新概念1册笔记.pdf

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1、简单句的句型结构1.主十谓2.主+谓+宾3.主+谓+宾+宾4.主+谓+宾+宾补5.主+系+表肯定句主 语+动 词+其它成份否定句主句+动词+not+其它成份一般疑问句 yes-no question特殊疑问句wh-question一般疑问句：可以直接用yes或no来回答。特殊疑问句:不能直接用yes或no来回答。特殊疑问句1.找到肯定句中被提问的部分2.根据句意选择最合适的特殊疑问词。3.将特殊疑问词置于句首。4.该特殊疑问句不针对肯定句的主语提问是，动词放在主语前。该特殊疑问句针对主语提问时，动词不用提前，原位不动。一般疑问句功能：询问构成：be动词置于句前形容词性物主代词m y我 的you

2、r你 的h is他 的h e r她的its它 的o u r我 们 的your你们的their他/她/它们的人称代词主格第一人称：I我w e我们第二人称：yo u你yo u你们第三人称：h e他s h e她i t它they他/她/它们人称代词宾格第一人称：m e我u s我们第二人称：yo u你yo u你们第三人称：him他h e r她i t它them他/她/它们陈述句中，动词前面用主格，动词后面用宾格。反身代词myself我 自 己ourselves我们自己yourself你 自 己yourselves你们自己himself他 自 己herself她自己itself它 自 己themselves

3、他/她/它们自己词性noun naon名词 n.pronoun pronaun代词 pron.adjective aed31ktM 形容词 adj.adverb aedvb副词 adv.preposition,prspazijan介词 prep.verb vb 动词 v.interjection,int3ld3kjan感叹词 int.conjunction ksndjAokJan连词 conj.numeral numaral）数次 num.determiner dits-mina限定词 det.b e动词表达人或事物的性状，即身份、性质、特征状态等、冠词A.概念：戴名词头上的帽子，没有特殊情况

4、不能摘帽子。特殊情况：国 家（简写）、国籍、人名、城市名B.包括：a/an/theC.意思：a/an 一个、一间、一台、一.D.分类：定冠词the确定的，知道的不定冠词一一不确定的、不知道的T here is a m onk.那有一个和尚。T he monk is Jack.那个和尚叫 Jack。E.a/an的区别an+元音发音开头的单词，其余用a副词A.功能：用来修饰adj./v./adv.修 饰adj.I am tired.I am very tired.I am so tired.I am too tiredI am awfully tired.修饰v.I love you.I love

5、 you very much.I love you awfully.B.位置：通常情况，形前动后I swim w ell.我游泳游得很好。I know him w ell.我很了解他。C.hard词性：努力地adv.勤奋的/艰苦的adj.hard work:艰苦的工作work hard:努力地工作名词所有格勺翻译：的1.名词s+名词Mikes car T his is Mikes car.2.名词最后一个字母是“s”，并且发音/z/,名词所有格s 的 s 可以省略掉。T omass book or T omas book3.名词最后一个字母是“s，而这个s 是这个名词的复数，名词所有格勺的s

6、不能再加。T he teachers reading-room.4.名词勺+名 词（可省略）T his shirt is T ims shirt.T his shirt isT ims.定语：定语是用来限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。名词所有格。f 结构被定语限定的词o f 定语作定语的名词是有生命的时候，往往采用名词所有格勺的形式。作定语的名词是无生命的时候，往往采用名词所有格o f的形式。这个房间的窗户是开着的。T he window of this room is open.这本书的名字很长。T he name of this book is very long.我喜欢这辆汽车的颜色

7、。I like the color of this car.这本书的封皮是旧的。T he cover of this book is old.Here+主语+动词我在这。I am here.-Here I am.他在这。He is here.-Here he is.I am-Km you are-youre he is-hesshe is-shes it is-its we are-werethey are-theyreI am not-Km nothe is not-hes not he isntshe is not-shes not she isntit is not-its not it

