初中英语基础知识汇总.pdf

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1、第一篇基相知识第一节字母英语是字母文字，共有2 6个字母，2 6个字母按一定的J i序排列在一起便组成字母表，英语中称之为“Alphabet”。1.26个字母的填音.J:XA a/ei/N n/en/备&B b/bi:/O o/au/VC c/4 i/pp/pi:/冬D d/di:/Q q/kju:/AVE e/ii/R r/az/AyF f/ef/S s/es/V&VG g/dji:：/T t/tW$H h/eit J/U u/ju:/A1 i/ai/V v/vu/AAJ j/dei/W wZdAbljux/sK k/kei/X x/ck00yL 1ZeVY y/wai/G7VM m/em/

2、Z z/zed/3 *x*,/4-仝12.元音字母是喝些？英文字母分为元音字母和辅音字母。A a,E e,li,O o,U u为5个元音字母，除Y y外其他2 0个为辅音字母。Y y为半元音字母.第二节语音关于语音的几个柢念1)字母:语言的书写形式。元音字母a,e,i(y),o,u,2)音标：2的语音形式。3）音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有4 8音素。4）音节:由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。apple,student,teacher,understand5）元音：发音喟亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20个元音。单元音有 12 个：/i:/I/e/任/a:/a/A/a

3、:/n:/u/u:/双元音有 8 个/el/al/sl/Zau/au/la/Ea/ua/6）辅音：发音不喟亮，是瞟音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28个辅音。清辅音有 11 个：/p/t/k/f/se/J7/h/tJ7/tr/ts/浊辅音有 17 个：/b/d/g/v/III/6/3/r/d3/dr/dz/m/n/e/I/w/j/7）开音节：a）辅音+元音+辅音+enamebike;b）7音+元音he,go,hi8）阴音节:a）辅音+元音+辅 音bad,bed,sit,hot,cup;b）元音+播音it9）重读音节：单词中发音特别*亮的音节。第二篇语法知识椅理第一节司法在

4、英语中，共有10大词类，它们是：名词、动词、形容词、副词、教词、代词、冠同、介同、连词、感呗词。一、名词1.什么叫名词?名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象柢念的名琉。：mother妈 妈panda熊猫library图书篦pencil 钳笔 wish 愿 12.名词是如何分类的？（1）名词根据意义分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词表示特定的人或事物的名称。如：MrGreen格 林 先 生the Spring Festival春 节theGreat Wall 长城 Britain 英国提示：1、人名都是专有名词2、专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。普通名词是不属于特定的人或事物名萧的同。普通名同又分为个体名

5、词和集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。个体名词，如：radio（广播），watch（手表）；集体名词，如：class（5级）,people（人民）；物质名词，如：milk（牛奶）water（水）；抽象名词，如：work（I作）,health（健康）。名词根据其表示的事物性质的不同，分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词表示的事物是可以用数字一个一个数出来的，有单数和复数两种形式。如：abanana一只香蕉two bananas两只香蕉不可数名同表示的事物是不可以用瓠字一个一个数出来的，不分单、复数；抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词一般都是不可数名词。如：m ilk牛奶ic e冰idea想法France深国

6、提示：有少数名同既可作可数名词，也可作不可教名词，但含义不同。如：fish鱼肉（不可数）fis h鱼类（可数）chicken鸡肉（不可数）chicken小鸡（可数）3.可教名词复数形式的构成规则是什么？（1）名词复数形式构成的基本翔则:情况变法倒洞加-sgirl-girls book-books以sshxch结尾的同jJD-esbus-buses watch-watches复数形式词尾是或的堞法如下:以“辅音字母+y 结尾的词变y 为 i 再加esfamily-falimiesstrawberry-strawberries以 f 或 fe 结尾的词变f 或f e 为 v 再加eshalf-ha

7、lves wife-wives以。结尾的同U H es 或 sphoto-photos piano-pinaosradio-radioszoo-zoos tomato-tomatoespotato-potatoes需要将别记住的是英语中有些名词的复教形式是不规则的。如:情况读法在/p/V/k/f/等清辅音后/S/cakes desks cups在/s/z/tJ7/J7/d3/等后血buses classes watches在其他情况下bananas zoos windowsMan-men woman-women foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice child-ch

