职称英语卫生类重点词汇二.pdf

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1、职称英语卫生类重点词汇整理（6）neither.nor意为“既不 也不，表示选择关系,位于句首时常用倒装结构。1.Neither does he like the job nor can he do it well.9.both.and:两者都。表不并列关系Both Tom and Peter are good at playing football.10.while:而。表示转折关系。He is reading a book while his wife is watching TV.复合句是由主句+从句构成，它是英语学习中比较复杂的句子结构。一般来说，英语中一个句子只能有一个谓语，如果出现

2、两个谓语，那么其中一个谓语只能是以从句的形式或并列句或非谓语动词的形式出现。所谓从句是指从属于主句的句子，由从属连词连接。从句的种类有很多，但根据其性质和作用可以分为:名词性从句，形容词性从句（即定语从句），副词性从句（即状语从句）三大类。a.定语从句（Attributive Clause）这是出现在阅读题型中最多的从句!重要！定语从句：在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词。先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词,词组或代词。关系词：引导定语从句的词;一般紧跟在先行词后引出定语从句。分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which 等。关系副词有：when,where,

3、why等。关系词常有3个作用：1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：Once upon a time,there was a king(who had a small kingdom).先行词关系词For one thing,the tigers(that were kept in the zoo)were often used in court.先行词关系词There came out a young lady(whose hair was golden).先行词关系词They would meet on the night(when there was a

4、full moon in the sky).关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。(1)A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to the student.(2)The book that is on the desk was written by Yao Ming.职称英语卫生类重点词汇（4）主要并列连词的用法la n d:意为“和，而且”，表示同等关系或递进关系1.I went there by train and she went there by plane.我乘火车去那里的，她乘飞

5、机去那里的。2.Her father is a doctor and her mother is a teacher.她父亲是医生，她母亲是教师。3.Tom finished his homework,and they went out to play games.汤姆做完了作 业，他们就出去玩游戏了。2 but:意为“但是，表示转折关系。1.She is very old but she is in good health.她 年 纪 很 大 了,但 身 体 很 好。2.He is poor,but he is happy.他 穷，但是他幸福。3.The man shouted to the

6、 policemen,but they didnt hear him.4.Some people dont like summer,but I quite like it.有些人不喜欢夏天，但是我很喜欢。3 o r:意为“或者，否则，表示选择关系。1.Are you going with us or will you stay at home?你同我们一起去，还是呆在家里呢？2.The students can go swimming or they can go mountain climbing.学生们可以去游泳，也可以去爬山。3.Youd better go by taxi,or you

7、 will be late,你乘出租车去，否则要迟到了。4 for:表示 因为，表示因果关系。是 前果后因。1.He is late for class every day,for he gets up late every day.2.We passed the exam,for we studied very hard.5.so;因此，也表示因果关系，是 前因后果。1.He gets up late every day,so he I slate for school every day.2.We studied very hard,so we passed the exam.6.not

8、only.but also意为 不但.而且，表示同等关系。1.Not only can he drive a car,but he can also repair cars.他不但会开车，而且还会修车。2.He was not only a good father,but he was also a good husband,他不仅是个好父亲，也是个好丈夫。7.either.or意为 不是.就是，或者.或者，表示选择关系1.You can either do it by yourself or you can ask someone else to do it.你或者自己做这件事，或者请别人做

9、这件事。2.Either the teacher didnt explain the sentence clearly,or I didnt understandit.不是老师没有把这个句子解释清楚，就是我没有理解。P Only when he is seriously ill,does he ever stay in bed,他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。职称英语卫生类重点词汇（5）感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice等后既可接不带to的不定式作宾补，也可用v-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已结束，后者表示动作正在发生。试比较：He saw a girl get

10、on the bus.他看见一个女孩上车了（上车的动作已经结束）He saw a girl getting on the bus.他看见一个女孩在上车（上车的动作正在进行）。在语法的第一讲里，我向各位学员介绍了英语中有关句子的一些基本情况和“家族 中的一部分成员-主要是简单句，在今天这一讲里，我将继续给大家介绍句子 家族中的另外一些“成员一一并列句和复合句。由两个或两个以上相互不依从的句子构成。并列句的各个分句之前通常用并列连词连接，并列连词前可用逗号，也可不用。其结构为：简单句+并列连词+简单句。主要并歹U连词有：and,but,or,for,so,while,however,either.

