新概念英语第三册语法精粹.pdf

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1、新概念英语第三册语法精粹（一）：定语从句1.定语从句：由关系代词 who,whom,whose,that,which;关系副词 when,where,why引导。（下面十个句子请读5 遍并脱口译出!）1.The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week.2.The man（whom）you spoke to just now is my friend.3.The building whose lights are on is beautiful.4.Please find a place which we

2、can have a private talk in.5.The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lowerleg.6.He still remembers the day when he went to school.7.It is no need telling us the reason why you didnt finish it in time.8.He has three sons,two of whom died in the war.9.Mr.Smith,whose wife

3、is a clerk,teaches us English.10.In the Sunday paper there are comics,which children enjoy.2.只能用that和 who引导的定语从句A.all,nothing,anything,a few,one 做先行词指物时B.先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，后面常跟that而不是which.C.先行词前有 the only,the first,the last,the next,the very 等词修饰时，引导词只能用thatoI）.当先行词是 anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,

4、someone,somebody 时，后面要用who或 whom;All that glitters is not gold.闪光的并非都是金子。3.as引导定语从句as引导的定语从句有两种形式：A.引导限制性语从句。在此类定语从句中，a s 常与主语中作为其先行词的s uch,the s a me或 a s 联用构成，s uch.a s ,the s a me.a s 和 a s a s”句型，可代替先行词。例如：W e ho p e to get s uch a to o l a s he i s us i ng.我们希望得到他正在用的那种工具。B.as引导非限制性定语从句时，作用与whi

5、 ch相同，a s 作为关系代词代替整个主句。(这是语法考试的一个考点。)注意区别:as引导的从句用于句首、句中或句后，而 whi ch引导的定语从句不能放在句首。例如：A s i s r ep o r ted,a fo r ei gn delega ti o n wi ll vi s i t the ci ty.据报道，一个外国代表团将访问这个城市。新概念英语第三册语法精粹(二)：状语从句组，全部拿下！原因：beca us e,s i nce,no w tha t(既然)a s,fo r,thi s r ea s o n.结 果:s o tha t,s o,ther efo r e,co n

6、s eq uently,s o a s to,a s a r es ult.(3)时间：a fter,befo r e,when,whi le,a s,unti l,a s s o o n a s,s i nce,by the ti me,o nce,la tely,p r es ently,s ho r tly a fter,cur r ently,a t p r es ent,no wa da ys 条件：i f,o nly i f.,o nce,unles s,i n the event(tha t),i n ca s e(tha t),p r o vi dedtha t,o n the

7、 co ndi ti o n tha t,etc.让步：tho ugh,a ltho ugh,even tho ugh(i f),no ma tter wha t/ho w/when-*wha tever /ho wever /whenever .目的：i n o r der tha t,i n o r der to,to,比较：tha n,a s .a s,by co mp a r i s o n（相比较），by co ntr a s t（相对照）.新概念英语第三册语法精粹（三）：名词性从句点：通 常 由 tha t或疑问词导出。1.H o w s o me ma mma ls ca me

8、to li ve i n the s ea i s no t k no w.（主语从句）2.T he a tto r ney to ld hi s cli ent tha t they ha d li ttle cha nce o f wi nni ng theca s e.（宾语从句）3.T he p r o blem i s wha t we 1 1 do next.（表语从句）4.W e ha ve no i dea tha t he ha s co me ba ck.（同位语从句）同位语（A p p o s i ti ve）:同位语是英语语法的重点内容，也是各类考试中的一个考点，同时，

9、在写作中正确运用同位语可以使你的句型更加简洁得体。新概念英语 第三册第一课有这样一个句子：W hen r ep o r ts ca me i nto L o ndo n zo otha t a wi ld p uma ha d been s p o tted fo r ty-fi ve mi les s o uth o f L o ndo n,they wer e no tta k en s er i o us ly.（当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南4 5 英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。）在这里，a w il d p u m a ha d b e e n s p o t

10、t e d f o r t y-f iv e m il e s s o u t h o f L o nd o n 就是同位语从句，它本来应该放在“r e p o r t s”后面，这里却被放在了谓语成分c a m e int o L o nd o nz o。的后面，目的是让句型显得更为稳重。I.简单记忆：同位语从句，就是对某些名词做进一步的解释的句子。I w a s g r e a t l y s ho c k e d w he n I he a r d t he ne w s t ha t his f a t he r d ie d y e s t e r d a y.（t ha t 引导的

