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1、会计学1贸易政策工具贸易政策工具ppt课件课件2International Economics国际经济学国际经济学主讲：余道先主讲：余道先、第1页/共57页3Chapter 8The Instruments of Trade Policy贸贸 易易 政政 策策 工工 具具第2页/共57页4n nIntroductionn nBasic Tariff Analysisn nCosts and Benefits of a Tariffn nOther Instruments of Trade Policyn nThe Effects of Trade Policy:A Summaryn nSumm

2、aryChapter Organization第3页/共57页5Introductionn nThis chapter is focused on the following questions:n nWhat are the effects of various trade What are the effects of various trade policy instruments?policy instruments?n nWho will benefit and who will lose from Who will benefit and who will lose from th

3、ese trade policy instruments?these trade policy instruments?n nWhat are the costs and benefits of What are the costs and benefits of protection?protection?n nWill the benefits outweighWill the benefits outweigh（弥补）（弥补）（弥补）（弥补）the the costs?costs?n nWhat What shouldshould a nation a nation s trade po

4、licy s trade policy be?be?n nFor example,should the United States For example,should the United States use a tariff or an import quota to protect use a tariff or an import quota to protect its automobile industry against its automobile industry against competition from Japan and South competition fr

5、om Japan and South Korea?Korea?第4页/共57页6Classification of Commercial Policy Instruments IntroductionCommercial Policy InstrumentsTrade Contraction Trade Expansion Tariff Import taxImport quotaVoluntary Export Restraint(VER)自愿出口限制自愿出口限制Import subsidyExport subsidyVoluntary Import Expansion(VIE)自愿进口扩自

6、愿进口扩张张 Price Quantity Price Quantity 第5页/共57页7Basic Tariff Analysisn nTariffs can be classified as:n nSpecific tariffsSpecific tariffs（从量关税）（从量关税）（从量关税）（从量关税）n nTaxes that are levied as a fixed charge Taxes that are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of goods importedfor each unit of goods impor

7、tedn nExampleExample:A specific tariff of$10 on each:A specific tariff of$10 on each imported bicycle with an international price imported bicycle with an international price of$100 means that customs officials collect of$100 means that customs officials collect the fixed sum of$10.the fixed sum of$

8、10.n nAd valorem tariffsAd valorem tariffs（从价关税）（从价关税）（从价关税）（从价关税）n nTaxes that are levied as a fraction of the Taxes that are levied as a fraction of the value of the imported goodsvalue of the imported goodsn nExampleExample:A 20%ad valorem tariff on:A 20%ad valorem tariff on bicycles generates a$

9、20 payment on each bicycles generates a$20 payment on each$100 imported bicycle.$100 imported bicycle.第6页/共57页8n nA compound duty(tariff)A compound duty(tariff)（混合关税）（混合关税）（混合关税）（混合关税）is a combination of an ad valorem and a is a combination of an ad valorem and a specific tariff.specific tariff.n nM

10、odern governments usually prefer to Modern governments usually prefer to protect domestic industries through a protect domestic industries through a variety of nontariff barriersvariety of nontariff barriers（非关税壁（非关税壁（非关税壁（非关税壁垒）垒）垒）垒）,such as:,such as:n nImport quotasImport quotasn nLimit the quant

11、ity of importsLimit the quantity of importsn nExport restraintsExport restraintsn nLimit the quantity of exportsLimit the quantity of exportsBasic Tariff Analysis第7页/共57页9n nSupply,Demand,and Trade in a Single Industryn nSuppose that there are two countries Suppose that there are two countries(Home

12、and Foreign).(Home and Foreign).n nBoth countries consume and produce Both countries consume and produce wheat,which can be costless wheat,which can be costless transported between the countries.transported between the countries.Basic Tariff Analysis第8页/共57页10n nIn each country,wheat is a In each co

13、untry,wheat is a competitive petitive industry.n nSuppose that in the absence of trade Suppose that in the absence of trade the price of wheat at Home exceeds the price of wheat at Home exceeds the corresponding price at Foreignthe corresponding price at Foreign（假（假（假（假设没有贸易时本国小麦价格比外国要高）设没有贸易时本国小麦价格

