软件项目管理部分课后习题答案.pdf

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1、7、Identify the main types of personnel employed in an information systems department.(1)Requirements elicitation and analysisThis might involve:business analysts,systems analysts,sales manaaers,pre-salessupport,sales enaineers deDendinq on the environment and the particularcircumstances of the proje

2、ct(e.g.is it being developed for an internal or external client?).The ISO 12207 suggests that human factors engineering specifications,would beproduced at this stage which implies the possible deployment of humac-computsrinterface specialistsOther specialists might be involved to deal with other,tec

3、hnical areas,for examplesecurity.Note,also,that you would have to have some user and/or client representativesavailable to provide details of their needs.(2)Architectural designSystem architect-many organizations now have a single person or group that isresponsible for ensuring new system components

4、 are designed according toorganizational standardSoftware designers(3)Detailed designSoftware designers,software developers(4)Code/testSoftware designers,software developers(5)IntegrationSoftware designers,software developers(to deal with problems)hardware designers,testers(6)Qualification testingSy

5、stem testers,end-users,software designers and developers(to resolve problemsand issues)(7)InstallationBusiness analysts,technical support,trainers,local user management2、A software house has developed a customised order processing system for a client.Youare an employee of the software house that has

6、 been asked to organize a training coursefor the end-users of the system.At present,a user handbook has been produced,but nospecific training material.A plan is now needed for the project which will set up thedelivery of the training courses.The project can be assumed to have been completedwhen the

7、first training course starts.Among the things that will need to be considered arethe following:Training materials will need to be designed and created;A timetable will need to be drafted and agreed;Date(s)for the course will need to be arranged;The people attending the course will need to be identif

8、ied and notified;Rooms and computer facilities for the course will need to be provided for.Questions:A.Identify the main stakeholders for this project;B.Draw up a statement of the objectives for this project;C.For the objectives,identify the measures of effectiveness;Main stakeholdersThese might inc

9、lude:Client management User management-at a lower level than the above,they would share the highermanagement concerns,but also have operational ones such as cover in the officewhen staff attend training course.Users Trainers Technical support-set up in a training environment Premises management（培训场所

10、管31 人员）一 availability of rooms for training Catering services（餐饮月艮务）-to provide refreshments for course delegates Reprographics services（复E|1 月 艮 务）一 to produce copies of training material correctlyand on timeObjectivesTo have in place by dd/mm/yy all the materials and arrangements needed for the de

11、liveryof the training courses relating to the user of the accounting package ABC atorganization XYZ within the budget specified,.Note that the actual delivery of the material and training of staff is just outside the boundary ofthe project：Measures of effectivenessAn obvious one is that the training

12、 courses can actually go ahead.However,this is rather lateif things are missing.An alternative would be to produce a checklist that can be used ondd/mm/yy to ensure that the necessary arrangements are in place.e.g.Rooms and equipment booked Delegates notified Training materials prepared横线部分为我加注（第2章）

13、1.List the products created by the Step Wise planning process.This can be seen as a follow-up to Exercise 2.6 in text.The pointers for this show how thesteps in the Step Wise planning process could map onto the various sections of a planningdocument which can be seen as the final deliverable of plan

14、ning.The further exercise ineffect asks the students to identify intermediate products in the process.I find it useful to encourage students to discuss how they are going to do an exercise-afterall this is a subject to do with planning.One approach would be to go through each of thesteps in the Step

15、 Wise framework,identifying the products created.You might end up withsomething like this.0.Select project：feasibility report1.Identify project scope and objectives；Terms of reference（责权范围）2.Identify project infrastructure：Standards,procedures relating to progress reporting,change control,Version Co

16、ntrol tool,cost evaluation tools,vtc3.Analyse project characteristics:Technical plan,risk register4.Identify the products and activities:Product breakdown structure,productdescriptions,product flow diagrams,IdeaH activity network(Coarse one cot refined one)5.Estimate effort for each activity：Schedul

17、e of task durations and costs6.Identify activity risks.Updated schedule of task durations and costs,updated riskregister7.Allocate resources：Gantt chart8.Review/publicize plan:Publicized plan9.Lower level planning:Detailed plans2.What products must exist before the activity test program can take pla