11、句子解释了 ne w s 的内容，注意：t ha t 不做任何成分）W e ha v e t o f a c e t he f a c t t ha t t he w e a t he r is u ne x p e c t e d l y b a d.（t ha t 引导的句子解释了 f a c t 的内容）I L 联想记忆：能接同位词从句的名词有:b e l ie f （信仰），f a c t,id e a,d o u b t,r u m o r （谣言）,e v id e nc e （证据），c o nc l u s io n（结论），s u g g e s t io n（建议），p r

12、 o b l e m,o r d e r,a ns w e r,d is c o v e r y（发现）e x p l a na t io n（解释），p r inc ip l e（原则），p o s s ib il it y（可能性），t r u t h,p r o m is e（承诺），r e p o r t （报告），s t a t e m e nt（声明）,k no w l e d g e（知识）,o p inio n（观点），l ik e l iho o d（可能性）大声朗读三遍，背下即可。HL王牌要点：同位语一般山t ha t 引导，但也可以用关系代词w hic h,w ho,w

13、ha t 和关系副词w he n,w he r e,w hy,ho w 或 w he t he r 弓 I 导。T he r e a r o u s e t he qu e s t io n w he t he r w e c o u l d w in t he g a m e.I ha v e no id e a ho w t o e x p l a in it.一些介词词组后面也能引导同位语从句。（非常经典之功能句式，可用于四六级和托福作文，不妨一试!）：o n t he a s s u m p t io n（在.前提下），o n t he g r o u nd（由于.原因）,o n t

14、he c o nd it io n t ha t（在.条件下），w it h t he e x c e p t io n（有.例外）o w ing t o t he f a c t（由于.事实）；o n t he u nd e r s t a nd ing （基于.理解）；T he y o u ng l a d y p r o m is e d t o m a r r y t he o l d m a n o n t he c o nd it io n t ha t he b o u g hthe r a v il l a.那位年轻的女士答应嫁给那位老头，条件是他给她买幢别墅。I V.分隔式同

15、位语从句为了使句型平衡不至于头重脚轻，有时同位语从句可以放到句子的末尾，（读两遍此定义，然后看倒句：）A n id e a c a m e t o him t ha t he m ig ht w r it e t o he r t o a s k m o r e inf o r m a t io n a b o u tt he m a t t e r.I g o t inf o r m a t io n f r o m m y f r ie nd t ha t t he r e w il l b e a m a r v e l o u s A m e r ic a n m o v ieL it

16、 a nic .V.同位语从句与定语从句之区别简单记忆：定语从句的引导词t ha t 或 w hic h在句子中用作主语或宾语，而同位语从句的引导词t ha t 只起连接主句和从句之作用，不用作任何成分。示例：r v e g o t a n a ns w e r t ha t A is r ig ht.（同位语从句，t ha t 不做成分）r v e g o t a n a ns w e r t ha t s u r p r is e d m e a l o t.（定语从句，t ha t 做定语从句的主语）VL王牌重点：可以充当同位语的词组或短语。1）名词短语。（使句型更为简洁）B il l

17、C l int o n,t he p r e s id e nt o f A m e r ic a,c a m e t o C hina t o p a y a n o f f ic ia l v is itin 1 9 9 8.L u X u n,o ne o f t he g r e a t e s t e s s a y is t s in C hina,p l a y e d a n o v e r w he l m ing l yim p o r t a nt r o l e in C hine s e l it e r a t u r e his t o r y.2）动名词词组亦可

18、用作同位语：别忘了加逗号。（使句型更为流畅）r m c r a z y a b o u t t h e g a m e,p l a y i n g b a s e b a l l.G o i n g t o c o n c e r t,t h a t s o u n d s a g r e a t i d e a.3）不定式短语。（陌生只是掌握的开始）T h e p r o b l e m w h a t t o d o n e x t r e m a i n s u n s o l v e d.H e r c l a i m t o h a v e f i n i s h e d h i s

19、 w o r k i s n o t h i n g b u t a w h i t e l i e.4）形容词词组。（有逗号隔开）A l l t h e w o r k e r s,y o u n g o r o l d,s h o u l d b e t r e a t e d e q u a l l y.Y o u n g m a n,s h o r t o r t a l l,s h o u l d h a v e t h e r i g h t t o t a k e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y.VII.同位语的引导词。（重要!这是中高级写作中不可缺少的引

20、导成分）引导词用来表示同位语与它所说明的同位成分之间的关系：1.namely,that it is,that is to say（也就是说）,in other words（换句话说）,or,for short表示等同关系。2.such as,say,so to speak（譬如 说），including（包括），for instance（或 forexample（e.g./eg）,表示举例和列举关系。3.especially,mostly,chiefly,or better,in particular,particularly 表示突出重点，（在高难度阅读中表示后面的部分为更重要或更突出的部分

