2015高考英语题型分类专题复习-阅读理解.pdf

《2015高考英语题型分类专题复习-阅读理解.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2015高考英语题型分类专题复习-阅读理解.pdf（50页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、2014阅读理解题形讲与练一、考查形式阅读理解是高考英语试卷中的语言运用题，旨在检查高中生在阅读中的语感：特别是在阅读过程中获取和处理信息的能力。考试说明 对阅读理解的要求做了明确的规定，阅读理解部分主要测试考生以下能力：1,掌握所读材料的主旨和大意：2.了解用以阐述主旨的事实和有关细节：3.根据上下文判断大纲附表以外的某些词汇和短语的意义：4.既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的逻辑关系：5.根据所读材料进行定的判断，推理和引申：6.正确领会作者的观点和态度。二、考查内容阅读理解常考的题材：发展报告，农业报告，经济报告.环境报告，科学报告，教育报告，健康报告，新闻科学，自然灾害，医学(如

2、瘟疫等疾病)，战争，旅游、交通，人物传记、人物特写，故事，探索，语言、语言掌故，音乐、体育与娱乐，文学、艺术，历史、考古、文物出土，英语国家的文化习俗、人口、地理、建设、历史、社会、科技等概况。三、基本题形以及解题技巧1.基本题型及题形特征2.四大题形的解题技巧基本题型及题形特征主旨大意题主要考察学生对所读材料中心思想的概括。其考察形式有很多，如概括标题、主题、中心思想或目的大意等；细节理解题主要考察考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节的理解。这一题型常见的命题方式有：事实认定题、排序题、图形辨认题、数字运算题;；推理判断题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲

3、作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题；判 断 词 义题主要考察考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义能力。要求从句子结构、段落、文章中推断或根据构词法推断词义。1)细节理解题解题技能常见的命题方式有：(1)特殊疑问句形式。以 when,where。what,which,who,how much,many 等疑问词开头引出的问题：(2)以是非题的形式。true/false,not true/false 或 EXCEPT：(3)以 According to开头提问方式：(4)以填空题的形式，如：To avoid attracting mountain lions,p

4、eople are advi s ed.(5)就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。做细节理解题时，不必通篇细看原文，而可采取 带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语，然后以此为线索快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，对照比较，确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法，将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除：2)细节题干扰项有如下几个特点：(1)与原文有相关信息，但不是题目要求的内容；(2)符合常识，但不是文章内容：(3)与原文的内容极其相似，但在程度上有些变动：(4)在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反：(5)一半正确，一半错误：细节理解题的答案与原文中的语

5、句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构发达相同的意思：有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要我们在阅读中特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。总之，做细节题时要将自己精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上，快速通篇跳读，眼睛自左至右，自上而下呈Z 形扫视，直到找到细节出处，待找到含细节内容时，就要放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至确定答案。2.推理判断题解题技能这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在

6、理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维.同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。1)这种问题的提问方式通常有：(1)From paragraph 4 we can infer t hat.(2)We can infer from the text that./What can we learn from.?(3)The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies t hat.(4)The author implies that by the year 2 0 5 0,.(5)To solve the

7、present social problems the author suggests that we s h o u l d.(6)The author mentions the fact that.to show(7)This passage would most likely be found in?这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。2)考生应当注意以下儿点：(1)深入理解作者在字里行间渗透出来的深层含义，不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点:(2)推理的

8、源泉来自于上下文的语境、语气等：(3)紧紧抓住所给文章，决不能脱离文章凭空想像；(4)把握上下文之间的逻辑关系，通过分析、综合、判断等进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理，决不能以偏概全、见树不见林。3.主旨大意题解题技能高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。1)主旨大意常见的题干形式如下：(1)What would be

9、 the best title for the text?/what is the topic of the text?(2)The main topic/subject of the passage is.(3)The main idea/The general idea is/The main theme of this passage is.(4)The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on.(5)What is mainly discussed in the text?(6)What is the main idea o

