英语语法知识难点.pdf

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1、英语语法知识难点(一)(-)形容词和副词I.要点A.形容词1、形容词的用法形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如：He is honest and hardworking.I found the book interesting.某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如：The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.The English like to be with their families.多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序：冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态

2、(描述性)+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.2、形容词比较等级的形式(1)规则形式一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er;-est来构成比较级和最 高 级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more,most.如：great-greater-greatestbusy-busier-busiestimportant-more important-(the)most important(2)不规则形式good(well)-better-bestbad(ill)-w

3、orse-worstmany(much)-more-mostlittle-less-least(3)形容词比较等级的用法表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than.如：He is cleverer than the other boys.This one is more beautiful than that one.表示两者以上的比较，用the+形容词最高级(+名 词)+of(in).如：He is the cleverest boy in his class.表示两者是同等程度，用as+形容词原级+as.如：He is as tall as I.I have as many books a

4、s you.越 越例 如：The more I learn,the happier I am.(5)You can never be too careful.越小心越好又 如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。(6)I have never spent a more worrying day.那一天是最令我担心的一天。I have never had a better dinner.这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。My English is no better than yours.我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。B.副

5、词1、副词的种类(1)时间副词 如:ago,before,already,just,now,early,late,finally,tomorrow 等(2)地点副词 如：here,there,near,around,in,out,up,down,back,away,outside 等。(3)方式副词 如：carefully,angrily,badly,calmly,loudly,quickly,politely,nervously 等。(4)程度副词 如：almost,nearly,much,greatly,a bit,a little,hardly,so,very 等。2、副词比较等级的用法

6、其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：Of all the boys he sings(the)most beautifully.We must work harder.3、某些副词在用法上的区别(1)already,yet,stillalready表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：Weve already watched that film.I havent finished my homework yet.He still works until l

7、ate every night.(2)too,as well,also,eithertoo,as well和also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：He went there too.He didnt go there either.I like you as well.I also went there.(3)hard,hardlyhardly意为 几乎 与hard在词义上完全不同。如：I work hard every day.I can hardly

8、 remember that.(4)late,latelylately意为 最近、近来，late意为B免、迟。如：He never comes late.Have you been to the museum lately?II.例题例 1 Toms father thinks he is already_A high enough B tall enoughC enough high C enough tall解 析：该题正确答案是Bo修饰人高用ta ll,而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选B。例 2 the worse I seem to be.

9、A When I take more medicineB The more medicine I takeC Taking more of the medicineD More medicine taken解 析：该题正确答案为Bo the+形容词比较级+,the+形容词比较级+意为越，越。该句意为：吃的药越多，我的病越是加重。例 3I havent been to London yet.I havent been there_A too B also C either D neither解 析：该题正确答案为Co A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意为否定 两者都不，而C-eith

10、er则用于否定句中，意为 也。例 4 Mr.Smith was moved at the news.A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply解 析：该题正确答案为Bo A.deep用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词 如该题为deeply moved.另 如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均为副词,不能互相修饰。高考冲刺语法梳理(二)：介词介词I.要点1、介词和种类(1)简单介词，常用的有 at,in,on,about,across,before,beside,for,to

11、,without 等。(2)复合介词,如 by means of,along with,because of,in frontof,instead of 等。2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系(1)和动词的搭配,如 agree with,ask for,belong to,break awayfrom,care about 等。(2)和形容词的搭配，如 afraid of,angry with,different from,goodat(3)和名词的搭配，如 answer to,key to,reason for,cause of,visitto等.3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常

12、有right,just,badly,all,well,directly,completely 等少数几个副词。如：He came right after dinner.He lives directly opposite the school.4、某些介词的意义与用法举例(1)at,on,in(表时间)表示时间点用at,如at four oclock,at midnight等;表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time,at Christmas等。指某天用 on,如 on Monday,on the end of November,指某天的朝夕用 on,如 on Frida

13、y morning,on the afternoon of September 1st等。指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the afternoon,in February,inSummer,in 1999 等。(2)between,among(表位置)between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也 用between,如Im sitting between Tom and Alice.The village lies between three hills.among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：He is the best among the studen

14、ts.(3)beside,besidesbeside意为 在 旁 边 ，而besides意为 除 之外。如：He sat beside me.What do you want besides this?(4)in the tree,on the treein the tree指动物或人在树上，而on the tree指果实、树叶长在树上(5)on the way,in the way,by the way,in this wayon the way指 在 路 上in the way指挡道by the way指顺便问一句in this w ay用这样的方法(6)in the corner,at