8、ildrensheep-sheep deer-deer fish-fish Chinese-Chinese4.如何表示不可数名词的数量？(1)不可数名词没有单、复数的区别，是不能直接以数字计算事物的名词，要表示“一这个概念，我们可以用a+表示数量的名词+of+名词”的形式。如：a glass of water一杯水a cup of tea 一杯茶(2)如果要表i i 两个或两个以上的柢念，表示数量的名词需要用复教形式，不可教名同不变。如：two glasses of water 两杯水 five bags of rice 五袋大米提示：这种形式也可以用于可数名词，但名词必须用复数形式。如：a

9、basketofapples 一篮子苹果five baskets of tom atoes五董子西红柿5.什么是名词所有格？名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格，意 为“的 ，一般在名词后加是s。如Grandma s house奶明的房子my parents*c a r我攵母的车(1)如果名词代表的事物是有生命的，那么其所有格有以下几种形式：分类构成方式举例普通单数名词在名同末尾加SNancy s father以或结尾的复数名词在名词末尾加the teachers books特殊复数名词(不以或笫尾)在名词末尾加SChildren s Day表示共有关系的在最后一个名词的末尾加1 SJim

10、and Henlen smother（两人共有一个妈第）表示各自所有关系的在每个名词的同尾都加 SJim s and Henlen s mothers（两人各自的妈妈）提示：表示公共场所、或住宅的名词，其所有格后面常常省略被修饰的名词。We will go to my sister s for dinner this afternoon.今天下午我fl将去我姐姐家吃饭。Let s go to the barber s.我们去理发店吧。(2)如果名同代表的事物是没有生命的，常与 组成短语来表示其所有格，表示前者属于后者。It*sa map of China.这是一张中国地图。The name o

11、f the cartoon is Cinderella.这部动囱片的名字是灰姑娘。例题引嘱一、写出下列名词的复数形式。1.baby 2.key 3.strawberry 4.life5.h a l f 6.woman 7.German 8.Japanese答案 1.babies 2.keys 3.strawberries 4.lives 5.halves 6.women/.Germans 8.Japanese二、翻译下列词组1.长城 2.许多羊 3.三袋大米 4.五篮子鸡蛋5四位女教师 6.八棵苹果树 7七张老太太的照片 8.她的一个朋友答案 1.the Great Wall 2.many/a

12、 lot of sheep 3.three bags of rice4.five baskets of eggs 5.four women teachers 6.eight apple trees 7.seven photos of anold woman 8.a friend of hers街接训练一、写出下列名词的复数形式。1.pencil-box 2.w ife 3.S u n d a y 4.city 5,dress6.Englishman 7.m atch 8.Chinese 9.examlO.library 11.radio 12.family 13.boy 14.photo15.

13、tomato 16.dish ILAm erican 18.dictionary三、单项选择1 .My father is a.He works in a hospital.A.teacher B.doctor C.farmer D.soldier2.We need some more.Can you go and get some.please?A.potato B.potatos C.potatoes D.a potato3.l n the picture there are m any and two.A.sheep;foxes B.sheeps;foxes C.sheeps;fox D

14、.sheep;foxs4.Lefs meet at 7:30 outside the gate of.A.the Peoples Park B.the Peoples*Park C.the People Park A Peoples Park5.There are s i x t y-s e v e n in our school.A.womens teacher B.women teachers C.women teachers D.women teacher6.This shop sells 即pies,bananas and things likethese.lfs a.A.food s

15、hop B.book shop C.fruit shop D.vegetable shop7.September1 Oth is in China.A.Teachers Day B.Teachers*Day C.Teacher Day D.Teachers Day8.The football under the bed is.A.Su Hai and Liu Tao B.Su Hais and Liu TaosC.Su Hais and Liu Tao D.Su Hai and Liu Taos9.T he post office is a bit far from here.Ifs abou

16、t .A.thirty minutess walk B.thirty minutes walkC.thirty minutes walk D.thirty minutes walk10.are big and bright.A.The classroom windowB.The window of the classroomC.The classrooms windows D.The windows of the classroom四、用所给名词的适当形式填空。1.Are there t hree（child）playing in the classroom?2.Here*re two（bot

17、tle）of（milk）for you.3.Daniel always wears a pair of（glass）and he looks clever.4.We do too much（homework）every day so we have no time to play.5.lfs Sunday and there are so many（people）in the street.6.You should brush your （tooth）at least twice every day.五、根据汉语提示完成句子。1.Beijing is（中国的首都）2.Pm hungry.Ple