18、ce?What productsdoes this activity create?Pre-test.Software specification,testing environment,test cases(including input details andexpected results),software to be tested,test planPost-test Actual results,list of discrepancies(不一致f生)，error reports5.Question 4 in the Further Exercises for Chapter 1

19、refers to a scenario relating to a trainingexercise.Using that scenario,draw up a Product Breakdown Structure,a Product FlowDiagram and a preliminary activity network.FeedbackTrainingPlan2.P57 llliness;Other commitments interfering with work e.g.familiy,work;Hardware or software facilities not being

20、 available when needed;Ambiguity in the assignment speficifcation leadintg to misunderstandings;Lack of understanding of the techniques to be used Hostile a情tude amon。stakeholders3.discounted cash flow better than net profit or return on investment?DCF takes more account of the possibility that inve

21、stment might more profitablybe placed elsewhere than the proposed project;Projects where the major benefits are only experienced after several years arenot favoured.There is more uncertainty about estimates of income and costs ofthe future that you gaze.NPV values can be calculated for a number of d

22、ifferent feasible interest rates-different projects might be favoured as a result.5.Details are given below of the estimated income and outgoings of Projects A.Calculate thereturn on investment,the payback period and the net present value of the project andcomment in which appears to be the most att

23、ractive.Assume a discount rate of 5%ProjectAdiscountaccum.yearincomeoutgoingscashflowrateNPVcashflow0120000-1200001-120000-12000014200010000320000.952430476.19-8800024700010000370000.907033560.09-510003510009000420000.863836281.18-900044000012000280000.822723035.671900019000ROINPVpayback3.96%3353.13

24、4四、1.A building society has a long history of implementing computer-based informationsystems to support the work of its branches.It uses a proprietary structured systemsanalysis and design method.It has been decided to create a computer model of theproperty market.This would attempt for example to c

25、alculate the effect of changes ofinterest rates on house values.There is some concern that the usual methodology usedfor IS development would not be appropriate for the new project.(a)Why might there be this concern and what alternative approaches should beconsidered?(b)Outline a plan for the develo

26、pment of the system which illustrates theapplication of your preferred methodology for this project.a)With traditional business systems analysis there is usually an existiva office procedurethat managers are hoping to streamline in some way.There are people who understandthe details of the jobs curr

27、ently done.They can help the analyst draw up preciserequirements to be met.There is,in short,a well-defined clerical equivalent of theapplication that is to be built.With a computer model of the property market there is probably no equivalent of thiswell-defined clerical model.The analysts w川 theref

28、ore have to seek ideas about the working of such a modelfrom a variety of sources.Experts,such as experienced estate agents,may be ableto contribute observations,but these are likely to be fragmentary rules of thumb.Theacademic literature on economic modeling might be studied.In the end the analysts

29、 will probably have to resort to building a prototype of themodel.They will then trial this to see if it behaves in a similar way to the propertymarket.There is always the chance that the property market behaves in just too complexand inconsistent manner for a computer model to mimic accurately.All

30、this suggests that the traditional IS development approach based on a waterfallframework would be unsidtable.A more iterative prototyping approach is sensible.b)Expanding on the discussion in 1(a),the following is one method of working:Define objectives:what does the management of the organization w

31、ant from themodel?Survey existing software solutions and the literature on the subject.Has anyone donethis already?Consult experts.JAD(joint application development)sessions are mentioned in textas one possible approach.There are many other techniques to elicit relevantknowledge from domain experts

32、which should be considered.Based on the above draw up an initial prototype design Build prototype Test it,probably using real data from the recent past;you can compare the results ofthe model with what actually happened Analyse the causes of discrepancies 差异；modify the model and rerun Stop this cycl

33、e when you run out of time,or are not getting significant improvements Carry out a general validation of how accurate the model it is,how easy it is to use-for example is the input data needed easy to collect?Write up recommendations3.An invoicing system is to have the following components:amend inv

34、oice,produceinvoice,produce monthly statements,record cash payment,clear paid invoices fromdatabase,create customer records,delete customer.(a)What physical dependencies govern the order in which these transactions areimplemented?a)Given the data structure above,the order might be:Create customer De