14、比外国要高）设没有贸易时本国小麦价格比外国要高）设没有贸易时本国小麦价格比外国要高）.n nThis implies that shippers begin to move This implies that shippers begin to move wheat from Foreign to Home.wheat from Foreign to Home.n nThe export of wheat raises its price in Foreign and The export of wheat raises its price in Foreign and lowers its

15、price in Home until the initial difference in lowers its price in Home until the initial difference in prices has been eliminated.prices has been eliminated.Basic Tariff Analysis第9页/共57页11n nTo determine the world price(Pw)and the quantity trade(Qw),two curves are defined:n nHome Home import demand

16、curveimport demand curve（本国进（本国进（本国进（本国进口需求曲线）口需求曲线）口需求曲线）口需求曲线）n nShows the maximum quantity of imports Shows the maximum quantity of imports the Home country would like to the Home country would like to consume at each price of the imported consume at each price of the imported goodgood（表明在进口商品的任意

17、价格（表明在进口商品的任意价格（表明在进口商品的任意价格（表明在进口商品的任意价格下，本国消费者愿意消费的最大进下，本国消费者愿意消费的最大进下，本国消费者愿意消费的最大进下，本国消费者愿意消费的最大进口量）口量）口量）口量）.n nThat is,the excess of what Home consumers demand That is,the excess of what Home consumers demand over what Home producers supply:over what Home producers supply:MD MD=D(P)D(P)S(P)S(P

18、)Basic Tariff Analysis第10页/共57页12n nForeign Foreign export supply curveexport supply curve（外国出口供给曲线）（外国出口供给曲线）（外国出口供给曲线）（外国出口供给曲线）n nShows the maximum quantity of exports Foreign would Shows the maximum quantity of exports Foreign would like to provide the rest of the world at each pricelike to prov

19、ide the rest of the world at each price（表明（表明（表明（表明在任意价格下，外国生产者愿意提供的最大出口供在任意价格下，外国生产者愿意提供的最大出口供在任意价格下，外国生产者愿意提供的最大出口供在任意价格下，外国生产者愿意提供的最大出口供给数量）给数量）给数量）给数量）.n nThat is,the excess of what Foreign producers supply over what foreign That is,the excess of what Foreign producers supply over what foreign c

20、onsumers demand:consumers demand:XS XS=S*(P*)S*(P*)D*(P*)D*(P*)Basic Tariff Analysis第11页/共57页13Quantity,QPrice,PPrice,PQuantity,QMDDSAPAP2P1S2D2D2 S22S1D1D1 S11Figure 8-1:Deriving Homes Import Demand CurveBasic Tariff Analysis第12页/共57页14n nProperties of the import demand curve（进口需求曲线的特点）:n nIt inter

21、sects the vertical axis at the It intersects the vertical axis at the closed economy price of the closed economy price of the importing country.importing country.n nIt is downward sloping.It is downward sloping.n nIt is flatter than the domestic It is flatter than the domestic demand curve in the im

22、porting demand curve in the importing country.country.Basic Tariff Analysis第13页/共57页15P2P*AD*S*P1XSPrice,PPrice,PQuantity,QQuantity,QS*2 D*2S*2D*2Figure 8-2:Deriving Foreigns Export Supply CurveBasic Tariff AnalysisD*1S*1S*1 D*1第14页/共57页16n nProperties of the export supply curve（出口供给曲线的特点）（出口供给曲线的特点

23、）:n nIt intersects the vertical axis at the It intersects the vertical axis at the closed economy price of the closed economy price of the exporting country.exporting country.n nIt is upward sloping.It is upward sloping.n nIt is flatter that the domestic supply It is flatter that the domestic supply

24、 curve in the exporting country.curve in the exporting country.Basic Tariff Analysis第15页/共57页17Figure 8-3:World EquilibriumXSPrice,PQuantity,QMDPWQW1Basic Tariff Analysis第16页/共57页18n nEffects of a Tariffn nAssume that two Assume that two large countrieslarge countries trade trade with each other.wit

25、h each other.n nSuppose Home imposes a tax of$2 Suppose Home imposes a tax of$2 on every bushel of wheat importedon every bushel of wheat imported（从量税）（从量税）（从量税）（从量税）.n nThen shippers will be unwilling to move Then shippers will be unwilling to move the wheat unless the price difference the wheat un

