandoned.A relationship with our Darents o(children which is not based on compassionate,unconditional regardcreates isolation and misery.When faced with such relationships,the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationshipby confronting what i

38、s going wrong or learn to move on.Step 3：ShareIf you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing,remember to share themwith friends.Passing on what works is essential to improve the wellbeing of our own and others.【课文参考译文】P178过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学

39、家马丁 塞利格曼定义的。在这个公式中，H(幸福)=S(个人生理幸福感受的固定指数)+C(个人生活状态)+V(个人主观选择)。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。第一步：平和宁静乔纳森海迪在他的优秀著作 幸福假说当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪声会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应(另一种是对于坠落的恐惧)，如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂吵的环境中，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，尝试使用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你需要用大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机，别影响邻里，这

40、样可以使双方都感到舒适。第二步：人际关系这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的外部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中，会让我们产生遭到背叛和遗弃的感觉。父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关怀，会产生隔阂与痛苦。当我们面临这类问题时,最好的办法就是真面难题，修复关系，或者学着继续前行。第三步：分享如果你发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的话，记得与你的朋友们分享。将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。1 .Whats the happiness formula according to the pa

41、ssage?l.The formula refers to H(happiness)=S(your biological set point for feeling happy)+C(the conditions of your life)+V(thevoluntary choices you make).2.Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution?2.Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can ne

42、ver fully relax if we are suiTounded by intrusivenoise.3.How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good?3.I f we need our TV,radio or music up loud,wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and consideration to ourneighbors.4.Where does the unhappiness come from?4.Our unhappiness of

43、ten comes from poor relationships with others.5.What is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictual relationship?5.What you can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.A.Translate the following sentences into English.1.吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和(dom

44、estic upset)有很大影响。1.Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.2.在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪(un-wretchedness)。2 A colleague at workwho bullies or dismisses US creates untold wretchedness.3.我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。3.We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships,whi

45、ch inevitably damageour wellbeing.4.如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。4.If this bad mood stays inside our mind,it will lead US to an unresolveddestructive depression.5.我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。5.We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.B.Read the text and translate it into Chinese.Ther

46、e are many benefits to being happy.Happier people tend to be healthier,live longer and earn more.They also tend tovolunteer more,be better at relationships and smile more of what psychologists call“Duchenne or genuine smiles.What is lesswell understood is why happiness is contagious.According to Jam

47、es Fowler and Nicholas Christakis,authors of the international bestseller Connected,people surrounded bymany happy friends,family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in thefuture.More specifically,they say we will become 25 per cent happier wit

48、h our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomessignificantly happier with his or her life.Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses(8 per cent happier);siblings who live within a mile of each other(14 per cent);and next-door neighbours(34 per cent).What this implies is that the ma

49、gnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more onfrequent social contact(due to physical proximity)than on deep social connections.Alas,for some reason this doesnt translate tothe workplace.So,why is happiness contagious?One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their frien

50、ds and family(for example,by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous).Another reason could be that happy people tend to changetheir behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them.Or it could just be that positive emotions are highlycontagious.幸福有许多好处。越幸福的人