21、，是出题的关键点。）新概念英语第三册语法精粹（四）：虚拟语气或难以实现的愿望，与事实相反的假设，通常分为基本的二种形式。1.与现在事实相反的虚拟：If+did/were+.，.wouldshouldcould+do（动词原形）mightIf I were you,I would go abroad at once.（I am not you.）If he knew it now,he could help me.（He doesn，t know it now.）2.与过去事实相反的虚拟：If+had done+.,.would（might）have doneIf I had known you

22、r telephone number yesterday,I would have phoned you.（I didn，t know your telephone number.）If you had come here a littleearlier just now,you might have met her.(You didn，t come here earlier.)3 .与将来事实相反的虚拟：(1)If+should+v.,.would+v.(可能性很小)(译 作“万一”)If it should rain tomorrow,you could stay at home.If I

23、 should fail,what should Ido?(2)If+did/were to+v.,would+v.(完全不可能)If the sun were to rise in the west,I would lend you the money.If you finished it in 3 minutes,I would give you my car.4.金牌特殊重点：！简单联想记忆:下列动词后的“宾语从句”中需要用虚拟形式，即should+动词原形，shoud在美国英语中要省略(TOEF L语法考点)。此类常见的动词有:order,ask,decide,demand,requi

24、re,recommend,suggest(建议)insist(坚决要求)，advise,etc.例句：He suggested that we(should)help them with English.The teacher ordered that the homework(should)be finished within half an hour.下列名词后的同位语从句中要用should+动 词 原 形(should可省去)的虚拟。suggestion,order,request,demand,importance,proposal.He made a suggestion that

25、we(should)have a fancy dress party.I think it is a thing of importance that it(should)be done soon.It is/was important/necessary/natural/essential/advisable/strange/surprising,ect.+that+主语+should+v.It is strange that you should say such a thing.It was important that you should tell me all the inform

26、ation.wish后的宾语从句中，as i f 后的状语从句中，须用下列的虚拟形式：主+wish+（that）+主+did/were（指现在）haddone（指过去）would+v.（指将来）Iwishthat I met my uncle now.IwishI had met my uncle yesterday.IwishI could meet my uncle tomorrow.It is（high）time that.+did/wereIt is time that you went to bed.would rather that.+did/were.I would rather

27、 that you were not here now.would sooner that.+did/wereI would sooner that you got up earlier.I would sooner that you were not my brother.新概念英语第三册语法精粹（五）：代替与省略中，为了避免不必要的重复，经常用so,not,to,do,does代替前面出现的动词或相关内容。如：He translated the article better than I did.（did 代替 wrote it）Doyou think she isclever?I thi

28、nk so.（so 代替 she is clever）(1)从上两例中看出，d o /d o e s /d i d 代替动词。(2)s o 与 n o t”代替某个词、短语、句子等，通常用于h o p e,t h i n k,b e l i e v e,e x p e c t,s u p p o s e,b e a f r a i d,f e a r,i m a g i n e,e t c 后作宾语。E.g.一 I s i t c o r r e c t?r m a f r a i d n o t.(n o t c o r r e c t)(3)t o”用作不定式，常跟随下列动词:w a n

29、t,m e a n,h o p e,e x p e c t,r e f u s e,s e e m,i n t e n d,b e,a f r a i d,e t c.E.g.I a s k e d h i m t o g o t o t h e p a r t y,b u t h e r e f u s e d t o.(g o t o t h e p a r t y)(4)“d o s o,d o t h a t,d o i t”用来代替动态动词,而不能代静态动词。E g.一 H e g a v e u p s t u d y i n g E n g l i s h.W h y d i d

30、 h e d o s o?(=g i v e u p s t u d y i n g E n g l i s h)T h e d i s h t a s t e s n i c e.Y e s,s o i t d o e s,(t a s t e s n i c e)(此句不能用i t d o e s i t 或 i t d o e s s o,因 t a s t e 属静态动词。)(5)为使语言精炼，避免不必要的重复，对话中常用省略形式。E.g.H e i s t h i n k i n g o f b u y i n g a c a r?I s h e?(这里，th i n k i n g

31、 o f buyi n g a ca r”被省略了。)一 Wi ll h e co me ba ck i n ti me?一 P e r h a p s.(省略了 h e w i ll co me ba ck i n ti me.)新概念英语第三册语法精粹(六):倒 装求，把谓语动词置于主语前，称为完全倒装，把助动词或情态动词置于主语前，称为部分倒装。1.副词如：i n,o ut,d o w n,th e r e,h e r e,o f f,o v e r,a w a y,e tc.句子倒装。(完全倒装，但主语不能是代词)D o w n j ump e d th e mur d e r e r

