高中英语写作系列---句子的修辞讲义.doc
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1、句子的修辞(Figures of Speech)英语修辞格可以使语言更加形象、生动、活泼。英语修辞格种类很多,人们经常使用的有以下几种。一、明喻(Simile)明喻通常是把被比喻的本体和用来比喻的喻体同时说出。通过两个事物之间的相同性质或者特点使二者产生联系,进而达到用喻体使本体更生动的目的。常用的比喻词有as, like, seem, as though。例:Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress: those who are without want to get in and those within want to get out.婚姻像是一个被
2、包围的堡垒:外边的想要进去,里边的人想出去。My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemists scales, as penetrating as a scalpel.我的头脑像发电机那样强大有力,像药剂师的天平那样精确,像外科医生的手术刀那样锋利。二、隐喻(Metaphor)与明喻不同的是,隐喻中本体和喻体的比喻关系是暗示出的而不是直接陈述的。隐喻是一种含蓄的比喻,暗示有比较,但又不充分说出这种比较。例:I finally discovered the key to the mystery.我终于发现了解开奥秘的钥匙。
3、(暗示解开奥秘的方法就像开门的钥匙一样)The light of knowledge is shed on his confused face.知识之光洒在了他迷惑的脸上。Hearing the news of his fathers death, he had a stone face.听到父亲去世的消息,他表情呆滞。隐喻不用比喻词,但可以用be动词或者只用逗号、破折号将本体和喻体连起来。例:The green plant is a kind of food factory.绿色植物是一种食物工厂。The next day he had a very red face.第二天他非常尴尬。三、
4、借代(Metonymy)也称转喻或换喻。本体和喻体联系紧密,但表面并不相似。通常有三种借代:1. 以抽象代详细例:There are always conflicts between heart and head.在感情与理智之间总是存在着冲突。(heart and head代情感与理智)2.以特殊人名、地点、事物等名称代一类人或某机构例:Downing Street is taking the French opinion polls very seriously indeed.英国政府确实十分重视法国的民意测验。(Downing Street代英国政府)However the Pentag
5、on said in a report the air strikes were justified.然而,美国军方在一份报告中称,空袭活动是完全合理的。(Pentagon代美国军方)He is another Shylock.他很吝啬。(Shylock代和其性格(吝啬)一样的人)高:以谷器或工具代程部的事物The kettle is boiling.水开了。(kettle(水壶)在此指代水)How to develop students “musical ear?如何培养学生们欣赏音乐的能力?(ear代欣赏音乐的能力)四、提喻(Synecdoche)提喻是通过联想和类比,以部分代替全体的修辞
6、格。提喻包含三种形式:1. 局部代整体例:She has got five mouths to feed.他要养活五口人。(five mouths指代五口人).抽象代详细Aunt Melissa is my admiration。梅丽莎婶婶是我所钦佩的人。(admiration指代钦佩的人)He earned his bread as a dust man.他以做清洁工为生。(bread指代生计)3.原材料代成品例:Where did you buy this cotton?你在哪买的这件棉质衣服?(cotton指代衣服)五、拟人(Personification)拟人是一种生动的修辞手法,是根
7、据想象把无生命的东西当作有生命的东西来描写,即把事物人格化,把本来不具备人的一些动作和感情的事物变成和人一样的。它的主要作用在于使事物获得人的属性,便于抒发感情,使人感到亲切、易受感染。例:Thirsty soil drank in the rain.饥渴的土壤在雨中畅饮。He watched the moonlight dancing on the lake.我看着月光在湖面上舞蹈。A surprising sight greeted her eyes.一幅惊人的景象呈现在她眼前。六、反语(Irony)反语就是说反话,用反面的话表达正面的意思。这种修辞格的功能是讽刺或者表达幽默感。在口语中,
8、反语主要通过语气和语调表达,在书面语中,读者要通过反语句子的语境进行判断。例:Well, you are a beauty; youve lost me the game.好,你真能干,能干得输给我了。“How unselfish you are!said Mark angrily.“你可真无私啊!”马克生气地说。Much I care.我无所谓。We dined at a restaurant in town yesterday and it was the best we had ever had: the hot and sour soup was neither hot nor sou
9、r and all the other dishes were tasteless, too; the master chef had clean forgotten that there was such things as salt in the world.昨天我们在镇子上的饭馆吃饭,这是我迄今为止吃过的最好的一顿饭:酸辣汤既不酸也不辣,其他的菜也淡而无味;主厨好像完全忘记了世界上还有盐这种东西。七、夸张(Hyperbole)夸张指为了启发读者的想象力和加强所说的话的力量,或夸大或缩小事物的形象或者某种特质,借以突出这种特质,给读者留下深刻印象。例:The thirsty strange
10、r swallowed a mile-high ice- cream cone.这个口渴的陌生人吃了一个一英里高的冰激凌甜筒。The story is as old as the hill.这个故事和这座山一样古老。New York is as old as time.纽约的历史和时间一样悠久。Mary opened the door.Out rushed a rat,which brought her heart into her mouth.子能罗丽打开门。冲出来一只老鼠,这使她心跳到深His mind was crowded with the details heobserved.他的脑
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