35、lete customer Produce invoice Amend invoice Payment Clear paid invoices Produce monthly statements(b)How could the system be broken down into increments which would be of some value tothe users(hint-think about the problems of taking existing details onto a database when asystem is first implemented

36、).b)When an application like this is installed,(1.1)careful thought has to go into how the information about existing accounts isto be carried over to the new application.(1.2)Obviously details about existing customers w川 need to be set up before thenew application can become operational.一 It would

37、be helpful to release the functionality to set up customer details well inadvance of the change-over.(2)Details of invoices that have already been sent out but have not yet been paidwould also need to be recorded for the new application.If the invoices have a lot of complex detail it might be worth

38、releasing thatfunctionality earlier,even if the users would have to transfer the invoice number andamount due to their existing accounting system.It might at least save them typing if theold system is a purely clerical one._五、成绩仅根据第2和6题 批 改,第3题不需要看2.If you were asked as an expert to provide an estim

39、ate of the effort needed to make certainchanges to an existing piece of software,what information would you like to have to hand toassist you in making that estimate?The estimation of the effort to change a software component requires a different approach tothe development of completely new software

40、 as a major factor is the structure of theexisting software.The estimator might need to know:The nature of the changes required Ideally they should be told about the reasons for the change,as they may be able tosuggest alternatives and more economic ways of meeting the requirement The structure of t

41、he software to be changed Some idea of which parts of the software need changing Who will be carrying out the changes-will it be someone who is already familiar withthe software to be changed,or will additional time have to be allocated forfamiliarization?Evaluation,Tools,Risk,Personnel,Delay,Cost3.

42、(此题不需要改)A small application maintains a telephone directory.The database for theapplication contains the following data types:Staff referenceSurnameForenamesTitleDepartment codeRoom numberTelephone extensionE-mail addressFax numberTransactions are needed which:/.set up new entries;Hi.amend existing

43、entriesiv.delete entriesv.allow enquirers to list on line the details for a particular member of staffvi.produce a complete listing of the telephone directory entries in alphabetical ordera）涉及的input/output数据类型a)Use this scenario to produce an estimated Mark II FP count.List all the assumptions youwi

44、ll need to make.b)Another requirement could be to produce the listing in(v)in departmental order.In yourview should this increase FP count and if so by how much?transactioninputsoutputsentitiesaccessedset up new entry(staff referenceto fax number9error message1directory entry1amend(display)staff ref

45、erence1surname to faxnumber orerror message10directory entry1amend(update)surname to faxnumber9error message1directory entry1delete entrystaff reference1surname,forenames(ascheck)error message3directory entry1enquirystaff reference(or surname,forenames)3(1)full details+error message10directory entry

46、1listingtrigger1full details9directory entry1totals24x0.58=13.9235x0.26=9.17x 1.66=11.62grand total34.64Discussion：关于相同功能，工作量是否应当重复计算？1 ,显示 2.报错（不同原因）b)It can argued that the data presented in the two reports are the same,so that they arelogically the same and so should be counted only once.Most dev

47、elopment environmenthave easy to use features for sorting data and so the actual amount of work needed toproduce the second report would probably be negligible.However,if you have every tried to look up details in an unsorted list,the fact that it is sortedcan provide considerable value.There is the

48、refore a debate among FP practitioners about whether FPs should reflect thevalue of the system to the user or the amount of work that is needed to develop it.This is particularly an issue in relation to the question of reusable components.6.Given the project data below:projectinputs outputs entity a

49、ccesses system users programminglanguagedeveloper days12104204010X302469140612520X85351312837618y1084660231088200y16151833673510z2262449756525z4271600320023725y30885828741115z62X1803504020yY48411906935ya)What items are size drivers?inputs,outputs,entity accesses(system users for certain aspects)b)Wh

50、at items are productivity drivers?Programming languagec)What are the productivity rates for programming languages x,y and z?x 10 FPs a day0.58*(210+469)+1.66*(40+125)+0.26*(420+1406)/(30+85)=y 7 FPs a dayz 12 FPs a dayd)What would be the estimated effort for projects X and Y using a Mark II function