15、the cornerin the corner指在拐角内at the corner指在拐角外(7)in the morning,on the morningin the morning是一般说法on the morning特指某一天的早晨(8)by bus,on the busby bus是一般说法on the bus特指乘某一辆车II.例题例 1 Do you know any other foreign language English?A except B but C beside D besides解 析：A、B两 项except等 于but，意为 除了.，C-beside意为 在旁边

16、”,不符合题意。而D-besides,意为 除了之 外，还有二所以该题正确答案为Do该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？例 2 He suddenly returned_ a rainy night.A on B at C in D during解 析：我们均知道，at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为Ao例 3 Im looking forward_ your letter.A to B in C at D on解 析：该题正确答案为Ao look forward to为固定搭配，意为 期望、盼望介词用法番外篇表示方位

17、的介词:in,to,on1.in表示在某地范围之内。如：Shanghai is/lies in the east of China.上海在中国的东部。2.to表示在某地范围之外。如：Japan is/lies to the east of China.日本位于中国的东面。3.o n表示与某地相邻或接壤。如：Mongolia is/lies on the north of China.蒙古国位于中国北边。表示计量的介词:at,for,byL a t表 示 以 速 度 以 价 格 。如：It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour.它以每小时 900 公里的速度飞

18、行。I sold my car at a high price.我以高价出售了我的汽车。2.for表 示 用 交换，以为 代 价 。如：He sold his car for 500 dollars.他以五百元把车卖了。注意:at表示单价(price),for表示总钱数。3.by表 示 以 计 ，后跟度量单位。如：They paid him by the month.他们按月给他计酬。Here eggs are sold by weight.在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。表示材料的介词：of,from,in1.of成品仍可看出原料。如：This box is made of paper.这个盒子是纸

19、做的。2.from成品已看不出原料。如：Wine is made from grapes.葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。3.in表示用某种材料或语言。如：Please fill in the form in pencil first.请先用铅笔填写这个表格。They talk in English.他们用英语交谈。注意:in指用材料，不用冠词;而with指用工具，要用冠词。请比较:drawin pencil/draw with a pencil,表示工具或手段的介词:by,with,on1.by用某种方式,多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车,by e-mail.通过电子邮件。注意:表示搭乘交通工具时，

20、用by时不用冠词，用in时要用冠词。请比较:I went there by bus/in a bus.我是坐公共汽车去的那儿。2.with表 示 用 某 种 工 具 。如：He broke the window with a stone.他用石头把玻璃砸坏了。注意:with表示用某种工具时，必须用冠词或物主代词。3.on表 示 以 方 式 ，多用于固定词组。They talked on the telephone.他们通过电话进行交谈。She learns English on the radio/on TV.她通过收音机/电视学英语。表示关于的介词：of,about,onL o f仅是提到或

21、谈到过某人或某事。如：He spoke of the film the other day.他前几天提到了这部影片。He thought about this matter yesterday.他昨天考虑了这件事。2.about指 关于 某人或某事物的较详细的情况。如：Can you tell me something about yourself?你能告诉我一些关于你自己的事情吗？3.on指 关于 学术性的或严肃的事。如：It s a textbook on the history of china.它是一本有关中国历史的教科书。表原因或理由的介词:for,at,from,of,with,b

22、y,because of1.for 表示原因，常与 sorry,famous,punish,praise,thank,blame等词连用。如：I am sorry for what I said to yo u.我后悔不该对你讲那些话。2.at指情感变化的原因，意为 因听到或看到而。如：He was surprised at the new s.听至!J这消息他大吃一惊。3.from指 外 在 的 原 因 ，如受伤、车祸等。如：He died from the wound.他因受伤而致死。4.of指 内 在 的 原 因 ，如病、饿等。如：The old man died of hunger.老

23、人死于饥饿。5.with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。如：Hearing the news,he jumped with jo y.他们听到这个消息,欣喜若狂。He was shaking with anger.他气得浑身发抖。6.by表示外部的，尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。Her body was bent by age.他因年老背弯了。She took your umbrella by mistake.我因弄错拿了你的雨伞。7.because o f表示引起结果的直接原因。如：He retired last month because of illness/becaus

24、e he ill.8.owing to多表示引起某不良后果的原因。如：Owing to the rain they could not come.由于下雨他们没来。9.thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因,常译为 幸亏,多亏。如：Thanks to John,we won the game.多亏约翰，我们才赢了这场比赛。10.out of表示动机的起因,常译为 出于。如：He asked the question out of curiosity.他出于好奇才问了那个问题。11.through多表示因局部而影响全局的原因。如：The war was lost through bad o

