英美概况课后习题答案.pdf

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1、1.What is the full name of the U.K.?-一United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?-一They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery,to drink Scotch whisky and to seeScotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many perio

2、ds can the development of the English language be divided intoand what are they?-The development of the English language can be divided into three periods:OldEnglish,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after Black Death?-The laboring and merchant classes grew in

3、 economic and social importance afterthe Black Death,so English also grew in importance compared to French.1.Who are the British People?-The first known inhabitants in Britain were Celts who are the ancestors of theWelsh,Scottish and Irish people.Then came the Anglos,the Saxons and the Juteswho brou

4、ght with them the English language.Many people from other Europeancountries came later,and in modern times there are a lot of immigrants from manyformer Commonwealth countries from every part of the world.Britain is a country ofmixed cultures,and the Britain people are also composed of people from d

5、ifferentethic and culture backgrounds.2.What is Standard English?-Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeasternEngland.It is widely used in media and taught at schools.It is preferred by theeducated,middle-class people.It has developed and has been promoted as a modelfor

6、 correct Britain English.It is also the norm carried overseas.Today,StandardEnglish is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the sameeverywhere in the world where English is taught and used.1.What are the two components of the British Parliament?-一the House of Commons and t

7、he House of Lords.2.What were some of Queen Victorias major achievement?-Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect.Shepromoted further industrial revolution,the building of railways and the growing oftrade and commerce.By the end of her reign,Britain had developed to an empi

8、reincluding a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the worldslandmass.3.What were the two camps in Europe in World War 1?-The Central Powers which included Germany,Austria-Hungary,the OttomanEmpire and Bulgaria and the Allied Powers which were mainly comprised of France,the Russi

9、a Empire,the Britain Empire,Italy and the United States.4.Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World War 2?-Because they were allied during the war and shared the same worries about theformer Soviet Union.1.What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?-一The

10、 Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways.First,industrial countryincreased dramatically.Britain became the most advanced industrial country and alsothe financial center in the world.Second,urbanization took place.Many new citiessprang up.Third,it caused great changes in the class structur

11、e.The old social classesdeclined,and new ones emerged and developed.2.The Rise and Fall of the British Empire?-一Colonization of Newfoundland,the first British colony overseas,in 1583 markedthe beginning of the British Empire.By 1837,British had long been an empire whichincluded the colonies in Canad

12、a,Australia,New Zealand,India and many small statesin the West Indies.By the end of 19th century,the British Empire included a quarterof the global population and nearly a quarter of the worlds landmass.During themid-19th century,the British government consolidated the existing colonies bybringing t

13、hem under the direct control of the government.Before World War 1,Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world.However,Britain suffered greatloss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold,dollars and overseas investment.Most of Britains colonies gained independ

14、encesince the 1940s,which inevitably led to the fall the Empire.1.What are the three functions of the House of Commons?-to draft laws,to scrutinize,criticize and restrain the activities of the government,and to influence future government policy.2.Why is the Conservative Party sometimes called the R

15、ight?-一Because the Conservative Party is supported by landowners and businessmen,who are often from the middle and upper-middle class.3.What kind of public image does Liberal Democrats have in Britain?-The Liberal Democrats is perceived as middle between the Conservative and theLabor Party.It is com

16、paratively flexible and pragmatic in its balance of the individualand the social.It emphasizes the need for a change in Britains constitutionalarrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable.4.Why are independent candidates unlikely to win in the general election?-一Because even i

17、f they were elected,they would be powerless in Parliament.Therefore,it is not possible for many people to vote for independent candidates.1.What do British electoral campaigns usually involve during the process of a generalelection?-The electoral campaigns usually involve advertising in newspapers,d

18、oor-to-doorcampaigning and leaflets.The main parties are given short periods of time onnational television to present their policies to the public.Apart from the parties ownpublicity,newspapers and TV programs spend a lot of time discussing the campaign,interviewing politicians,and predicting the re

19、sults.2.What is the Commonwealth of Nations?-一The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independentsovereign states,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.TheCommonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have fullautonomy to manage their in

20、ternal and external affairs.It is primarily an organizationin which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for closeand equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of theCommonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promoteeconomic

21、 cooperation and growth within its members.1.What was the negative aspect of Thatchers reform in the early 1980s?-Its negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment.In 1982,theunemployment rate reached the level of the Great Depression years,with threemillion people out of work.2.What are the

22、characteristics of Britains agriculture?-一Britishs agriculture is characterized by a small portion of the population engagedin agricultural activities with a high degree of mechanization.Although it employs amere 1%of the countrys labor force,it meets around 60%of the national demands.3.What happene

23、d to Britains beef industry in the mid-1990s?-一Britishs beef industry was hit badly by BSE,resulting in a ban on beef exports in1996.4.What are some of the popular tourist attraction in Britain?-The popular tourist attractions in English include:the Dorset and the East DevonCoast,the Lake District,S

24、tonehenge,Windsor Castle,university towns of Oxford andCambridge,Tower of London,St.Pauls Cathedral and so on.1.What were the major causes of Britains relative economic decline in the postwarperiod?-Britishs economy experienced a relative decline in the postwar period for severalreasons.First,Britis

25、h suffered a great losses in the two World Wars and had goneheavily into debt to finance the war.Second,the era of the British Empire was over.India and other British colonies,which provided raw material and large market forBritish goods,gained their independence.Third,British was forced to maintain

26、 anexpensive military presence in many overseas locations until the end of 1960s.Fourth,British had to make substantial financial contributions to NATO and UNSecurity Council.Finally,British failed to invest in industry after World War 2 whereasits competitors like Germany and Japan caught up with B