18、ase give me（四片面包）3.Are these（保攵母的照片）?4.1 visited（长城）last year.lfs really wonderful.5（Tom 和 Mike 的手表）are new.They bought them lastSaturday.6.You can found（一些苹果树）in the garden.7.（杨玲和南希的臬子）isveryclean,but（她f 的椅子）are very dirty.二、动词1.动词的定义和分类动词是表示动作或状态的一类同。动词充当谓语时，要受到主语的限制，与主语在人称和教上一致。用来表示动作或状态在各种时间条件的动

19、词形式猿为时态。动词根据其在句中的功能，可以分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情志流词四类。2.实义动词(1)实义动同的分类实义动词也叫行为动同，即表示动作的动词，能独立作谓语。实义动词有及物动同和不及物动词之分。及物流词是指后面可以直接跟宾语的流词；不及物动词指后面不可以直接跟宾语的动同。We have friends all over the w orld.我们的用友谊天下。Georges father lives there.乔治的爸笛任在那儿。提示：英语动词中有很多既是及制动词又是不及物动词，如close,begin,study,leave,work 等 o(3)实义动词的基本形式有动同原

20、形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、现在分同、过去分词。3.系动词(1)系动词的定义.系动词亦称连系动词，不能单独做谓语，后面必须眼表语。(2)系动词的功能系动词的主要功能是把表诏(名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、从句)和其主语联系在一起，以说明主诏的属性、特征或状态。它和其后的表语一起构履句子的谓语。(3)常见系动词My father is a policeman.You will feel better after a nighfs sleep.I fs getting warmer and warmer in spring.He looked angry/sad/happy.The

21、apples taste very good.提示：有部分系动词也可以作为实义动词来使用。He looked sad at the n e w s.(看 起 来 ，系动词用法)He kooked sadiy at the b o y.(看 着 ，H 义旗词用法)4.助动词(1)助动词的定义助动词是语法曲能词，本身没有同义，不可单独使用。He doesn11 like English.(2)助动词的功能表示时态 He is singing.He doesnt go to school on Saturday.构成疑问句Do you like college life?Did you study

22、English before you came here?与否定副司n o t连用构成否定句I dont like playing computer games.They are not watching TV now.目前学过的助动词有：be(am/is/are),do(does/did)0 am/is/are+现在分词”构成现在进行时亦。They are having a meeting.English is becoming more and more important.do/does/did构成一般黠问句、否定句、否定祈使句。Do you want to pass the Engli

23、sh exam?He doesn*t like to study.Don*t be late for school.提示:d o 也可以作实义动词，表示“做 变 否 定 句 时 必 须 借 助 dont/doesnt/didntHe does homework every day.He doesnt watch TV on school days.6.情态流词(1)情态动词的定义及功能情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与普通动词一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等得一类词。情态动同一般本身无人称和教的变化，其后面的实义动词要用动词

24、原形。She can swim fast,but I cant.You must stay here until I come back.(2)常见情态动词的用法acan表示能力，意 为“会，能”。表示客观可能性或推调时，用于否定句和婕问句；She can sing English songs.I t cant(不可能)be Jim.I saw him at school just now.Can/May(可以)I borrow your bike?m a y 表示许可，用于陈述句；表示正式的请求或许可，用于一般巽问句。回答m a y提出的问题，肯定形式为：Yes,please./Yes,pl

25、ease do./Yes,certainly./Yes,you m ay.否定形式为:No,you mustnt./No,you can./Please dont.You may go out to ply now.-May I smoke here?-Yes.you may./No you mustnt.m ust指客观可俄性或循溃时，意 为“一定；表 示 应 当，必 须 时，其否定形式为m ustnt意为 禁止，不允许，千万别”。回笞由m ust构成的一般凝问句，肯定形式为：Yes,lg+m u st；否定形式为：N o,主语+needn,t/don,thavetoQIt must(肯定)

26、be Nancys book.Her name is on the cover.You mustnt(千万别)play football in the street.-Must I hand in my homework tomorrow?-Yes,you must./No,you neednt/dont have to.should表 示 应 该，应当“，shouldnt表示 不应该”。You should tell your mother the truth.You shouldnt make the same mistake.问题引路一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1.My father

27、a l w a y s(h e l p)m y mother with housework.2.The s h i p s(n o t be)in the river n o w jth e y(b e)th e re a moment ago.3.0ur f a m i l y(h a v e)a new computer last month.4.I c a n(do )it better than you.二、模仿例词写出所给动词的相应形式。例词:do does doing did1.write _ _ _ _2.carry _ _ _ _3.wash _ _ _ _4.meet街接训练