10、f the passage?(7)Whafs the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?2)从命题形式上看，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，(1)怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意(2)怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。3)主旨大意的解题技巧(I)主题句定位法文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键

11、。主题是文章要表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题,它是文章的核心。主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。但是由于文章的不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming),浏览时，一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况:方法特征正方形写作法中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从

12、而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。正三角形写作法中心主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。主题句般可在第一句话找到。新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。倒三角形写作法主题句出现在文尾。在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。圆形写作法首尾呼应的写作方法。为突出主题，作者先提HI主题，结尾时

13、再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。菱形写作法主题句出现在文章的中间。通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。(2)文章标题的选择或拟定的解题技巧标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想的最精炼的表达形式。它的特点是：浓缩性强，短小精悍，多为一个短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩，用词准确、不偏不离。那么如何选择文章的标题

14、呢？要在阅读原文的基础匕 仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系：依据文章关键词，再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何：对比四个选项，先排除两个，再比较余下的，要考虑标题是过大还是过小；要避免下列三种错误：（a）概括不够（多表现为部分代替整体，从而导致范围太小）；（b）过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；（c）以事实、细节替代替抽象具体的大意。艺考生的救命稻草！突破130分，快速提高30分的锦囊妙计！6 步搞定任何高考英语阅读真题，一般人不告诉他（她）！2013吴军高考英语阅读理解3天提分秘术众说周知，得阅读、完形者得天下！文章看没看懂不重要，关键是要选对！高考英语阅读的核心暗示点：词和短语

15、！题 目（或题干）有暗示，秘笈为你精准导航！选项与出题点之间存在逻辑关系，3天帮您梳理！速度比完美更重要，思路比题海要有效！2013高考英语阅读3天提分秘术，既不是神人的牛B押题，也不是最牛高考班的密卷！而是沈阳高分英语家教吴军老师从2000-2012年2700多篇高考英语阅读真题答案内幕规律衍生出的迅捷提分秘诀！2013高考英语阅读3天提分秘术是纸质的解析讲解类自学教案，而不是如同上大课般的名师讲座光盘（如高分突破，提分宝典，四步兵法，高频考点等），你可以站着，躺着，甚至在卫生间里也可以阅读自学！立竿见影！以一顶百！9年来我们在自我独门秘笈的基础上，20%参阅了 132种全国知名高考英语教案

16、或资料（如：新东方，张清波，北京四中李俊和，管卫东，提分宝典，高频考点等）。但发现很多名师教案与高考提分关联度小，因为相当一部分名师只是把自己在考研和雅思领域的研究成果生搬硬套到高考英语教 学 中（讲述的高频词汇严重超纲，甚 至 是 大 学6级的），而不是深入到2700篇历届阅读真题中潜心研究，效果可想而知。还有些重点高中一线老师，将自己上课用的教案制作成光盘用以贩卖，其实质不过是高频考点和词汇的串讲，有的甚至用35%的篇章讲述如何记忆单词，而广告却说是提分秘笈，真是让人遗憾！好消息、！吴军老师2012高考英语3 天提分秘诀仅释放了其30%的功力，就达到了 90%以上的客户满意度，为了配合文科

17、其他科目的上市，2013年吴军高考英语将释放其70%的功力，2013年高考英语提分速度和幅度将再升一倍，看完下列示例后，还不赶紧抢购呀！目录:一、2013阅读吴军猜题秘术：备选项高频答案特征二、2013阅读吴军暗示点秒杀：备选项高频答案词三、擒贼先擒王:主旨题、写作目的题吴军答题密码四、阅读出题点与细节题吴军答题法则五、阅读文章结构、题材与推论题吴军突破秘诀六、阅读词汇、文章及作者态度题吴军破解规律2013阅读吴军猜题秘术：备选项高频答案特征（10条秘诀）秘诀一:被动结构是备选项高频答案特征!【2010 辽宁卷 B 篇】I hated dinner parties.But I decided

18、to give them another shot becauseIm in L ondon.And my friend Mallery invited me.And because dinner parties in L ondon are verydifferent from those back in New York.T h ere,Im having a dinner party means:Pm bookinga table for 12 at a restaurant you can*t afford and well be haringl the checquc evenly,

