英语四级阅读训练.pdf

《英语四级阅读训练.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语四级阅读训练.pdf（51页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、Sect i on BDi r e c ti o ns：I n thi s s ecti o n,y o u a re g oin g to read a p assage with t e n sta te m e n ts a tt a c h e d to it Ea c h statement c o nta i ns inform a t io n g ive n in one o f the pa r ag r a p hs I d e n tify t hepa r a g r aph f rom w h ich the i n fo r mat i on i s derived

2、 a You mayc h o o s e a parag r a ph m ore than once Each paragrap h is marked w ith a l e t t e r、Answe r th e q u e stions by m a rk i n g the correspondi ng 1 et t e r on Ans w er Shee t 2、A Un i ver s i ty De g ree No Longer Confe r s Financial Securit yA.M i 1 1 i o ns of schoollea v ers in th

3、e r ic h wo r Id are a b out t ob id a tea r ful g o o d bye to t h eir p a rents an d st a r t a new lifea t un i versit y、Som e a r e i n spi r e d b y a pur e love of lear n i ng、B u t m o st also bel i eve t h a t s p e ndin g th r ee o r four y ears at un iv e rs i ty-a nd acc u m u latin g h u

4、ge de b ts in the process-w i 1 1bo o st t h ei r chan ces o fla n d in g a w e 11p a i d and secure job AB.Their e 1 der s have al w ays t o Id them th a t educati o n is the b e st way to e q uip th e ms e 1 v es to th r iv e i n a g lo b alis e d w o rl d B lue-collar w orker s wil 1 se e the i r

5、 jobs outsourced a n d a u toma t ed,t h e fam i li a r a rgument g o es、S c hool dr o p outs w ill have tocope wi t h a lif e of ca s h-str a pped（资金紧张得）i n secur i ty Butthe g r a d uat e elite w ill h a ve th e world a t its f ee t T her e iss om e evide n ce t o s upport t h is view、A r ecent st

6、ud y f r om G eorgetow n Uni v e rsity*s C entre on Educatio n a n d the W o rkforce ar gues t h atnobtaini n g a post-sec o nda r y c r e den t ial（证书）i salmost a Iw a ys wo r th it、”E ducational q ualifications ar e tigh t ly c o rre la t ed with e a mings:an Am e r i c a n with a p r ofessional d

7、eg re e can e x pect to pocket$3 6m ov e r a life t im e；one wit h mer e ly a hi gh s c hool diploma can e x pect on 1 y$1 3m The gap betwe e n mor e-a nd less-e du c at e d e am e rs may be widening、A study i n 200 2 found th a t s o meon e w i th a b a ch e 1 or*s d e g ree could exp e ct t o earn

8、 75%more o v er a 1 i f et i me tha n s omeon e withonly a highs c hool diplom a、T oday the disp a r ity is ev e n great e r、aCo B u t is the past are liable guide to t h e fu t ur e?O r are w e at the b e ginnin g o f a new pha s e in th e r e lationship between jobs ande d uc a t ion?T h e r e are

9、 good reasons for think i n g th a t o 1 d p a 11erns are a b o ut t o ch a nge and that th e curr e nt re c essio n-d rive nd o w n t u m（衰退）in the dema n d f o r W e s t ern gr a d u a t es willmor p h（改变）int o so m e thing str u c t urak The strong wind of crea t i vedes t ruct i o n that h a s s

10、h a ken s o many blue-colla r workers o ver the p as t few d e c ades is b e g i nn i n g t o s hake the cogn i t ive e 1 ite aswelR n Do The supply of uni v ersity gra d uat e s i s in c rea s i n g r apidly Th e Chro n ic 1 e o f Higher Educati o n cal c u 1 a tes th a t between19 9 0 a nd 2 007 t

11、h e n u mber of stu d ents g oing to un i v er s i ty incr ea s ed by 2 2%in No r th A me r ica,7 4%i n E urope,1 44%in Lati n America and 2 0 3%i n Asi a I n 2 007 1 5 0 m peop 1 e at t en ded un i versity ar o und t h e worl d,including 7 0 m in A s i a Emer gin g economi e s-s p ecia 1 ly China-a

12、re pour i n g resou r c e s intob uilding u n iversities th a t ca n p e t e wi t h t he el i t e o f America a nd Eur o p e、T h ey a re als o producing p rof e ssio n al-serv i cesfi r ms sn c h a s T a t a C onsulting S erv i ces an d I nfosy s th a t take fre s h g r adua t es an d t u rn t h em

13、i n t o wo r Id-class p u ter progr amme r s and con s ul t ants Th e b est a n d t he bri g h t est of t h e ric h worl d m u st increasin g ly pe t e wit h the b e st a n d t h e b rightest fr o m p o or e r coun t r i es wh o are will i ng to w o rk h a r d erfor less m o n eyE、A t the sam e time