8、 isntwe are not-were not we arentthey are not-theyre not they arent名词的数1.可数名词（C）不可数名词（U）可数和不可数一般可数名词+scar-cars book-books teacher-teachers关于复数s 的发音清辅音+s/s/books bikes cups浊辅音和元音+s/z/pens girls teachers/t/+s/ts/cats hats shirts/d/+s/dz/beds hands friends2.可数名词的发音是以/s/z/J/%/”/S/结尾+es/iz/box-boxes buzz

9、-buzzes dish-dishesgarage-garages watch-watchesbridge-bridges这类名词以e 结尾直接+shouse-houses rose-roses face-faceshorse-horses3.可数名词的拼写是以字母f 或 fe 结尾，去掉f 或 fe变 ves/vz/leaf-leaves thief-thieves shelf-shelvesloaf-loaves knife-knives life-liveswife-wives housewife-housewives有些此类名词直接+sroof（屋顶）-roofs chief（首领）-

10、chiefsbelief（信心）-beliefs有些此类名词以上两种形式都适用scarf（头巾）scarfs/scarveshoof（蹄）-hoofs/hooves4.变化内部的元音man/maen/-men/men/worn an/wum3n/-women/，wimin/foot/fut/-feet/fi:t/tooth/tu:0/-teeth/ti:0/5.可数名词的拼写是以辅音+y 结尾，去掉 y 变成ies/iz/city-cities lady-ladies baby-babiesparty-parties family-familiesnationality-nationaliti

11、es6.以元音字母。结尾的可数名词以辅音字母+。结尾往往+es/z/tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes以元音字母+。结尾往往+o/z/zoo-zoos缩写一般+s photo-photos（photograph）外来词往往直接+s7.特殊变化child-children规则形容词变比较级和最高级的规则单音节规则形容词1.单音节规则形容词+er/a/（比较级）+est/ist/（最高级）tall-taller-tallest small-smaller-smallest2.单音节规则形容词以不发音的字母e结尾+r（比较级）+st（最高级）nice-nicer-nice

12、st large-larger-largest3.形容词的拼写是以：辅音+1 元音+1辅音结尾，同时该元音字母在单词中处于重读音节，此时双写结尾的辅音字母再+er（比较级）+est（最高级）fat-fatter-fattest hot-hotter-hottest多音节规则形容词1.比较级：在前面+more/less最高级：在前面+the most/least2.辅音+y,去 y 变 i+er（比较级）+est（最高级）形容词变副词之规则1.一般直接+l y,如 quickly2.辅音+y 结尾，变 y 为 i+ly,如 lazy-lazily,happy-happily3.以 II结尾，直接

13、+y,如 fully4.辅音+le,e 变 y,如 able-ably,single-singly5.元音+e 结尾，去 e+ly,true-trulylovely:可爱的,deadly:致命的,friendly:友好的T here be 句型T here+b e+主语be：存在某地存在某人或某物T here is a book on the table.T here is a pen in my bag.T here is a student in the classroom.T here is a teacher in the office.动词及物动词（vt.）+宾 语（动作的承受者）不

14、及物动词（vi.）祈使句：用来表示命令、请求、建议等a.表示命令：动词原形+.Shut the doorb.表示请求：please+动词原形Please give me itc.表示建议：Let，s+动词原形+Lets go,ok?英语的人称顺序（1）单数人称遵循第二人称、第三人称、第一人称的顺序。（231）You,he and I must clean theclassroom.（2）复数人称遵循第一人称、第二人称、第三人称的顺序（123）We,you and they must clean up theclassroom.（3）当承认错误是，无论单复数一律是123的顺序。l,you and

15、 he are sorry for being late.We,you and they are sorry for beinglate.宾补：对宾语的补充和说明，使句子更加简洁。我发现那屋子是黑的。I find the room dark.主 谓宾 语 宾补我们必须让这屋子暖和点。We must keep the room warm.大家务必保持教室的干净。We must keep the classroom clean.历史使人明知。Histories make men wise.诗歌使人灵秀。Poems make men witty.数学使人缜密。Math make men subtle