19、no matterwhat you eat.Worse,in Manhattan there is always someone who leaves before the 回 arrives.The/ll throw down cash,half of what they owe,and then people like me,who dont drink,end uppaying even more.But if I try to use the same trick,the hostess will shout:Where are yougoing?And its not like I

20、can say I have somewhere to go:everyone know I have nowhere to go.s in L ondon,dinner parties arc in peoples homes.（转折对比，说明前面 New Yorkers 评价是Self-centred.）Not only that,the guests are an interesting mix.The last time I went to one,theguests were from France,India.Denmark and Nigeria;it was like a ga

21、thering at the UnitedNations in New York.The mix is less striking.It*s like a gathering at Bloomingdales,awell-known department store.61.What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York?A There is a strange mix of people.C.The bill is not fairly shared.B.The restaurants arc expensi

22、ve.D.People have to pay cash63.What is the authors opinion of some New Yorkers from her experience?A.Easy-going.B.Self-centred.C.Generous.D.Conservative.2012 四川卷 E 篇】So far,efforts to cut emissions（排放）of planet-warming greenhousegases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2 t

23、his century 一 a pointscientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes arecommon,leading to drought,floods,crop failures and rising sea levels.60.What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the worlds temperature?A.It has risen nearly 0.2 since 1979.B

24、.Its change will lead to weather extremes.C.It is 0.8 higher in 1979 than that of 1990.D.It needs to be controlled within 2 in this century.2012 四川卷 A 篇】The seasons change just outside the door.We watch the maples turnevery shade of yellow and red in the fall and note the poplars9（杨树）putting out the

25、 first greenleaves of spring.The rainbow smelt fills the local steam as the ice gradually disappears,and thewood frogs start to sing in pools after being frozen for the winter.A family of birds rules our skiesand flies over the lake.43.What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?A.T

26、he change of seasons is easily felt.B.The seasons make the scenes change.C.The weather often changes in the forest.D.The door is a good position to enjoy changing seasons.2012 陕西卷 C 篇The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small forhealthy people and certainly modest compa

27、red with other risk factors such as smoking and highblood pressure.However,it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposedto air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices.圆 stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants maynot only improve environmental air quality but could a

28、lso become necessary to protect publichealth.55.What can we learn from the text?A.Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart.B.The EPA conducted many studies on air quality.C.Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking,D.Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made.2012 江西卷 D 篇

29、 For those who make journeys across the world,the speed of travel todayhas turned the countries into a series of villages.Distances between them appear no greater to amodem traveler than those which once faced men as they walked from village to village.Jetplane fly people from one end of the earth t

30、o the other,allowing them a freedom of movementundreamt of a hundred years ago.Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far.A price has been paid,they say,for the conquest（征 月 艮）of time and distance.Travel is something to be enjoyed,notendured（忍受）.The boat offers leisure and t

31、ime enough to appreciate the ever-changing sightsand sounds of a journey.A journey by train also has a special charm about it.L akes and forestsand wild,open plains sweeping past your carriage window create a grand view in which time anddistance mean nothing.On board a plane,however,there is just th

32、e blank blue of the sky fillingthe narrow window of the airplane.The soft lighting,in-flight films and gentle music make up theonly world you know,and the hours progress slowly.Then there is the time spent being processed“at a modem airport.People are conveyed likerobots along walkways;baggage is we

33、ighed,tickets produced,examined and produced yet againbefore the passenger move again to another waiting area.Journeys by rail and sea take longer,yes,国 the hours devoted to being“processed“at departure and arrival in airports are luckily absent.No wonder,then,that the modem high-speed trains are wi

34、nning back passengers from the airlines.Man,however,is now a world traveler and can not turn his back on the airplane.The workinglives of too many people depend upon it;whole new industries have been built around its designand operation.The holiday maker,too,with limited time to spend,patiently endu