11、or,neither.nor,not only.but also,both.and 等。职称英语卫生类重点词汇记忆（4）capacity for of/.的能力;capable adj.有能力的,能干的;有可能的；聪明的be capable of/指人 有.的能力或倾向力指物 易于;可以.;care n.注意;照料二烦恼v.关心;照顾;喜爱；ca re for/喜欢;照顾;照料cash n.现 金v.兑现;付款to pay（in）cash/现金支付short of cash/缺钱；asual adj.偶然的;不经意的;临时的；catch v.捕获;赶上（车船等）;发觉;感染（疾病）;抓住 燃着

12、catch up with/赶上catch a cold/感冒;cease v.停止，终了外语学习网take care/当心take care of/照料;关怀;处理with care/小心，慎重care about/关心;担心care nothing about/对.漠不关心;对.career n.（原意：道路;轨道）事业;生涯career woman/职业妇女；careful adj.小心的，仔细的be careful about/注意,关切;讲究；areless adj.粗心的;疏忽的；carry V.携带，运送;传送毫不介意;carry on/继续carry out/实现浣成;实行ca

13、rry through/帮（某人）渡过难关;case n.病例;案例;情形;场合in case/以防;可能;倘若in case of/如果;万一in any case/无论如何in most cases/大多数情况下；职称英语卫生类重点词汇(D部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或d id,并将其置于主语之前。1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如 no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,at notime,in no way,not until.,scarcely,barely,

14、not only,not once,under oncondition,hardly.when,no sooner.than 等。例如：1)Never have I seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。2)Nowhere will you find the answer to this question,你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。3)Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。4)Hardly had she gone out when a s

15、tudent came to visit her.她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。如否定词不在句首不倒装。只有当Not only but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only.but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。例如：Not only you but also I am fond of m usic.我和你都喜欢音乐。2.表示 也、也不 的so,neither,nor放在句首时一，句子作部分倒装。例如：1)Tom can speak French.So can Jack.To

16、m 能说法语，我也能。2)If you wont go,neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。注意：当so 引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为 的确如此。例如：1)Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.Tom 让我去踢足球，我去了。2)-Its raining hard.-So it i s.-雨下得很大。-的确很大。3.only放在句首，强调状语(副词，介词短语或状语从句等)，全句语序要部分倒装。例如:Only in this way,can you learn English well.你

17、只有用这种方法才能学好英语。注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装Only when he is seriously ill,does he ever stay in bed,他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。职称英语卫生类重点词汇（3）in.其他部分倒装1.so.that句型中的s o 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得动都不敢动。2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：May you all be happy.望大家开心愉快。3.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were

18、,had,should等词，可将i f 省略,把 were,had,should移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。例如：Were I you,I would try it a g a in.如果我是你，我就再试一次。D.简单句的五种基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：1.主语+谓语（不及物动词）S+V解读：在此句型中，谓语动词是不及物动词，其后没有宾语。有时为了表示动作发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等，可以带状语修饰动词。如：I w o rk.我工作。My head aches.我头疼。The ch

19、ildren are playing happily.孩子们正在高兴地玩。2.主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾 语 S+V+O解读：该句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。如：I finished reading the book.我读完了这本书。The Greens enjoy living in China.格林一家喜欢住在中国。She studies English.她学英语。3.主语+谓语+表 语 S+V+PMy books are on the desk.我的书在书桌上。The food seems to be

20、nice,这食物似乎不错。He became a famous doctor.他成为了一名着名的医生。The apple pie tastes really delicious.苹果派吃起来真是好吃。4.主语+谓语+间接兵语+苴接兵语S+V+lnO+DO解读：在该句型中，间接宾语有时也可以改成一个由to或for引起的短语,放在直接宾语之后，即构成 主语+谓语+直宾+介词+间宾的句型。这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，既指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。也可以把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，但要加介词for或to。如：Could you pass me the salt?(=Could you pass

21、 the salt to me?)请你把盐给我好吗？Uncle Wang made the farmers many machines.(=Uncle Wang made manymachines for the farmers.)王叔叔给农民们制造了很多机器。I passed him the salt.=I passed the salt to him.我把盐递给他。5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语S+V+O+OC解读：宾补的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。它可以由名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式和介词短语等充当。I ask her to tell the truth.使役动词make,let,h