14、,the d ema n d for educ a ted 1 a bor is beingre c on f igured（重新配置）b y tech n ol o g y,in much the same way th a t thedem a nd for a gricultura 1 la b o r wa s r e con f igure d in the 1 9th cent u r y and t h at for f a cto r y lab o r in the 2 0 th p uters can n o t o nly p erf o rm r e p e t iti

15、ve mental t a sks m u c h faste r than h u manbe i ngs、T h ey can a 1 s o empowe r am a t e ur s to d o what prof e s si on a Is o n c e d id：why hir e a flesh-and-blood account a n t t opie t e you r t ax r eturn when Turbota x（a s of t ware packag e）will dot he jo b at a fr a c t ion o f the c os

16、t?And the v ar i ety o f jobsth a t p u t e rs c a n do is mu 1 t i ply i ng as p r o grammers teac h them t od e a l w ith t one a n d li n guistic am b ig u i t y、F、S ev e ral e c o n omists,i ncl u d ing P au 1 Krug ma n,hav e begun to arg u e tha t postin d u s trial so c i e ties wi 1 1 be char

17、acterized n ot by a re 1 entless ri s e i n demand fo r t h e educated but by a g re at n h ol 1 o wi n g o ut,a s m i d-1 evel jobs ar e d e stroyed by smar tmachin e s and h i g h-lev e 1 job growt h slow s D a vi d Auto r,oft he Mas s achu s e t ts I n s titute o f Tech n olo g y（MIT）,p o i nts o

18、utt h at th e main effect of au t omatio n i n t h e puter e ra is n ot t h ati t destro y s b lu e-c o l i a r jo bs b u t tha t i t d estro y s any jo b th a t c a n b e re d uc e d t o a routine A 1 a n B li n de r of P r i n ceto n University,argue s th a t th e j o bs g r ad u at e s have t r a

19、dit i onallyperformed a re if a n yt h ing m o re“of f s h orab 1 e than loww a g eones A pl u mbe r or 1 o rry-driver*s jo b ca nnot be out s o u r ced toI n d ia A p u t er pr o g rammers c a n、a G、A u ni v ersi t y education i s s t i 1 1 a p r er e qu i site fo r en t ering some o f t hegrea t i

20、ndu s tr i es,s u c h as m e die i ne,law a nd a c ad e m i a(学术界)，t hat pro v i d e sec u re an d wel 1 -paying jo b s Ov e r th e 2 0 th centu r y t hese indus t r i es d i d a w on d er f u 1 job o f r a i s i ngbarriers to entry-some t imes f o r go o d r ea s o n s(n o b ody wa n ts tobe oper a

21、 ted o n by a barber)an d s ome t imes for s e 1 f-i n te r e s tedones But these i n d u s t r i e s are beg i nnin g to bend the r ole s Newspape r s ar e fighti n g a losing batt 1 e with th e b lo g o s p here U ni v ersi t i es ar e repl a cing ten u re-trac k professors w i t h no n-t e n u re

22、d s taffs L aw firms a r e c o n tract i ng o ut rout i n e work such a s”di scovery,9(digging u p d o c uments relevan t to a lawsuit)t o p uterize d sear c h s p ecialist s such a s Blacks t o ne D i scove r y Ev e nd octors a r e th r eat e n ed,a s patien t s fi n d a dvic e on 1 in e a n d t r

23、eat m e n t in Walmart7 s new he a 1 t h ce n tersH、Thoma s M a lone o f MIT argues t h a t the s e c hanges-au t o mat i on,gio b a 1 iz a f i o n a n d deregulationm a y be pa rt of a b ig g e r cha n ge：th e a pplic a ti o n o f the division o f 1 abo r to brain-w o rk Adam S m ith s fac t or y m

24、anag e rs broke the produ ctio n o f p i n s i nto 1 8 po n ent s I n th e same way,pa n ies are i n cr e asingly b r e aking t he pr o duct i on of br a in一wo r k into e v ert inier sli c es TopCoder ch o p s up IT p r o jects i n to b i t e-siz e d ch unks a nd then s er v e s them up t o a wo r I

25、dw i de w o r kforce of fr e e 1 a nee c o d e r s、A I、The s e c h anges will u ndoub t ed 1 yimprove the prod u c t i v i t y of b r a in-w o r kers Th e y wil 1 a 1 1 o wc onsum e r s t o side s t ep(规避)the professio n al industries tha t h avee xtracted high rents fo r their serv i c e s And they