25、rganization.战争因组织不周而失败了。表示好像或当作的介词：like,as1.like表 示 像 一 样 ，其实不是。如：Peter the Great,like his country,was strong and proud.彼得大帝像他的国家一样强健和自豪。2.as表示 作为，以身 份 ，其实也是。如：He talked to me as a father.他以父亲的身份跟我谈话。注:as 作连词时,可表示 好像 o 如:The work is not so difficult asyou imagin这工作不像你想像的那么困难。表示支持或反对的介词:against,forag

26、ainst反对,for支持,互为反义词。如：Are you for my idea or against it?你赞同还是反对我的想法？表示除某人某物外的介词:besides,except1.besides是包括后面所提人或物在内的 除外,还。如：Thirty students went to the cinema besides him.除他以外，还有30个学生去看了电影。(他和另外30人都去了)He is interested in tennis besides(=as well as)football.除了足球,他还对网球感兴趣。2.except是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的 除去。如：

27、Everyone is excited except m e.除我以外的每个人都很激动。(他们激动，而我却不激动)All the visitors are Japanese except him.除他以外的所有游客都是日本人。(其他人是日本人，可他不是)注意:(A)except通常与表示全体的all,every连用;若与other连用，只能用 besides.,如:He had other people to take care of besides me.除我之外，他还要照顾别人。(B)except是排除同类;而except for是排除非同类，常在说明基本情况后,从细节上加上修正。如：Th

28、e composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes.除了几处拼写错误之外,这篇作文整体还是不错的。(作文与拼写错误是非同类的)但except for也可代替except,特别是在句首时，因为except是不能用于句首的。如：Except George,you can all g o.除乔治外，你们都可以去。高考冲刺语法梳理(三)：连词连词I.要点1、连词的种类(1)并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and,for,or,both.and,either.or,neither.nor 等。(2)从属连词用来引导从句，

29、如that,if,whether,when,after,assoon as 等。除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词(引导名词性从句)，关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。2、常用连词举例an d和，并且They drank and sang all night.(2)both.and和，既 也Both my parents and I went there.(3)b u t但 是，而Im sad,but he is happy.(4)either.or或或.，要么 要么Either youre wrong,or I am.(5)for因为I

30、 asked him to stay,for I had something to tell him.(6)however然 而,可是At first,he didnt want to go there.Later,however,he decidedto go.(7)neither.nor 既不 也不Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.(8)not only.but(also)不但而且He not only sings well,but also dances well.(9)o r或 者，否则Hurry up,or youll be

31、 late.Are you a worker or a doctor?(10)s o因 此，所以Its getting late,so I must go.(11)although 虽然Although it was late,they went on working.(12)as soon as .就I,ll tell him as soon as I see him.(13)because 因为He didnt go to school,because he was ill.(14)unless除 非，如果不I wont go unless it is fine tomorrow.(15)

32、until直到He didnt leave until eleven.(瞬间动词用于 not.until 结构)He stayed there until eleven.(16)while当时 候,而(表示对比)While I stayed there,I met a friend of mine,(while 后不可用瞬间动词)My pen is red while his is blue.(17)for 因为He was ill,for he didnt come.(结论是推断出来的)(18)since 自从.I have lived here since my uncle left.(1

33、9)hardly.when.就I had hardly got to the station when the train left.(20)as far a s就 来说As far as I know,that country is very small.You may walk as far as the lake.(一直走到湖那里)II.例题例 1 John plays football_,if not better than,David.A as well B as well as C so well D so well as解 析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那

34、也踢得和David 一样好。和 一样好为as well a s.故该题正确答案为B。例 2 She thought I was talking about her daughter,_,in fact,Iwas talking about my daughter.A when B where C which D while解 析：该处意为 然而，只有while有此意思，故 选D。例 3 Would you like a cup of coffee shall we get down tobusiness right away?A.and B.then C.or D.otherwise高考冲刺语

35、法梳理(四)：动词时态、语态(四)动词时态、语态I.要点1、一般现在时(1)表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态,常与sometimes,always,often,every day等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes,we go swimming after school(2)表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：The earth goes round the sun.2、现在进行时(1)表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now,at present等时间状语连用。如：What are you doing now?(2)和always,continually等连用,表一种经常反复的动作,常含有

36、某种情感。如：He is always doing good deeds.3、现在完成时主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just,already,so far,once,ever等词连用。如：Have you ever been to Beijing?4、一般将来时表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow,nextyear等连用。如：Ill meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.Were going to see a film next Monday.5、一般过去时表