28、一、单项选择1.My brother a teacher.He his pupils very much.A.is;like B.is;likes C.are;likes D.are;like2.-How many davs there in a week?-There seven.A.is;is B.are;is C.is;are D.are;are3.My English t e a c h e r.A.all look young B.looks young C.look young D.all looks young4.I busy now,but I free next week.A

29、.am;am B.am;will C.am;will be D.being;will be5.May I to Helen Brown?A.tell B.speak C.talk D.say6.Yang Ling can clothes for the doll.A.make;B.makes C.made D.making7.She looks because she will go to Hainan for a holiday.A.happily B.be happy C.happy D.happiness8.-I use your pen,Dad?-Yes,you can.A.May B

30、.Do C.Am D.Must二、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1.Two and s i x(b e)eight2.T h e re(b e)lo ts of sheep on the farm last year.3.The boy with his friends(have)som e homework every day.4.You m u s t(lis te n)to your teacher in class.5.W e like(w a tch)ca rto o n s at the weekend.6.Listen!S o m e o n e(s in g)in the next

31、 room.7.Su Hai w a n t s(b e)a teacher when she grows up.8.What y o u(d o)la s t night?9.(not speak)loudly in the reading room.10.1 l i k e(r e a d)very much,but I dont like(re a d Jto d a y.P m too tired.三、形容词1.什么是形容词？形容同是用来修饰或描述名词或代词，以说明人或事物的性质、状态或特征的一类同。Janeisa beautiful girl.Is there anything wr

32、ong with your MP4?2.形容词在句中的位置是怎样的？几个形容词连用时，如何排序？(1)形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，系动词和不定代词之后。She is a good girl.I am tall and thin.There is something important to tell her.提示：1.有的形容词只能作表语，如：afraid害 柏,alone独自的，asleep瞳着的，awake 8着的，alive活 着 的,well健康的，ill病的2.某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人或整体的东西，谓语流词用复数。The Chinese have long his

33、tory.W e should help the old多个形容词修饰名词时，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后.She bought herself a new silk skirt.I have long straight golden hair.提示：多个形容词和其他词修饰名词时，其II序是：限定词（冠词、指示代词、形容同性物主代词、数词）+描绘词（大小、长短、形状、新旧、长初、颜色）+出处+材料性质+类别+名词3.什么是形容词的比较等级？绝大多数形容词有三种形式：原级、比较级和最高级。Liu Hai is as tall as m e.（tall 是原级）It is warmer tod

34、ay than it was yesterday,（warmer 是比较级）She is the best student in her class,（best 是最高级）4.形容词比载等级的构成规则是什么？（见八年级上话法附录）5.形容词比较等级的几种用法（1）形容词的原级可用于两个人或事物的比较，常用的有两种结构：肯定结构：as+形容同的原级+as，意为“和一样。She is as careful as her mother.否定结构：notas/so+形容词的原级+as,意为 不如.oThis dish is not as nice as that one.（2）形容词的比较级用于两个人

35、或事物的比较，常用的有四种结构：形容词比较级+than,表 示“比0This film is more interesting than that one.形容同比较级+形容词比较级，表 示“越来越OMy sister is getting taller and taller.the+形容词比较级,the+形容词比较级,表示“就i oThe more,the better.The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you wii make.the+形容同比较级+of the two,表 示“两者中较.的一个。Tom is the cleverer

36、of the twins.提示：比较级前可以加表示程度的副词much.even,a little等来修饰。He is much stronger than Mike.(3)形容词的最高级用于三个或三个以上的人或事物的比较，常用“the+形容词的最高级+名词+范围(o f/in短培或从句)”结构，意 为“中最的 oHe is the busiest boy in our class.Yao Ming is one of the most famous basketball players in NBA.提示：形容词的最高级前要加t h e,但如果形容词的最高级前有物主代同时，不需要加 the o

37、 Today is my happiest day.7.常见形容时的反义词，保记住了吗？bad good better worst best-worst big small/little beautiful uglyblack white busy-free cheap expensive clean-dirty clever foolishcloudy-sunny cool-warm cold hot dangerous safe dark bright/liQhtdry-wet early-late easy-difficult east-west far-near sunny-rainy

38、 first-lasthappy unhappy/sad hard soft ill healthy/well light heavy more less/fewmost least/fewest old new old-young poor-rich quiet noisy same-differentshort-long short-tall slow-quick small-big/large/great strong-weakthin-fat thin-thick问题引路一、单项选择1.1 have to do today.I couldnt help you now.A.anythi