26、 w i 1 1 em p o wer m a nybr a i n w o rk e r s to fbcus on w h a t they are best a t an d cont r a c t ou t more t e d i ou s tasks t o o t he r s But t h e reco n figuration o fb ra in-w ork will al s o make life f ar 1 e ss coz y an d pred i ctab 1 e fb rthe n ext generati o n of g r a d u ate s

27、46 The c re a t i v e d e struction that h a s happe n ed to b 1 ue-collarworke r s i n the past al s o sta r ts t o aff e c t the c o g nitiv e elite 4 7、F o r the ne x t g e n e r a tio n o f gradu a tes,life wil 1 be far 1e s s fortable and p r ed i c t able with b ra i n-wo r k reconfi g u r e d

28、448、A f ter p u t ers a re t a u g ht by pr o gr a mm e rs t o deal withtone a n d ling u istic ambiguity,th e va r iet y o f j o b s t h e y c a nd o wil 1 i n ere a s e dram a t ically a 4 9、Mos t sch o o 1 -leav e rs b elie v e that,desp i t e the huge debts t h ey o we,g oing to u n iver s ity w

29、illincr e ase the i r c h anc e s of ge t ting s e cure j obs with high salarie s、50、Modem pa n ies are m o re 1 i k e 1 y to b rea k the p r od u ct i on ofi n t ell e c t ual wor k i nto e v e r tinier slice s、A51、A s ch o la r ofP r i nc e ton U n i v e r si t y claims that the jobs tradit i o n

30、a 1 1 y t ak e nby gr a d uates a re more 1 i k ely to be o f f s h o r e d t han low-w a g e on e s 452、The i ne ga p betw e en an Americ a n p r ofe s s i o nal de gr ee hoi d er a n d an America n high一sc h ool graduate s hows i ne i s c1 ose ly r e late d to e ducational qu a lifica t ions5 3、T

31、h e c h a n g e s in the d i v ision o f b r a in -wo r k w i 1 1save c o nsumers s ome high s e rv i ce fee s the p r ofess i ona 1 or ganizati o n s char g e、A54、Some st u dent s have alwa y s be e n told t h at to achiev e s u c c e s s in a globalise d wor 1 d,it is m o st ad v isab 1 et o equi

32、p t h e m s elv e s wit h edu c a ti o n55 Emergi n g e c o nomie s are p r ovid i ng a 1 o t o f re s ources to b u il d univer s i t ies t o p e te with t h e e li t e of A me r icaand Europ e、Sec t ion CAD i r ec t i o ns:Th e re are 2 passa g e s in th i s s e ctionE a ch is f ol 1 o wed by s o

33、me ques t ions o r unfinis h e d statements Fo r e ac h of them t h e r e ar e fou r c hoi c e s ma r ked A),B。,C.a nd D)、Yo u s h o u Id d e c ide o n the best c hoi c e an dmark the co r r es p ondi n g l e t t e r o n A nsw e r Sheet 2 wit h a si n g1 e 1 ine t h rou g h the centre Section BD i r

34、e c ti o ns:I n th i s s e c tion,y o u a r e g o ing t o rea d apassage wi t h t e n st a t e ments att a che d t o it Each s t a t erne n t cont a in s i n f o r m a t i o n g i ve n i n one of t he paragr a phs Iden t if y th e p a ragra p h from wh i c h the i n fo r mation is de r i v e d You m

35、ay cho o se a paragraph more t han o n c e Each pa r ag r aph is mar ked with a 1 e t t e r Answ e r th e q u est i o n s by mar k i ng thecorresp o ndin g let t er on Answer S h eet 2 A A d dieted,Rea 1 1 y?Ao Mental h ea 1 th s pecial i sts d i s a g r ee ove r whet h er to clas sify pul s i ve on

36、line b ehaviour a s addi c tio n-.and how t o t reat i t、C r a i g Sma 1 1 wo o d,a d isabled Ameri can war v e te ra n,spent m o re th an 20,0 0 0 h o urs o v er fiv e years p 1 a ying ano nli n e role p la y ing game call e d“Li n eage II H、When NC s oft,t he So u th Kor e a n firm behind t h e g

37、a me,accused h i m o f br e akin g t h e g ame s r ul e s and b a nn e d him,he was p 1 u nged into depress ion,severe p a ranoi a（偏执）and h a 1 lu c ina t ions（幻想）、He spent t hr e e weeks i n ho s p i t a 1 Af t er t h at,he sue d NC s oft for f r a ud a nd n egl i g ence（过失），demandi n g over$9m i n

38、 da m a ges and c laiming tha t the pa n y a c ted negl i gent 1 y by f ailin gto wa r n h i m o f t h e d a nger t h at he would bee addict e d to thegameB、B u t d o e s i t make se n se t o talk of ad d i c tio n t o online a c tivity?Men t alhea 1 th sp e c i a lis t s s a y thr e e o n 1 inebeha