27、ritish buy investing in themost modern equipment and means of production.2.Why do developed nations like Britain encourage the development of the serviceindustry?-The service industry has played an increasingly important role in economy in thedevelopment countries.On the other hand,it requires a lar

28、ge group of peopleworking in it so that abundant employment opportunities are provided.On the otherhand,the service industry causes little pollution.1.What used to be the major functions of grammar schools and vocational schools inBritain?-The major functions of grammar schools were to train the mos

29、t academicallycapable students and prepare them for university,whereas the major functions ofvocational schools were to help less successful students to learn a trade.2.What kind of subjects do Britain comprehensive schools provide?-一British comprehensive schools provide a general education,offering

30、 bothacademic subjects like literature and science,and practical subjects like cooking andcarpentry.3.In what ways do Britain universities enjoy complete academic freedom?-British universities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appointtheir own staff,decide which students to admit,prov

31、ide their own courses and awardtheir own degrees.4.How do students in the Open University receive their education?-一The students follow university courses through textbooks,TV and radio broadcasts,correspondence,video,and a network of study centers.5.What role does the media play in Britain leisure

32、culture?-The media plays an essential role in British leisure culture since it helps to shapethe publics opinion,determine peoples moral and political orientation andconsolidate or undermine the rule of a government.1.What are the general feature of Britains independent schools?-Britishs independent

33、 schools require fees from students.Although the NationalCurriculum is optional in the independent system,most independent schools teachwhat the curriculum demands.Independent schools get their funding through tuitionfees as well as government assistance.Since they are generally better-funded thanmo

34、st state schools,they can recruit the best teachers and provide superior facilities.However,high tuition fees have become an obstacle for many students to enroll.2.The quality press and the tabloids1 in Britain?-Among the 10 daily published national newspapers in British,about half of themare regard

35、ed as the quality press since they carry in-depth articles of particularpolitical and social importance,and reviews and feature articles about high culture,and they are generally read by well-educated people.The Times,The Guardian andThe Daily Telegraph are good cases in point of the quality press.T

36、he tabloids,withcolor photos and striking headlines,usually cover scandals and gossip aboutcelebrities in politics,sports and entertainment.A typical example is The News of theWorld.Chapter 81.How is the American population distributed?The distribution of the American population is rather uneven the

37、 most denselypopulated region is the northeastern part of the country.The great plains have acomparatively small population.the south also has a population of almost57.5million.the west is not densely populated,except for some metropolitancenters like los Angeles and san Francisco.it has about 20%of

38、 the nationspopulation.2.Why was the immigration act of 1942 instituted?The new immigrants in the united states,being poor and accustomed to poverty,were willing to work for very low wages.this made other workers afraid that theimmigrants would Is and take jobs away from them.this opposition led to

39、theimmigration act of 1942.1.Why is the United States regarded as amelting pot and a salad bowl”?The United States is not merely a nation,but a nation of nations.The immigrantscame in waves,including the Europeans,the Africans and the Asians.Therefore,America is described as a melting pot where vari

40、ous racial and ethnic groups areassimilate into American culture.Recently,America has been called a salad bowl inthat people of difference races and ethnic groups mix harmoniously,but at the sametime keep their distinct culture and customs.2.What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in

41、a multicultural society?The best possible way to help assimilation in a multicultural society is to be open andtolerant toward different cultures.People from different racial and ethnicbackgrounds should respect each other.Society should create opportunities to helpimmigrants become assimilated.At t

42、he same time the immigrants should keep theirown language,customs and religion,contributing to the diversity of a multiculturalsociety.Chapter 91.Why did American change its policy and enter world war II?Because of the formation of the axis,the American government feared that the axiscountries were

43、wining the war and it might threaten Americas security andinterests.it began to provide war equipment to the foreign nations resisting theaggression of the axis power.the Japanese air raid on pearl harbor became thedirect cause for Americas entrance into the war.2.What were Nixons well-known contrib

44、utions during his presidency?a)brought the Vietnam war to a closeb)reestablishing U.S.relations with chinac)negotiating the firststrategic arms limitation treaty with the former soviet union.3.What were the contents of Reagans economic program?Reagans economic program called for reductions in income

45、 taxes and business taxesin order to encourage investment,and it also requested that many governmentregulations be eliminated so as to reduce the federal governments role in theday-to-day operation of business.1.What was the cause of the American Civil War?The Southern planters of America needed a l

46、arge number of black African slaves tomanage their plantations and they regarded the slaves as their property.In theNorth,with the development of industry,there was a growing demand for free labor.Whats more,the Northerners demanded a law to protect tariffs and asked thegovernment to finance the bui

47、lding of railways and roads.But the Southerners wereagainst it and advocated free trade so as to purchase cheaper goods from foreigncountries.The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the Southand finally the American Civil War.2.What made the United States a powerful country b

48、y the end of World War II?During the two World Wars,America remained neutral in the early stage.However,Americans continued their profitable trade with the warring countries.Therefore,they not only retained their military forces,but also accumulated great wealth.When America entered the wars,it was

49、almost at the end of the wars.By sharing thefruit of victory with other allies,America greatly strengthened its power and becamea powerful country by the end of World War II.Chapter 101.What are the two characteristics of the U.S.constitution?One is checks and balances,the other is that the power of

50、 the central governmentand the powers of state governments are specified.2.What are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?A senator must be over 30 years old,a U.S.citizen for at least nine years,and aresident in the state which they represent.a representative should be