37、示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday,last year,in 1998,a moment ago 等词连用。如：It happened many years ago.6、过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：What were you doing this time yesterday?7、过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：The train had already left before we arrived.8、一般过去将来时表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：He said he woul

38、d come,but he didnt.9、被动语态被动语态的时态，以give为例。时/式一般进行完成现在a mi s g i v e na r ea mi s b e i n ga r eh a sb e e ng i v e nh a v e过去w a sg i v e nw e r ew a sb e i n gg i v e n w e r eh a d b e e n g i v e n将来s h a l 1b e g i v e nw i l ls h a l lh a v eb e e n g i v e nw i l l过去将来s h o u l db e g i v e nw

39、 o u l ds h o u l dh a v eb e e n g i v e nw o u l dI I.例题例 11 learned that her father_in 1950.A had died B died C dead D is dead解 析：该题正确答案为B。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in 1950,所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。例 2 The five-year-old girl_by her parents.A is looked B has looked forC is being looked

40、for D has been looked解 析：该题正确答案为c。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。高考冲刺语法梳理（五）：虚拟语气虚拟语气I.要点表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。1、虚拟语气的构成情景条件从句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词与现在事实相反动词过去式（b e 要用w e r e）s h o u l d+动词原形w o u l d与过去事实相反h a d +过去分词s h o u l d+h a v e+过去分词w o u l d与将来事

41、实相反1、动词过去时2、s h o u l d +动词原形3、w e r e t o +动词原形s h o u l d+动词原形w o u l d注：如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had,should,could有时可将if省去，但要倒装。如：Had you(If you had)invited us,we would have come to your party.2、虚拟语气在各种从句的应用(1 )在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是should(可 省)+动词原形，常用于以下三种句型中。句 型 一：it is necessary(important,natura

42、l,strange,etc)that.句 型 二:It is a pity(a shame,no wonder,etc)that.句 型 三：It is suggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc)that.如：It is strange that he(should)have done that.It is a pity that he(should)be so careless.It is requested that we(should)be so careless.(2 )在宾语从句中用于 suggest,propose,move,insist,d

43、esire,demand,request,order,command等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是(should)+动词原形。如：I suggest that we(should)go swimming.(3 )在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是 suggestion,proposal,request,orders,idea 等。从句谓语形式是(should)+动 词 原 形 二 如：His suggestion is that we(should)leave at once.(4 )在同位语从句中，谓语形式是(should)+动

44、词原形。如：We received order that the work be done at once.(5 )在It is time that句型中，其谓语动词形式是 动词的过去式 或should+动词原形,should不可省。如：Its time that we went(should)go to school.I I.例题例 1 We had hoped that he longer.A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay解 析：该题正确答案为D。had hoped表示 本希望，同样用法的动词还 有think,expect等,后面的句子

45、需用虚拟语气例 2 Mary wants to see you today.I would rather she_tomorrow than today.A comes B came C should come D will come解 析：该题正确答案为B。would rather后面的从句需用虚拟语气，用动词过去时表示。例 3 Had she been older,she it better.A had done B might have doneC might do D would do解 析：Had she been older=If she had been o ld.故该题正确答案

46、为Bo高考冲刺语法梳理（六）：短语动词（六）短语动词I.要点英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：(1)动词+介词常见的有 look for,look after,send for,care about,ask for,laugh at,hear of(from),add to,lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：Dont laugh at others.I didnt care about it.(2 )动词+副词常见的有 give up,pick up

47、,think over,find out,hand in,point out等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后 边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：Youll hand in your homework tomorrow.Please dont forget to hand it in.(3 )动词+副词+介词常见的有 look down upon,go on with,break away from,add up to,catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：All his money added up to

48、no more than$100.After a short rest,he went on with his research work.(4 )动词+名词+介词常见的有 take care of,make use of,pay attention to,make fun of等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.We should make full use of our time.(5 )动词+形容词常见的有leave open,set free,cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是

49、名 词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：The prisoners were set free.He cut it open.（6）动词+名词常见的有take place,make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：This story took place three years ago.I make friends with a lot of people.（7）辨析give away（让 给，暴露）和give up（放 弃，停 止）put away（放 起，收 起）和put out（扑 灭）turn up（出

50、 席，放 大）和turn on（打 开）keep out（阻 止）和keep off（不让靠近）make up（编 造,补 上）和make out（辨 认）take off（脱，起 飞）和 take out（拿 出）II.例题例 1 It is wise to have some money for old age.A put away B kept up C given away D laid up解 析：该题正确答案为A。意为 存；keep up意为 继续;give away意为 分发；lay up贮藏。例 2 Heres my card.Lets keep in _.A touch B