22、ave等后接不带to的不定式作宾补。如：He made me work twelve hours a day.他让我一天工作十二小时职称英语卫生类重点词汇整理（5）感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice等后既可接不带to的不定式作宾补，也可用v-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已结束，后者表示动作正在发生。试比较：He saw a girl get on the bus.他看见一个女孩上车了（上车的动作已经结束）He saw a girl getting on the bus.他看见一个女孩在上车（上车的动作正在进行）。在语法的第一讲里，我向各位学员介绍了英语中有关句子的一

23、些基本情况和“家族 中的一部分成员-主要是简单句，在今天这一讲里，我将继续给大家介绍句子 家族中的另外一些“成员一一并列句和复合句。由两个或两个以上相互不依从的句子构成。并列句的各个分句之前通常用并列连词连接，并列连词前可用逗号，也可不用。其结构为：简单句+并列连词+简单句。主要并歹U连词有：and,but,or,for,so,while,however,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but also,both.and 等。职称英语卫生类重点词汇整理（7）限制性和非限制性定语从句（*）例如：l）This is the house which we bought

24、last month.（限制性）The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.o（非限制性）2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时、其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如：Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.3）非限制性定语

25、从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。b.名词性从句(Noun Clauses)在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它能在复合句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句分为主语从

26、句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。在名词性从句中，连接词that既没有实际意义，又不充当任何成分，只起引导从句的作用，引导宾语从句时经常省去。一、主 语 从 句(The Subject Clause)：在复合句中作主句的主语。为保持句子结构平衡，主语从句通常被置于句末，而 用it作形式主语。That light travels in straight line is known to all.When the plane is to take off hasnt been announced.It was my fault that I had him play football yeste

27、rday afternoon.It is important that we should go to the school to talk with the teacher.It is still unknown which team will win the match.二、宾 语 从 句(The Object Clause)：主要作及物动词的宾语，有时置于介词或形容词之后。He asked how much I paid for the violin.No one can be sure what man will look like in a million years.如果宾语从句带

28、有补足语，通常用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置于补足语之后OI think it necessary that we should pay close attention to SARS.We all feel it our duty that we should serve the people heart and soul.职称英语卫生类重点词汇(2)全部倒装全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：1)There goes the b e ll.铃声渐渐消失了。2)Then came the chairman.然后主席就来了3)

29、Here is your letter,这是你的信。2.表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：1)Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轰炸机下面发出 了一颗导弹。2)Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。2)Away they went,他们走了。职称英语卫生类重点词汇(8)关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1.关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于 介词+which结构

30、，因此常常和 介词+which结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1.关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于 介词+which结构，因此常常和 介词+which结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions

31、when(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，可以省略。(1)Behind one door was a hungry tiger(that/which)the guards had put there.(2)The tiger would immediately jump upon the poor man(whom/who)theguards had

32、 brought to the arena.3.whose只用作定语,可以用来指人或物；若指物，它还可以同of which互换,例如：(1)They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.(2)Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.职称英语卫生类重点词汇（6）neithernor意为 既不 也不，表示选择关系,位于句首时常用倒装结构。1.Neither does he like the job nor can he do it well.9.both.an

33、d:两者都。表示并列关系Both Tom and Peter are good at playing football.10.while:而。表示转折关系。He is reading a book while his wife is watching TV.复合句是由主句+从句构成，它是英语学习中比较复杂的句子结构。一般来说，英语中一个句子只能有一个谓语，如果出现两个谓语，那么其中一个谓语只能是以从句的形式或并列句或非谓语动词的形式出现。所谓从句是指从属于主句的句子，由从属连词连接。从句的种类有很多，但根据其性质和作用可以分为:名词性从句，形容词性从句（即定语从句），副词性从句（即状语从句）三

34、大类。a.定语从句（Attributive Clause）这是出现在阅读题型中最多的从句!重要！定语从句：在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词。先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词,词组或代词。关系词：引导定语从句的词;一般紧跟在先行词后引出定语从句。分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which 等。关系副词有：when,where,why等。关系词常有3个作用：1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：Once upon a time,there was a king(who had a small kingdom).先行词关系词Fo

35、r one thing,the tigers(that were kept in the zoo)were often used in court.先行词关系词There came out a young lady(whose hair was golden).先行词关系词They would meet on the night(when there was a full moon in the sky).关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。(1)A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to

36、 the student.(2)The book that is on the desk was written by Yao Ming.职称英语卫生类重点词汇（7）限制性和非限制性定语从句（*）例如：l）This is the house which we bought last month.（限制性）The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.o（非限制性）2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时、其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如：Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retir