16、.哲学使人深刻。Philosophy make men deep.一般将来时be going to 句型A.预先计划和打算要做的事B.固定形式：主+is/am/are+going toC.后面接动词原形我打算周末去逛街。I am going to go shopping this weekend.他打算把旧车卖了买辆新的。He is going to sell his old car,and buy a newone.be going to do/be going to be+adj.n.prep.我打算下周开始忙起来。I am going to be busy next week.他计划这周

17、末呆家里。He is going to be at home this weekend.这个孩子打算以后成为医生。T his kid is going to be a doctor.D.be going t o 句型的其他形式：疑问：be提前否定：be+not她打算周末去逛街。She is going to go shopping this weekend.Is she going to go shopping this weekend?She is not going to go shopping thisweekend.Give me some glasses.Give some glas

18、ses to me.Write him a letter.Write a letter to him.Send her an e-mail.Send an e-mail to her.Offer you a job.Offer a job to you.Read me this letter.Read this letter to me.Post me a letter.Post a letter to me.Sell her a new car.Sell a new car to her.Bring her some flowers.Bring some flowers to her.T e

19、ll me an English story.T ell an English story to me.Show me that book.Show that book to me.Buy ma a flower.Buy a flower for me.Make me a bookcase.Make a bookcase for me.Get me that hat.Get that hat for me.直接宾语是代词，往往用to 或 for的结构。Give me a book.Give it to me.Read me this letter.Read it to me.Buy me a

20、flower.Buy it for me.量词a piece of,#一片、一块的a loaf o f-一个、一条的a bar of一条、一块的a bottle of 一瓶的a pound of一磅的a tin of-一罐的a cup of*a box of a spoon of 一片面包。a piece of bread.一块肥皂。a bar of soap.一杯咖啡。a cup of coffee.一瓶可乐。a bottle of cola.一个面包。a loaf of bread.一听可乐。a tin of cola.一勺糖。a spoon of sugar.名词1.冠词+名词2.名词所

21、有格：勺/of3.单和复数4.可数和不可数不可数名词1.概念:不可以数的、不可以计算的名词。2.包括：A.液体状的东西：water/tea/coffee/-B.物质名词：soap/bread/chocolate*C.抽象名词：love/friendship/work-*3.用法：A.前面不可以加one,two,three*B.前面不可以加a/anC.后面不可以加s,永远是单数D.与量词搭配a piece of bread 一片面包a loaf of bread 一 个面包a bar of soap 一条肥皂a bottle of cola 一瓶可乐a pound of*一磅的a tin of

22、cola 一听可乐a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡a box of tea 一盒茶叶a spoon of sugar 一勺糖some/any+复数名词或不可数名词时，翻译为“一些，some用在肯定句中，any用在否定、疑问句中T here are some books on the table.Are there any books on the table?T here arent any books on the table.但在表示请求、建议的疑问句中用someCan you lend me some money?some、any+单数名词,some翻译为“某一”,any翻译为“

23、任一”。Some day,he can be some one.某一天，他可能成为个人物。You can buy it in some supermarket.你可以在任何一个超市买到。some 和 anysome adj.pron.一些，若干T here is some beef in the bottle.Would you like some?any adj.pron.若干，任何Is there any beef in the bottle?No,there isnt any.如果是一个表达请求、建议、反问的疑问句，或希望得到对方肯定答案才提出的疑问句中可以用some。Shall I h

24、ave some coffee?What about some tea?Why dont we have some beef?Are there some students in the classroom?在一个表示部分否定的否定句中可以用some。Some of them are not Chinese.情态动词在一句话中必须放在动词的前面,此时该动词必须采用原形的形式。Can1.能力Can you swim?I believe I can fly.Can you speak English?Do you speak English?2.允 许（征求对方的意见）Can I come in?