35、res the busyairports and limited space of the flight to gain those extra hours and even days,relaxing in the sun.speed controls peoples lives;time saved,in work or play,is the important thing-or so we aretold.Perhaps those first horsemen,riding free across the wild,open plains,were enjoying a better

36、world than the one we know today.They could travel at will,and the clock was not their master.73.According to Paragraphs,passengers are turning back to modem highsr）eed trainsb e c a u s e.A.they pay less for the ticketsB.they feel safer during the travelC.they can enjoy higher speed of travel D.the

37、y dont have to waste time beinj“processed”75.What is the main idea of the passage?A.Air travel benefits people and industries.B.Train Travel has some advantages over air travel.C.Great changes have taken place in modern travel.D.The high speed of air travel is gained at a cost.2013阅读吴军暗示点秒杀：备选项高频答案词

38、（旦项不到九个单词）秘诀9：lead to(result in,bring about,cause)是选项中答案高频暗示词!【2012浙 江 卷c篇 First of all,students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable.A report on violence amongmiddle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between studentsbegin with a relatively minor insult(侮辱

39、).For example,a fight could start over the fact that onestudent eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime.L aughter over the sandwich can lead toinsults,which in turn can lead to violence.The problem isn*t in the sandwich,but in the waystudents deal with the conflict.51.From Paragraph 2 we can le

40、arn that.A.violence is more likely to occur at lunchtime 具体！B.a small conflict can lead to violenceC.students tend to lose their temper easilyD.the eating habit of a student is often the cause of a fight 具体!2011 湖 匕卷 D 篇 Jour own generation has access to more nutritious food.more convenienttransport

41、.bigger houses,better ears.and of course,more pounds and dollars than any who livedbefore us.This will continue as long as we there things to make other things,This more wespecialize and exchange,the better off well be.2)Brilliant advancesOne reason we are richer,healthier,taller,cleverer,longer-liv

42、ed and freer than ener before isthat the four most basie human needs-food,clothing,fuel and shelter-have grown a lot cheaper.Take one example.In 1800 a candle providing one hours light cost six hours work.In the 1880sthe same light from an oil lamp took 15 minutes,work to pay for.In 1950 it was eigh

43、t seconds.Today ifs half second.65.The candle and lamp example is used to show t hat.A.oil lamps give off more light than candlesB.shortening working time brings about a happier life.C.advanced technology helps to produce better candles.D.increased production rate leads to lower cost of goods.秘诀io：C

44、ontrol（handle,deal with）是选项中答案高频暗示词！【2012天津卷D 篇】Those who choose to be creators look at life quite differently.They know there areindividuals who might like to control their lives,but they dont let this get in the way.They knowthey have their weaknesses,yet they dont blame themselves when they fail.

45、Whatever happens,they have choice in the matter.They believe their dance with each sacred（神圣的）moment of lifeis a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed fbr emotional andspiritual growth.52.According to Paragraph 2,cr eat or s.A.seem willing to experience fail

46、ures in life B.possess the ability to predict future lifeC.handle ups and downs of life wisely D.have potential to create something new【2012山东卷D 篇】L ast year,it was a refrigerator that tweeted.This year,its Wi-Fi-enabled laundry machinesand fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad

47、.The washers and dryers,available starting in the spring,connect to any smartphone througha downloadable application.The phone can then be used as a remote control,so the machines canbe turned on and off while their owners is at work or on the bus.Samsung says its not just something new the app conn

48、ection actually has some practicaluses.“If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out,you can go to yourphone and restart your dryer for the time when come home,so your clothes are refreshed andready to go,“said spokesperson Amy Schmidt.The company also says that with elec

49、tricity rate（电价）varying depending on the time of day,more control over when the machines are used can help save money.Perhaps,but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do-enable laziness.Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done,users willinstea

50、d monitor it on their phones while watching TV.73.What can we learn about the new laundry machines?A.They can tell you when your clothes need washingB.They can be controlled with a smartphoneC.They are difficult to operateD.They are sold at a low price秘诀12：miss(missing);lose(lost)是选项中答案高频暗示词!【2011全国