英语时态和语态.pdf

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1、时1、一般现在时表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，表示客观规律和永恒真理等。句中常有of ten,always,from time to time等时间状语；如：He usually goes towork at 7 o clock everymorning.She has a brotherwho lives in New York.The earth goesaround the sun.Tom told me lastweek he is 22.Guangzhou issituated in the south ofChina.考点一:表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的

2、语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that th-earth goes aroundth-sun when Iwas in primaryschool.考点二:在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when,until,after,before,as soon as,once,themoment/the minute/theday;条件：if,unless,provided.If he accepts the job,he will get more moneysoon.考点三:在make sure(certain),see to it,mind,care

3、,matter+宾语从句，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。Make sure that allthe lights are off beforeyou leave the office.So long as he workshard,I dont mind whenhe finishes theexperiment.I hope you(will)havea good time.I bet it(will)rainstomorrow.考点四:在the more.themore.(越.越.)句型中，若主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时。The harder youstudy,the bett

4、er resultsyou will get.2、现在进行时表说话这一时间点或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动.如：We are havingEnglish class now.The house is beingbuilt these days.考 点 一:与频率副词，如always,constantly,continually,again,forever等连用，表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。如：The little boy isalways making trouble.Johnson isforever boasting.考点二:在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的

5、动作。如：Look out whenyou arecrossingfwill becrossing)thestreet.Dont wake himup if he is stillsleepinqfwill besleeping)at 7tomorrowmorning.考 点 三表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。这仅限于表示位移的动词。如：goome,leave,start,return etc.Marry is leavingon Friday.She is flying toAmerica tomorrow.考点四:表示动作的短暂性。如：My watch i

6、sworking perfectly.You are beingvery polite today.Tom is verypolite.Eric is now livingin Shanghai.Eric lives inShanghai.3、现在完成时()常见的不确定的时间状语：lately;recently,just,already,yet,up to now;till now;so far,thesedays,用法有两：其一，完成用法。动作发生在过去，到说话时刻已经结束。如：He has turnedoff the light.其二，未完成用法。动作始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去

7、。如：I have lived inHefei since2000.考 点 一：f o r+时间段只修饰延续性动作的动词。since+时间点They have lived inBeijing for five years.They have lived inBeijing since 1995.P-t-r has come toChina for five years.Pater has inChina for five years.考点二:现在完成时在since分句中的用法。I havent seenhim since his wedding day.I havent seenher sin

8、ce shewrote to me lastyear.The house hasbeen in badrepair since helivad in it.I havent eatensnails since I wasa student atAnhui University.考点三:在表示“最近几世纪/年/月 以 来 时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。时间状语如：in the past fewyears/months/weeks/days；over the past few years;during the last threemonths;for the last fewcenturies

9、,throughcenturies;throuqhouthistory 等Prices have been onthe rise in the past fewmonths.They hava madeamazingachievements duringthe last few years.考点四、在 工t/This is thefirst/second/best(worst,most interesting)+名词+that-clausen 后面跟现在完成时。This is my first timethat I have visited China.This is the mostinte

10、resting film I haveever seen.That is the only bookthat he has written.4.现在完成进行时它表示从过去某个时刻起持续到现在仍可能持续下去的动作。如：She has beenwriting a letter allafternoon.How long has itbeen raining?5.一般过去时()表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday;last week;in1945,at that time;once;during the

11、 war;before;afew days ago;when 如：She came backthe day beforeyesterday.When she was inHefei,she cameto see me everyweek.His father was anEnglish teacherall his lif.His father hasbeen an Englishteacher all hislife.考点一:used to+d o,表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作0为不定式,后接动词原形。would doHe used to smoke alot.People use

12、d tobelieve that the earthwas flat.John would sit forhours without saying awordHe would go to thepark as soon as he wasfree.be/become/getused to+doing,表示习惯于He has got used togetting up early.考点二:在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。He promised tobuy me a computer ifhe got(would get)araise.考点三:用来表示现在的情况，体现委婉的语气。Did y

13、ou wantanything to drink or eat?Could I take alook?试比较：I hope you cangive me a helping hand.I hoped youcould give me a helpinghand.I am hoping youcan give me a helpinghand.I was hopingyou could give me ahelping hand.6.过去进行时(easy)表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作.它通常描述事件发生的背景。一个动作正在进行时另一个动作突然发生。如：The boy was do

14、inghis homework when hisfather came back fromwork.He was taking a walkleisurely by the lake whenhe heard someoneshouted for help.What were you doingat nine yesterdaymorning?1.过去完成时表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用(before,after,by,until etc.).如：There had been 25parks in our city u

15、p till2000.By the end of lastterm we had finished thebook.They finishedearlier than we hadexpected,考点一:用于hardly/scarcely.when;nosoonerthan句型中,主句用had done,从句用did.如：I had hardly finishedmy work when she cameto pick me up.I had no sooner gotinto the room than itbegan to rain.N。sooner had 工arrived home

16、than thetelephone r a n g.（注意主谓倒装）考点二.表示“过去第几次做某事，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。（主从复合句）That was the secondtime that the studentshad seen the president.It was 3 years sincewe had parted 0We realized that wehad lost our way in theheavy fog.考点三:动词hope,expect,think,intend,mean,want,suppose,plan用过去完成时，表示过去未实现的愿望、打算和意图