32、 f r o m th e te n th f lo o r.I n ca me M i ss G r e e n.（特别注意：当主语是人称代词时不倒装。）A w a y sh e w e n t!（她走了！）H e r e yo u a r e!（你在这儿！）2.o n ly+副词（介词短语）位于句首，句子要倒装。O n ly th e n d i d h e r e a li ze th a t h e w a s mi sta k e n.O n ly by w o r k i n g h a r d ca n w e succe e d i n d o i n g a n yth i

33、n g.3.w e ll,so,o f te n,such,f e w,li ttle 放于句首，句子形成倒装。S o f i n e w a s th e w e a th e r th a t w e a ll w e n t o ut lyi n g i n th e sun.We ll d i d I k n o w h i m a n d w e ll d i d h e k n o w me.4,否定词或具有否定意义的词及词组用在句首时，句子须倒装。此类词有：n e i th e r,n o r,h a r d ly,sca r ce ly,r a r e ly,se ld o m

34、,n o t,n e v e r,n o t o n ly,ba r e ly,a t n o ti me,n o w h e r e 等。e.g.Ja ck co uld n o t sw i m.N e i th e r co uld To m.N e v e r h a v e I se e n such a go o d mo v i e.5 .a s引导让步状语从句，须倒装。（准确地说，是将需要强调的词提到a s的前面。）R i ch a s h e i s,h e sp e n d s a ce n t o n ch a r i ty.Tr y a s h e d o e s,h

35、e n e v e r se e ms a ble to d o th e w o r k be a uti f ully.6 .在表示祝愿的句子中。M a y yo u ma k e gr e a te r p r o gr e ss!（愿你取得更大进步！）7 .在虚拟条件句中，连 词 i f 省略时，句型要倒装，即将w e r e,h a d,sh o uld 等词提到句首。Were I you,I would go abroad to take advanced study.我要是你，就出国进修了。Should he come tomorrow,he would help us to s

36、ettle the problem.他要是明天来的话，他会帮我们解决这个问题的。8.百分特例重点：Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste,we are no longer free to choosethe things we want.（NCE Book III Lesson 26）尽管我们为自己的绝好鉴赏力感到自豪，但我们已经无法自由地选择我们所需要的东西了。新概念英语第三册语法精粹（七）:形容词粹（七）：形容词定义：形容词是用来修饰名词的词，描述名词的性质、外观、特点等。功能：形容词可以做定语、表语或补助语。分类：主要分为两类：描

37、绘性形容词和限定性形容词。描绘性形容词主要用来描绘大、小、新旧、颜色、质量等。限定性形容词主要用来限定所修饰词的数量、距离及范围所属等。1.当形容词修饰单数可数名词时，必须与冠词连用：a lovely girl,the naughty boy2.形容词可与系动词连用，做表语，说明主语的性状。常用系动词有：be,become,seem,appear,feel,look,taste,smell,sound,remain,go,turn,keep,stay,etc.The dish tastes delicious.The music sounds sweet.The milk went bad.小

38、心陷阱feel,smell,taste,look,keep有时可以用作实义动词，并可以用副词修饰。He looked me up and down carefully.I tasted the soup slowly to see whether it was salty.3,形容词用作后置定语。（简单理解：一般的形容词修饰名词时放在名词前面，但有些形容词修饰名词时放在名词的后面）a river navigable（一条可通航的河）sight visible可见的景象person responsible（负责人）注意：responsible person（有责任心的人）the best way

39、 possible（尽可能好的办法）the number necessary（必要的数量）the people present（在场的人）4.只能作表语的形容词1.某些表示健康状况的形容词。well（身体好的）,ill（病的）,faint（虚弱的），poorly（身体不好的）示例：His mother has been ill for a long time.特别注意：sick是个特例。它既可做表语，又可做定语。He is sick for a couple of days.（他病两三天了）He is a sick person.（他是个病人。）2.某些以a-开头的形容词。如：afraid（害

40、怕的）,alone（独自的）,alive（活着的）,asleep（睡着的）,awake（醒 着的），aware（意识到的）The old man is alone in the house.（老人一个人在家。）The teacher is alive with enthusiasm.（这位老师热情洋溢。）He is asleep in his mother，s arms.（他在母亲的怀抱中睡着了。）I have been aware of the difficulty.（我已经意识到了困难。）新概念英语第三册语法精粹（A）:副词（八）：副 词定义：副词用来修饰动词（系动词除外），形容词，其它副