39、ng important B.something importantC.important nothing D.important something2.-Is chemistry more difficult than physics?-一 No,chemistry isnt as as physics.A.easy B.easier C.difficult D.more difficult二、同义句转换。I .Liu T ao is not as strong as Gao Shan.Liu T ao is Gao Shan.Gao Sh a n.i s Liu T ao.2.David

40、is the tallest student in his class.David is than in his class.街接训练一、用所给词的适当形式填空。1.0f the three girls,I found Millie is t h e(c l e v e r).2.There a r e(f e w)p e o p le here today than yesterday.3.My sister is two y e a r s(o ld)t h a n I.4.Jane,s parents have four daughters,and she is t h e(y o u

41、n g)c h ild.5.T h e(c h e a p)t h in g s are not always the worst ones.6.The short one i s(e x p e n s i v e)o f the five.7.The boy is not s o(in t e r e s t in g)a s his brother.8.She will be m u c h(h a p p y)i n her new house.二、单项选择1 .He feels today than yesterday.A.tired B.more tired C.more tire

42、der D.much tired2.0f the two toys.the child c hos e.A.the more expensive one B.one most expensiveC.a least expensive D.the most expensive of them3.The line is than that one.A.more longer B.not longer C.much more longer D.many more longer4.The book is of the three.A.thinner B.the thinner C.more thinn

43、er D.the thinnest5.She looks than she is.A.the more older B,very older C.much older D.more older6.The garden is b e c o m i n g.A.more and more beautiful B.more beautiful and beautifulC.more beautiful and more D.more beautiful and beautifuler7.h u r r y,s p e e d.A.More;less B.Much;little C.The more

44、;the less D.The much;the little8 Looking at his mother,the little boy l o o k e d.A.happy;good B.happy;well C.sad;sadly D.sadly;sad三、根据汉语提示完成句子。1.这本书跟那本书一样有趣。This book is that one.2.这个故事不如那个有趣。This story is than that one.3.今天比昨天用得多。It is today it was yesterday.4.他对英语越来越感兴趣。H e is becoming in English

45、.5.他吃得逋多，就越胖。he eats,he gets.6.他比我大两岁。H e is than I.四、副同1.什么是副词？剧词是一种用来惨饰洲词、形容词、副词或全句的词，以说明时间、地点、程度、方式等柢念OW e should listen to our teachers carefully.In spring,I can see flowers everywhere.2.副词的种类有哪些？(1)方式刷词，如 quickly.neatly,happily(2)地点、方位副词，如 here,away,outside,west(3 )时间副词，如 yesterday,already,just

46、,now,before,later.often,sometimes(4 )强调副同，very,too,even,only,4.副词在句中的位置和排列J i序(1)时间、地点副词，小在前，大在后。He comes from New York,America.(2)方式副词，细在前，长在后。Please write slowly and carefully.(3)方式+地点+时间The old woman runs very slowly along the river at 6:00 every morning.4.副词同形容词一样也有比较级和最高级形式。5.常见副词的区别:(1)very,mu

47、ch,very muchVery用于修饰形容词或副词的原级；m uch用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级；very m uch用于修饰动词。John is very good.This garden is much bigger than that one.I love music very much(2)so,such s。修饰形容词或副同；such修饰名同。My brother runs so fast that I can,t follow him.He is such a boy.s o修像的形容词后可以有一个单数的可教名词，其结构是so+形容词+a/an+可数名同单数”；such可修饰可数

48、名词单复数和不可数名词，名词前可以有形容词作定语，其结构是wsuch+(a/an)+形容词+可数名同单数/复数/不可数名词”。He is so clever a boy.=He is such a clever boy.I t is such cold weather.They are such good students.提示：如果可数名词复数前有many.few或不可数名词前有much,little修饰，用so不用such。(3)also,too,as well,eitheralso,too,as well,用于肯定句,also常用于b e旗词、情态动词、助正词之后，行为动词之前,too,

49、as w ell用于句末；either用于否定句未。My father is a teacher.My mother is also a teacher.=My father is a teacher.My mother is a teacher as well.=My father is a teacher.My mother is a teacher,too.I cant speak French.Jenny cant speak French,either.(4)sometime,sometimes,some time,some timessometime意为 某一时间，可指将来，过去；

50、sometimes意为 有时”；some tim e指“一段时间”；sometimes指“几次,几倍”。Well have a test sometime next month.Sometimes we are busy and sometimes,we are not.He stayed in Beijing for some time last year.I have been to Beijing some times.例题引路一、用所给词的适当形式填空。1.He is too tired and he cant walk a s(q u i c k)a s his father.2.1