25、Can I smoke here?3.请求，要求Can you open the window,please?Can you shut up?some和 any+可数名词复数或不可数名词I can write some English letters,but I cantread any English words.I can make some tea,but I cant make anycoffee.I can eat some eggs,but I cant drink any beer.动词A.连系动词B.情态动词C.实义动词D.助动词情态动词1.概念：表示情感、态度2.包括：can

26、,must,may-3.用法：+动词，且原形He can do/read/write it.4.没有人称和数的变化She isShe can I am,“canHe isHe canT hey areT hey can5.疑问句：提前6.否定句：can-canXcannot(不可用 can not)must-mustnt(禁止)may-may not肯定句(positive sentence)否 定 句(negative sentence)一般疑问句(Yes-noquestion)特殊疑问句(Wh-question)肯定句变一般疑问句，将 be动词/情态动词/助动词提前。三无句 型,借助助动词

27、do,来完成疑问句变化。若是一个句子中既有b e 动词，又有情态动词、助动词，取离主语最近的动词提前。肯定句变否定句，在 b e 动词/情态动词/助动词后加否定词note三无句型，借助助动词 d o,来完成否定句变化。若是一个句子中既有b e 动词，又有情态动词、助动词，在离主语最近的动词后加否定词not。肯定句变特殊疑问句，将 be动词/情态动词/助动词提前。三无句型，借助助动词do,来完成疑问句变化。若是一个句子中既有b e 动词，又有情态动词、助动词，取离主语最近的动词提前。副词：在句子中专门修饰、忽悠形容词，动词以及其它副词。I am tired.I am very tired.I l

28、ike English.I like English best.I work hard.I work very hard.频度副词always blwez总是 100%usually ju39h通常 90%often o:fn;ofan通常 60%sometimes sAmtaimz有时 30%seldom seldam很少 5%never*nev从未 0%位置：情 be后，实词前sometimes句首句尾表强调可数名词复数和动词三单l.+sbooks teachers2.+es/szf3tjd3/boxes watcheswalks answerss z sh ch x owashes te

29、aches3.辅音+y,去 y 变 i+escity-cities lady-ladiestry-triesstudy-studies基数词one two three four five six seven eight nineten eleven twelvethirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeeneighteen nineteentwenty-one twenty-two twenty-threetwenty-five twenty-six twenty-seventwenty-eight twenty-ninethirty forty fif

30、ty sixty seventy eighty ninetyhundred hAndradone hundredtwo hundredthree hundredfour hundredfive hundredsix hundredseven hundredeight hundrednine hundredhundred and 十/个999 nine hundred and ninety-nine674 six hundred and seventy-four123 one hundred and twenty-three508 five hundred and eight888 eight

31、hundred and eighty-eight390 three hundred and ninetythousand Qauzndone thousandtwo thousandthree thousandfour thousandfive thousandsix thousandseven thousandeight thousandnine thousand3900 three thousand nine hundredthousand hundred and 十位/个位9999 nine thousand nine hundred andninety-ninethousand an

32、d 十位/个位2045 two thousand and forty-five3008 three thousand and eight一万 ten thousand二万 twenty thousand三万 thirty thousand四万 forty thousand五万 fifty thousand六万 sixty thousand七万 seventy thousand八万 eighty thousand九万 ninety thousand十万 one hundred thousand二十万 two hundred thousand三十万 three hundred thousand四

33、卜 万 four hundred thousand五十万 five hundred thousand六十万 six hundred thousand七十万 seven hundred thousand八十万 eight hundred thousand九十万 nine hundred thousandmillion miljan百万one milliontwo millionthree millionfour millionfive millionsix millionseven millioneight millionnine millionten million 千万twenty mill

34、ionthirty millionforty millionfifty millionsixty millionseventy millioneighty millionninety millionone hundred million 亿two hundred millionthree hundred millionfour hundred millionfive hundred millionsix hundred millionseven hundred millioneight hundred millionnine hundred milliono个o十oPBPUnqo万o十万o,u

35、o二二UJco序致词first second th rd fourth fifth sixth seventheignth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth twelfOthirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenthseventeenth eighteenth nineteenthtwentieth twentnOtwenty-first twenty-second twenty-thirdtwenty-fourth twenty-fifth twenty-sixthtwenty-seventh twenty-eighth twent