26、less the price difference between the two markets is at least$2.between the two markets is at least$2.n nFigure 8-4 illustrates the effects of a Figure 8-4 illustrates the effects of a specific tariff of$specific tariff of$t t per unit of wheat.per unit of wheat.Basic Tariff Analysis第17页/共57页19XSPTM

27、DD*S*DSPW2QT1QWBasic Tariff AnalysisFigure 8-4:Effects of a TariffP*T3tPrice,PQuantity,QPrice,PQuantity,QPrice,PQuantity,QHome marketWorld marketForeign marketHome marketWorld marketForeign market第18页/共57页20n nIn the absence of tariff,the world price In the absence of tariff,the world price of wheat

28、(of wheat(P Pw w)would be equalized in)would be equalized in both countries.both countries.n nWith the tariff in place,the price of With the tariff in place,the price of wheat rises to wheat rises to P PT T at Home and falls to at Home and falls to P P*T T (=P=PT T t t)at Foreign until the price)at

29、Foreign until the price difference is$difference is$t t.n nIn HomeIn Home:producers supply more and:producers supply more and consumers demand lessconsumers demand less due to the higher due to the higher price,so that fewer imports are demanded.price,so that fewer imports are demanded.n nIn Foreign

30、In Foreign:producers supply less and:producers supply less and consumers demand more due to the lower consumers demand more due to the lower price,so that fewer exports are supplied.price,so that fewer exports are supplied.n nThus,the volume of wheat traded declines Thus,the volume of wheat traded d

31、eclines due to the imposition of the tariff.due to the imposition of the tariff.Basic Tariff Analysis第19页/共57页21n nThe increase in the domestic The increase in the domestic Home price is less than the tariff,Home price is less than the tariff,because part of the tariff is because part of the tariff

32、is reflected in a decline in Foreignreflected in a decline in Foreign s s export price.export price.n nIf Home is a If Home is a small countrysmall country and and imposes a tariff,the foreign export imposes a tariff,the foreign export prices are unaffected and the prices are unaffected and the dome

33、stic price at Home(the domestic price at Home(the importing country)rises by the full importing country)rises by the full amount of the tariff.amount of the tariff.（当一个小国（当一个小国（当一个小国（当一个小国对进口商品征收关税时对进口商品征收关税时对进口商品征收关税时对进口商品征收关税时,该国无法该国无法该国无法该国无法影响外国出口商品价格影响外国出口商品价格影响外国出口商品价格影响外国出口商品价格 ，关税使，关税使，关税使，关

34、税使得出口商品的价格上升幅度等于得出口商品的价格上升幅度等于得出口商品的价格上升幅度等于得出口商品的价格上升幅度等于全部关税额全部关税额全部关税额全部关税额.）Basic Tariff Analysis第20页/共57页22Figure 8-5:A Tariff in a Small CountrySPrice,PQuantity,QDPW+tPWImports after tariffS1D1Imports before tariffD2S2Basic Tariff Analysis第21页/共57页23n nMeasuring the Amount of Protection（衡量保护的程

35、度）（衡量保护的程度）n nIn analyzing trade policy in practice,it In analyzing trade policy in practice,it is important to know how much is important to know how much protection a trade policy actually protection a trade policy actually providesprovides（在分析贸易政策的实际（在分析贸易政策的实际（在分析贸易政策的实际（在分析贸易政策的实际情况时，有必要考虑一下关税或

36、其情况时，有必要考虑一下关税或其情况时，有必要考虑一下关税或其情况时，有必要考虑一下关税或其他贸易政策究竟提供了多大程度的他贸易政策究竟提供了多大程度的他贸易政策究竟提供了多大程度的他贸易政策究竟提供了多大程度的保护）保护）保护）保护）.Basic Tariff Analysis第22页/共57页24n nOne can express the amount of protection as a One can express the amount of protection as a percentage of the price that would prevail under free

37、tradepercentage of the price that would prevail under free trade（价格比自由贸易时提高了多少个百分比）（价格比自由贸易时提高了多少个百分比）（价格比自由贸易时提高了多少个百分比）（价格比自由贸易时提高了多少个百分比）.n nTwo problems arise from this method of measurement:Two problems arise from this method of measurement:n nIn the large country case,the tariff will lower the