17、。可 表“失望、惋惜”意味。如:I had hoped thatI could do the job.I had intended tosee you but I was toobusy.8.一般将来时表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow,next year,in2010等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多种多样、丰富多彩。如：London will host the30th Olympic Games in2012.We are going tohave a meeting thisafternoon.考点一：关于“shall/will的用法。传统文法谈得很多，同时各文

18、法学家的理论也不很一致。更重要的是英国人和美国人对shall/will的用法规则并不很一致，也不太严谨，所以学习时需要技巧，做到中规中矩。说或写都尽量使用T il,youll,Hell,Shell,Ifll,Well,Theyll.的简缩形。要表达主语的”意志”,通常都用”will（文法上称为意愿将来。）例A：I wont see himagain.例B：-Who will goand help that poor oldman?-Mary will.考 点 二:be going to docf.be to doWhat are you goingto do after the tutorin

19、gclass.Look at those darkclouds.It is going to rain.Look!The ice isgoing to break.The car is going toturn over.They are to bemarried in this August.You are toaccomplish theassignments by noon.I am to playbasketball this afternoon.I am going to playbasketball this afternoon.考点三:be about to docf.be no

20、t about to doHe is about to leave.Please wait a minute.Our boss is aboutto come out.John is not about todo that again,(beunwilling to）The new semester isabout to start inSeptember,?考点四:某些表示短暂性动作的动词（位移动词）如arrive,come,go,leave,start等，可用现在进行时形式表示将来。I am leaving forBeijing to see the closingceremony of

21、theOlympics tomorrow.考点五 祈使句+and/or+句子，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。Use your head andyou will find a way.Work hard andcarefully,or you will getthe bird.考 点 六:用0nt hepointCverge,brink,eve)of表“即将”oHe is on the point ofmaking a round-the-worldtour.The country is on thebrink of even biggerdisaster.The two coun

22、triesare on the verge of war.9、将来进行时表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情（客观将来）。By this timetomorrow,III be lying onthe couch watching theOlympics.Ill be giving you thelecture this time the dayafter tomorrow.The President will bemeeting the foreigndelegation at the airport.The train will bearriving at 2 ocloc

23、k.10、将来完成时表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。考点一:常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year,by 8 oclock this evening,by March next year 以及由by the time.,before或when等引导的副词从句。如：By the end of thismonth,you will havelearned 5,000 Englishwords.By the time youreach the station,thetrain will have left.By next Tues

24、day,Iwill have got ready forthe exams.考点二:在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表不。如：The children will dotheir homework themoment they havereturned from the school.白勺”缶be donecan/must be donebe being donehave been donee.g.The car wasseverely damaged.Water mustnt bewasted.The new bridge isbeing built now.The class

25、 hasbeen put off.被动语态强调受者，做题时谓语动词后不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。考点一:不能用于被动语态的动词和词组come true,consistof,take place,happen,become,rise,occur,belong,break out,appear,arrive,die,fall,last,exist,fail,succeede.g.It took placebefore liberation.The poor boysdream eventually cametrue.All t

26、hedistinguished guests havearrived.比较：rise,falL happen是不及物动词；raise,seat 是及物动词。（错）The price has beenrisen.（对）The price hasrisen.（错）The accident washappened last week.（对）The accidenthappened last week.（错）Please seat.（对）Please be seated.考点二:（1）下列动词用主动语态表示被动意义，而且常与well,quite,easily,badly等副词连用。lock,wash,

27、sell,read,wear,blame,ride,write 等。I was to blame forthe accident.The house is to rent.Glass breaks easily.玻璃容易破碎。The car ridessmoothly.这车走起来很稳。The case lockseasily.这箱子很好锁。The book sells well.这本书很畅销。(2)在naad,require,want,worth(形容词)，deserve后用-ing主动形式代替被动。The door needsThis room needscleaning.This book

28、 is worthreading twice.考 点 三：被动形式(adj)表示主动意义be determined,bepleased,be finished,be prepared(for/todo),be occupied(in),get married等。如：I hope III befinished before 5 p.m.I wasnt preparedfor the cold.He is determinedto win the match.注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb 或(be/get)married to sb 都可。He married a richgirl.H

29、e got married toa rich girl.考点四表示”据说 或 相信”的词组（写作）It is said that.It is hoped that.It is well knownthat.It is suggestedthat.It is taken forgranted that.It must beremember that.考点五特殊结构：make sb.heard/understood（使别人能听见/理解自己），havesth.done（要某人做某事）。I am going tohave my hair cuttomorrow.You d betterhave you

30、r car repaired.考点六：短语动词的被动语态短语动词是个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。e.g.This is a photo of thepower station thathas been set 卯 in myhometown.My sister will betaken care of byGrandma.Such a thing hasnever been heard ofbefore.考点七：le t 的用法1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带t o 的不定式。They let the strangego.Thestrange was letgo.2）若let后宾补较长时，le t通常不用被动语态,而用allow或perm计代替。如；The nurse let me goto see my classmate inthe hospital.I was allowed/permitted to see myclassmate in the hospital.