36、y-ninththirtieth 6tii9thirty-first thirty-second thirty-thirdthirty-fourth thirty-fifth thirty-sixththirty-seventh thirty-eighth thirty-ninthfortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightiethninetiethB.我昨天忙碌地在商场买了很多鞋。1-bought many shoes一busily一in the mall-yesterday.感官动词sound 听 look 看 smell 闻 feel 感觉 ta

37、ste尝A.感官动词一半系动词B.一般实义动词C.一半系动词实义动词-副词She is listening to music carefully.1 eat my breakfast quickly.感官动词形容词You look young.C.我突然在教室里发现一个不认识的人。1-find a stranger-suddenly-in theclassroom.D.他上周匆忙地离开了。He一left一hurriedly一last week.否定疑问句1.构成：一般疑问句的疑问词+n o t的缩略式。2.表达强调、情绪3.翻译：“难道，难道不”It tastes good.much 与 ma

38、nyhave(has)1.拥有have an umbrellahave a bikehave some water2.吃，喝have an applehave a biscuithave some coffee3.患生得长有have fluhave measleshave mumps4.have a 名词(动作、行为)从事、进行have a bath/a rest/a talk/a swim/a walk5.经历have a holidayhave a partyhave a classmuch修饰不可数名词many修饰可数名词用 not或 no构成的否定句中，要用or连接对等的词，不用and

39、He has no brothers or sisters.She didnt speak clearly or loudly.一般现在时态：1.用法：A.经常的状态B 习惯的动作C 真理2.结构：A.经常的状态：主语+is/am/areB.习惯的动作：主语+v.（动词）C.真理：主语+is/am/are,主语+v.（动词）3.动词主语+v.（动词）主语为非三单+动词原形主语为三单+动 词 s/es句子组织的5 步骤谁干了什么如何干的一一在哪干的何时干的A.他每天开心地在家等她。He waits for her happily-at home-every day.时态时态包括 时 和 体。动作

40、发生的时间。主语+动 词+其 它成份现在进行时基本概念：目前正在发生的动作。动词+ing(现在分词)1.动词直接+ingwalk walking read readingsee seeing go going2.动词以不发音的字母e 结尾，去掉e 再加 ingocome coming make makingsmoke smoking3.动词的拼写是以：辅音+1 元音+1 辅音结尾，同时该元音字母在单词中处于重读音节，此时双写结尾的辅音字母再加ing。sit sitting run running swim swimmingregret regrettingI watch T V.I am wa

41、tching T V.We clean the room.We are cleaning the room.She play the guitar.She is playing the guitar.He type a letter.He is typing a letter.T hey swim in the river.T hey are swimming in the river.一般将来时主语+am/is/are+going to+动词原形+其它成份主语+shall/will+动词原形+其它成份shall用于第一人称，will用于其它人称现在英文中will可以用于所有人称句型变化时wi

42、ll作句子的助动词。w ill与 not的缩写是wont/waunt/一般过去时表示过去某一时刻发生的动作或存在的状态。规则动词变过去式规律1.动词+edwalk-walked stay-stayed rain-rained2.动词以不发音的字母e 结尾+d。arrive-arrived move-movedsmoke-smoked3.动词的拼写是以辅音+y 结尾，去 掉 y变成i+ed,study-studied try-tried cry-cried4.动词的拼写是以:辅音+1 元音+1 辅音结尾，同时该元音字母在单词中处于重读音节，此时双写结尾的辅音字母再加edostop-stopped

43、 slip-slipped regret-regretteded的读音1.清辅音+e d,读/t/walk-walked watch-watched help-helped2.浊辅音和元音+e d,读/d/open-opened play-played3./t/和/d/+e d,读/id/want-wanted need-neededbe的过去式am-was/waz/is-was are-were/wa:/T here be句型的过去式1.构成：T here be+(was,were)+地点2.分类：T here was.+单数名词T here were.+复数名词现在完成时结构：主语+hav