39、vior s ca n bee prob 1 e ma t i c for m a n y pe o p 1 e：vi d e o g ames,p o rn ograph y（色情作品）and mess a ging via e-m a i 1 a nd soci a 1 networks、Bu t t h ere is far less a greement ab o u t whe t her any o f t his s houl d b e called In t e met addict i on”o r h o w tot r eat it、C.S ome m e ntaihe

40、alth specialists want e d In t er n et ad d icti o n”to b e i ncluded in t h e fifth ve r s i o n o f p s y c h ia try s bible,theD i ag n ost i c a nd Sta t i s t i cal Ma n u a 1 o f Menta 1 D i s or d e r s”,kn o wn a s DSM-V,wh i c h i s curren t ly being o ve r hau le d（全面修订）、T h e Ame r i can

41、M e die a 1 A ss o c i a t i on endo rs e d（赞成）the id e a in 20 0 7,o nly t o backt r a c k（放弃）d a ys 1 ate r The Amer i c a n Jou r n a 1 of Psych i atry cal 1 e d In t ern et a d die t io n a mon di s o rd er”and s upported its re c ogniti o nLa s t year th e D S M-V draft i n g g rou p made i t s

42、 d ecis i on:1nteruet addi c t ion would n o t be inc 1 ude d as a b e havio r a 1 addicti on”only gam b li n g made t he cutbut it said f urthe r st u dy w as necessa r y、A D.Sk e pt i C S say t h e r e is not h ing uniqu e 1 yadd i c ti v e abo u t the Int e r n e t Back in 2 0 00,Jo s eph Walthe

43、r,amun i cations prof e ssor a t Mi c h i g a n S t a t e Univ e rsity,co-w rote a n arti c le i n which he sugges te d,t o ngue i n cheek,that the cri te r i a used to c al 1 s omeon e an Intern e t add i c t mi g h t also showth a t most pr o fessors we r e“ad d icted”to academia（学术活动）、He ar gued

44、th a t o th e r f a c t or s,s u c h as d e p res s ion,are t he r eal pro b 1 emH e st a n ds by t h at v iew tod a y、”No s c ientifi c ev i d e neeha s emerged to sugges t that Intern e t u s e i s a cau s e rat h e r th ana con s e q uence of som e o th e r sort o f issue/1 he says Focus i ng o n

45、 an d t r eat i ng p e opl e for In t ernet addict i on,rat h e r than 1o o k i ng f o r un d erly i ng cli n i c a 1 is s u e s,is d e finitely unwise&E、0 the r s di s agree “Tha t would be w r ong,says Kimb e rlyYou n g,a res e a r c h er an d th e ra p ist w h o h as worke d on In terac t a ddict

46、 i o n si n c e 1994 She ins i sts t hat the I ntem e t,w i t h it s p o werf u lly immersive env i ronm e n t s,c r eates n ewproblem s that pe o pie mu s t learn t o n avigate（应对）、O t herwi s e,t hec h an g i n g 1 i fest y 1 e wi 1 1 aff e c t th e d e vel o pme n t of the s ociet y 4 F、No one d

47、i sputes that onli n e h a b i ts can tur n toxic Take So u th K o r e a,whe r e widespread b r oadba n d mean s th a 11h e a v e r a g e h ig h-s c hool s tudent pl a y s v id e o g am esfo r23 hou r s eac h w eek I n 2 0 07 the govemme n t est i mated that a round 2 1 0,000 chil d r e n needed t r

48、eatment fo r In t er n e t addi c t ion、I n 20 1 0 ne w s p a p ers around the globe c a r ri e d the s tor y o f aSo u th Ko r e a n coupl e who fe d t h eir inf a nt daughter so 1 ittle thats h e s t a r ved to dea t h I n s tead of c a ri n g f o r the chi 1 d,t h ec ouple sp e nt most n i g h t

49、s a t a n I n t er n et c ate,s in k i ng hour s int o a role一 p 1 ayin g g ame in w h ic h the y ra i sed,f e d andcared for a v i r tual d a u gh t er And s e veral S o ut h Kor e an me n h av e died f r om exhaust i on after m a r athon,multi d a y g am ingse ss i onsG、Th e So u th Korea n g ov e

50、 r n me n t has s i nc e as k e d game deve lopers t o adopt a gaming cur f e w（宵禁）fo r children,to p r e vent them pla y ing b e t ween m i d nig h t a n d 8 a m、At t h e sam e t ime,it h a s also o pened mor e th a n 100 cl i n i c s fo r I n t e r n etaddi c ti o n an d sp o nsored an“Inter n e t