38、 In the large country case,the tariff will lower the foreign export priceforeign export price（在大国情况下，关税会降（在大国情况下，关税会降（在大国情况下，关税会降（在大国情况下，关税会降低外国的出口价格）低外国的出口价格）低外国的出口价格）低外国的出口价格）.n nTariffs may have different effects on different Tariffs may have different effects on different stages of production of

39、 a goodstages of production of a good（关税对处于不同（关税对处于不同（关税对处于不同（关税对处于不同生产阶段的某一产品可能会有不同的影响）生产阶段的某一产品可能会有不同的影响）生产阶段的某一产品可能会有不同的影响）生产阶段的某一产品可能会有不同的影响）.Basic Tariff Analysis第23页/共57页25n nEffective rate of protection （有有效的保护率效的保护率 ）n nOne must consider both the effects One must consider both the effects of

40、 tariffs on the final price of a good,of tariffs on the final price of a good,and the effects of tariffs on the costs and the effects of tariffs on the costs of inputs used in productionof inputs used in production（我们（我们（我们（我们必须要考虑关税对商品最终价格必须要考虑关税对商品最终价格必须要考虑关税对商品最终价格必须要考虑关税对商品最终价格和生产投入成本的影响）和生产投入成本

41、的影响）和生产投入成本的影响）和生产投入成本的影响）.Basic Tariff Analysis第24页/共57页26n nThe actual protection provided by a tariff will not The actual protection provided by a tariff will not equal the tariff rate if imported intermediate equal the tariff rate if imported intermediate goods are used in the production of the

42、protected goods are used in the production of the protected goodgood （如果需要进口中间产品来生产被（如果需要进口中间产品来生产被（如果需要进口中间产品来生产被（如果需要进口中间产品来生产被保护的商品，那么关税的实际保护程保护的商品，那么关税的实际保护程保护的商品，那么关税的实际保护程保护的商品，那么关税的实际保护程度并不等于关税率）度并不等于关税率）度并不等于关税率）度并不等于关税率）.Basic Tariff Analysis第25页/共57页27Costs and Benefits of a Tariffn nA tar

43、iff raises the price of a good in the importing A tariff raises the price of a good in the importing country and lowers it in the exporting country.country and lowers it in the exporting country.n nAs a result of these price changes:n nConsumers lose in the importing Consumers lose in the importing

44、country and gain in the exporting country and gain in the exporting countrycountryn nProducers gain in the importing Producers gain in the importing country and lose in the exporting country and lose in the exporting countrycountryn nGovernment imposing the tariff gains Government imposing the tarif

45、f gains revenuerevenue第26页/共57页28n nTo measure and compare these costs and benefits,we To measure and compare these costs and benefits,we need to define consumerneed to define consumer andand producer surplus.producer surplus.n nConsumer and Producer Surplusn nConsumer surplusConsumer surplusn nIt m

46、easures the amount a consumer gains It measures the amount a consumer gains from a purchase by the difference between from a purchase by the difference between the price he actually pays and the price he the price he actually pays and the price he would have been willing to pay.would have been willi

47、ng to pay.n nIt can be derived from the market demand It can be derived from the market demand curve.curve.n nGraphically,it is equal to the area under the Graphically,it is equal to the area under the demand curve and above the price.demand curve and above the price.Costs and Benefits of a Tariff第2

48、7页/共57页29Figure 8-6:Deriving Consumer Surplus from the Demand CurveCosts and Benefits of a Tariff8$129$1010$911DPrice,PQuantity,Q第28页/共57页30Figure 8-7:Geometry of Consumer SurplusCosts and Benefits of a TariffabP1P2DPrice,PQuantity,QQ2Q1第29页/共57页31n nProducer surplusProducer surplusn nIt measures th

49、e amount a producer gains It measures the amount a producer gains from a sale by the difference between the from a sale by the difference between the price he actually receives and the price at price he actually receives and the price at which he would have been willing to sell.which he would have b

50、een willing to sell.n nIt can be derived from the market supply It can be derived from the market supply curve.curve.n nGraphically,it is equal to the area above Graphically,it is equal to the area above the supply curve and below the price.the supply curve and below the price.n nExampleExample:A pr