41、词或整个句子。功能：表示时间、方式、程度、范围等。分类：时间及频度副词:before,frequently,always,usually 等 地点副词：here,northward,anywhere,above,below 等 方式副词：rapidly,quickly,clearly,hard,well 等 程度副词：quite,much,nearly,just,enough,perfectly,only 等 疑问副词：how,why,when,where 等例：He walked out of the room slowly.She looks very beautiful.We study

42、 English very carefully.Even a child can do it better.Perhaps she will telephone you tomorrow.金牌要点：几个重要副词的使用：1.enough：修饰形容词或副词，须置于被修饰词后;而修饰名词时放在修饰词的前面。He is old enough to go to school.I ha v e e n o u g h m o n e y t o b u y t hi s t y p e o f b i c y c l e.2.t o o：位于形容词或副词前。S he i s t o o e a g e r

43、 t o s e e m e.3.v e r y：置于所修饰的形容词、副词前。H e i s v e r y ha n d s o m e a n d m a n y g i r l s l i k e t o s p e a k w i t h hi m.4.m u c h：修饰动词，形容词及副词比较级。T he s u b j e c t ha s b e e n t a l k e d t o o m u c h.H e r d r e s s i s m u c h m o r e b e a u t i f u l t ha n m i n e.5.s t i l l:“依旧，仍然”

44、用于肯定句、否定句中。H e s t i l l r e m e m b e r s t he d a y s t he y s p e n t t o g e t he r.I s t i l l c a n n o t c a t c h hi s w o r d s.6.y e t:位于疑问句末尾时意思是“已经”；用于否定句时意思是“还”oH a v e y o u e m p t i e d t he d u s t b i n y e t?I ha v e n t d o n e t ha t y e t.7.o n l y:根据句意灵活运用。(请翻译下面三个句子!)O n l y

45、he c a n t e l l y o u ho w t o d o i t.H e c a n o n l y t e l l y o u ho w t o d o i t.H e c a n t e l l y o u ho w t o d o i t o n l y t o d a y.8.ha r d l y,s c a r c e l y,s e l d o m,n e v e r 本身为否定意义副词，注意使用。H a r d l y ha d w e l e f t t he s t a t i o n w he n i t b e g a n t o r a i n.你知道吗？

46、几个易混淆的副词：1.e a s y:s t a nd e a s y (=c om f or t a b l y)e a s i l y:It c a nt b e s ol v e d e a s i l y.2.c l e a r:T h e b u l l e t w e nt c l e a r t h r ou g h t h e w i nd ow（=d i r e c t l y）c l e a r l y:C l e a r l y,h e d oe s n,t k now a ny t h i ng a b ou t i t.（=ob v i ou s l y）3.h i

47、g h:He c a n j u m p v e r y h i g h.（高地）h i g h l y:W e t h i nk h i g h l y of t h e g ood t e a c h e r.（高度地）4.j u s t:W e h a v e j u s t k now t h e ne w s.（刚刚）j u s t l y:He w a s j u s t l y p u ni s h e d.（公正地）5.h a r d:Y ou m u s t t h i nk h a r d.（努力地）h a r d l y:He h a r d l y k now s a

48、b ou t i t.（几乎不）6.p r e t t y:He i s not p r e t t y s u r e a b ou t i t.（非常）p r e t t i l y:T h e g i r l i s p r e t t i l y d r e s s e d.（漂亮地）7.ne a r:He l i v e s ne a r t h e s c h ool.（附近）ne a r l y:I ne a r l y m i s s e d t h e b u s.（几乎）8.l a t e:Dont c om e l a t e ne x t t i m e.（迟至U）l

49、a t e l y:I h a v e nt r e a d nov e l s l a t e l y.（最近）9.f or m a l l y:Y ou s h ou l d b e d r e s s e d f or m a l l y a t t h e m e e t i ng.（正式地）f or m e r l y:F or m e r l y,h e w a s t h e m a na g e r of t h e c om p a ny.（以前）1 0.f r e e （免费地）f r e e l y （自由地）1 1.m os t （最）m os t l y （大部分）1

50、 2.s h a;r p （准时地）s h a r p l y （严厉地）新概念英语第三册语法精粹（九）:冠词粹（九）：冠词不定冠词“a”用来表示可数名词的单数形式，用于辅音音素前，a n用于元音音素前。如：a p e r s on,a d a y;a n h ou r,a no Id m a n.L 定冠词用法如下：（英语刚启蒙时你就知道冠词了，可你真正掌握了吗?再背一遍又何妨？!）1 .用于双方都知道的名词前：Pl e a s e c l e a nt h e c l a s s r oom.2 .用于单数名词前，表示一类人或物：T h e h or s e i s a u s e f u