37、ed last year.My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporati

38、on.说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。b.名词性从句(Noun Clauses)在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它能在复合句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。在名词性从句中，连接词that既没有实际意义，又不充当任何成分，只起引导从句的作用，引导宾语从句时经常省去。一、主 语 从 句(The Subject Clause)：在复合句中作主句的主语。为保持句子结构平衡，主语从句通常被置于句末，而 用it作形式主语。That light trave

39、ls in straight line is known to all.When the plane is to take off hasnt been announced.It was my fault that I had him play football yesterday afternoon.It is important that we should go to the school to talk with the teacher.It is still unknown which team will win the match.二、宾 语 从 句(The Object Clau

40、se)：主要作及物动词的宾语，有时置于介词或形容词之后。He asked how much I paid for the violin.No one can be sure what man will look like in a million years.如果宾语从句带有补足语，通常用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置于补足语之后OI think it necessary that we should pay close attention to SARS.We all feel it our duty that we should serve the people heart and sou

41、l.职称英语卫生类重点词汇记忆（15）assist v.（在某方面）帮助，援 助，协 助（assist sb.in doing万h/to do sth/在 方面帮助某人）assistant n.助手，助理（assistant engineer/助理工程师；assistant professor/副教授）；associate v.结交，由联想到.，把联系起来（associate one thing withanother/把某一事与另一事联系起来;.be associated with sth./和有关/.和有联系）：association n.联合,协会，社团：assume v.假设（assu

42、me-suppose）,承担（assume-take on-acccept）,呈（态度,姿态，位置）（assume new duties/承担新的职务；assume office/就职；assumeresponsibility/负责，承担责任）；assure v.保证（assume-ensure），使安心、，.让.放心 （assure sb.of/that./向某人保证）astonish v.使吃惊（astonish-surprise-shock）（be astonished at sth./对.感到惊讶）；astronaut n.宇航员at prep.位置，场 所，地 点，时间 在时，在中，

43、在方 面，向，（表示速 度，价 格 等）以（arrive at./到达.;at my uncles/在我叔父家;at the foottop ofthe mountain/在山脚下 顶上;at the meeting/在会议上;at ten oclock/在十点钟;at（the age of）forty/在 40 岁的时候;at the beginning of the month/在月初;atChristmas/在圣诞节;aim at./对准.;throw.at./朝扔.;be pleased at./对.感到高兴;be surprised frightened at./听到 而吃惊;at

44、ones request/应某人的请求；at the rate/speed of/以每小时.速度）；athlete:n.运 动 员 考 试 用 书Atlantic adj.大西洋的；大西洋沿岸的（the Atlantic Ocean/大西洋）；atmosphere n.大气，空气，气氛；attack n./v.进攻，疾 病）侵 袭，发作（a heart attack/心脏病发作）；attach v.贴上，系 上,缚 上（attachto.把贴/系在.上面）attempt n.（常 与at,on,to连 用）努力，尝 试v.（常 与to连 用）企图，尝试（attempt to do sth./m

45、ake an attempt to do sth./试图做.）；attend v.注意，出席（at）,参 力 口，上（学，教堂）（attend school/上学；attend alecture/听讲课;attend(at)a wedding/出席婚礼；be attended by/由陪同；由照料)；职称英语卫生类重点词汇记忆（13）crueladj.残酷的，悲惨的；cryvi.哭，流 泪v.叫，喊n.哭泣，哭声，叫喊，喊声（cryout/喊出声，抱怨）；culture n.文化，文明；cure v.治愈，治疗n.治愈，痊愈（beyond cure/不可救药）；curious adj.好奇的，

46、求知的（be curious about/对（某事物）感到好奇）；current ad j.当前的，通用的n.电流，水流，气流；custom n.习惯，风俗（the Custom/海关）；cutv.切（割、削），剪，截n.（刀、剑、鞭等的）切削，伤口，切口（cut down/减少;减低by the rule/按规则职称英语卫生类重点词汇整理（8）关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1.关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于 介词+which结构，因此常常和 介词+which结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions w

47、hen(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1.关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于 介词+which结构，因此常常和 介词+which结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the pl

48、ace where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，可以省略。(1)Behind one door was a hungry tiger(that/which)the guards had put there.(2)The tiger would immediately jump upon the poor man(whom/who)theguards had brought to the arena.3.whose只用作定语,可以用来指人或物；若指物，它还可以同of which互换,例如：(1)They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.(2)Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.