44、e/has+动词过去分词+其它成份说话人主观上强调过去的动作或状态的延续性，且延续到现在。言之过去，意在当下。+现在两个字看句子是否还是通顺。具体的、表过去的时间状语往往不能用在现在完成时的句子中。过去完成时主语+had+动词过去分词过去将来时主语+would+动词原形过去进行时态：A.功能：过去某一时刻、时段正发生的动作B.结构：主语+was/were+doing过去将来时主语+would+动词原形主语+have/has+been+非动词他一直以来都是个好学生。He has always been a good student.我一直都很忙。I have been busy.并列句A.结构：

45、简单句+and/but/so+简单句He loves me and I am happy.He loves me but I am not happy.He loves me so I am happy.B.and,but,so,or.not only.but also.不仅.而且主语+had better+动词原形had better最好（去做某事,否则会有麻烦、困难甚至危险）肯定句变否定句在had better后面+not,不缩写。该句型不用在疑问句当中。多个形容词的顺序：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍和材料。限定词：the,this,that,my,your,one,two.描

46、绘：beautiful,cold,pretty,good.形状：round,square.材料：wooden,stone,leather.名词性物主代词：我 的 m ine我们的ours你的yours你们的yours他 的 h is她的hers它的its他/她/它们的theirs宾语从句1.宾语作句子。2.时态要求：主语一般现在，从句随便。3.语用功能：表达表点引述话语4.that作引导词（在口语中或一般的书面英语中经常可以省略掉，在极其正式的文体里面最好加上）。5.表语形容词+句子概念上接近宾语，结构上接近状语。条件状语从句：句子作条件状语。如果.就.If I will-真实条件,If（一般

47、现在）+IW 1II-主语+及物动词+特殊疑问句（正装 主语动词）主语+及物动词+if+一般疑问句（主语动词）时间状语从句：A.概念：句子作时间状语。B.引导词：when/whiie/as/before/after.定语从句先行词被修饰钝词关系词先行词是人：vho/whom先行词是物：vhich先行词是物或者是人：that他就是喜欢我用友的那人。Heis the man who loves my friend.我喜欢正在听音乐的那漂亮女孩。I like the beautiful girl who is listening tomusic.先行词做主语：w h o 先行词作宾语：whom倒装1

48、.构成：肯定一soH+主 语 否定一neitherH-F 主语2.原则：时态一致，人称一致I like Lee Hong.I like Lee Hong,too.=So do I.感叹句What+a/an+形容词+名 词（可数单数）+主语+谓语！W hat+形容词+名 词（不可数/可数复数）+主 语+谓 语！How+形容词+a/an+名 词（可数单数）+主语+谓语！How+形容词/副词+主 语+谓 语！have toA.意思：不得不B.词性：情态动词C.时态变化：had toD.人称变化：has to（三单形式）E.疑问句：借助do/does/didF.否定形式：dont/doesnt/did

49、ntG.疑问句的回答：Do you have to go now?Yes,I have to.NoJ dont have to.NoJ dont need to.被动语态构成：be+done一 般现在时的被动is/am/are+done一般过去式的被动was/were+done直接引语和间接引语A.直接引语和间接引语“Sophie miss you.”He says he misses you.B.变化1.人称2.指示代词：this-that,these-those3.时间状语：now-then,today-that day,yesterday-the day beforetomorrow-t

50、he next day4.地点状语here-thereC.间接引语属于宾语从句反意疑问句：A.构成：陈述句+简短一般疑问句Its a nice day,isnt it?B.肯定+否定否定+肯定Its a nice day,isnt it?Its not a nice day,is it?C.组织步骤：1.动词2.肯定+否定否定+肯定3.换人名为代词D.反意疑问句的功能：期待对方支持、赞同观点Its pretty,isnt it?通常可以用 right?eh?.替代 Its pretty,right/eh?形容词的同级比较a s+形容词原级+asT om is as tall as Jim.I