英语教学法-第一章-绪论.ppt
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1、第一节第一节 语言与语言教学语言与语言教学n n1.The place of Englishn na lingua franca n na language widely adopted for communication between two speakers whose native languages are different from each others and where one or both speakers are using it as a“second”language.2.Views on language n nIn the past half century,
2、language teaching and learning practices have been influenced by three different views of languagen nthe structural viewn nthe functional viewn nthe interactional view1)The structural view结构主义观点结构主义观点n nLanguage as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems:from phonological,morphological,lex
3、ical,etc.to sentences.Each language has a finite number of such structural items.n nTo learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language.2)The functional view交际法的观点交际法的观点n nLanguage as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things.n
4、 nMost of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities:offering,suggesting,advising,apologizing,etc.n nLearners learn a language in order to be able to do things with it.n nTo perform functions,learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express not
5、ions that perform the functions.3)The interactional view交往法的观点交往法的观点n nLanguage is a communicative tool,whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.n nLearners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary of the language but as importantly they need to know the rul
6、es for using them in a whole range of communicative contexts.n nThe structural view limits knowing a language to knowing its structural rules and vocabulary.n nThe communicative or notional-functional view adds the need to know how to use the rules and vocabulary to do whatever it is one wants to do
7、.n nThe interactional view says that to know how to do what one wants to do involves also knowing whether it is appropriate to do so,and where,when and how it is appropriate to do it.n nIn order to know this,the learner has to study the patterns and rules of language above the sentence level to lear
8、n how language is used in different speech contexts.3.What is the purpose of learning a language?n n1)What are the psycholinguistic and cognitive processes involved in language learning?n n 2)What are the conditions that need to be met in order for these learning processes to be activated?n nProcess
9、-oriented theories are concerned with how the mind processes new information,such as habit formation,induction,making inference,hypothesis testing and generalization.n n客观主义客观主义分析人类行为的关键是对外部分析人类行为的关键是对外部事件的考察;事件的考察;n nCondition-oriented theories emphasize the nature of the human and physical context
10、 in which language learning takes place,such as the number of students,what kind of input learners receive,and the learning atmosphere.n n环境主义环境主义环境是决定人类行为的最重要环境是决定人类行为的最重要因素;因素;1)The behaviourist theoryn nWas initiated by behavioral psychologist Skinner.n na stimulus-response theory of psychology.n
11、 n“you can train an animal to do anything(within reason)if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages,stimulus,response,and reinforcement.”2)Cognitive Theoryn nto think rather than simply repeat.n nNoam Chomsky n nIf all language is a learned behavior,how can a child produce a sente
12、nce that has never been said by others before?3)The constructivist theory n nLearning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already knows.It is believed that education is used to develop the mind,not just to rote recall what is learned.
13、n nJohn Dewey n nTeaching should be built based on what learners already knew and engage learners in learning activities.n nTeachers need to design environments and interact with learners to foster inventive,creative,critical learners.n nTeachers must balance an understanding of the habits,character
14、istics as well as personalities of individual learners with an understanding of the means of arousing learners interests and curiosity for learning.4)The socio-constructivist theoryn nIt is represented by Vygotskyn n前苏联教育心理学家维果斯基前苏联教育心理学家维果斯基n n It emphasizes interaction and engagement with the targ
15、et language in a social context based on the concept of“Zone of Proximal Development”(ZPD)“最近发展区最近发展区”and scaffolding脚手架脚手架.第二节第二节 英语教学法的性质英语教学法的性质n n1、什么是教学法?作为一个系统,它有哪些、什么是教学法?作为一个系统,它有哪些方面或层次构成?方面或层次构成?n nEdward Anthonyn n三层次概念:三层次概念:n napproach-method-techniquen nRichardn n(method)包括三个方面:理论包括三个方
16、面:理论(approach)-设计设计(design)-实施步骤实施步骤(procedure),n nC.C.Friesn n美国教学法家弗里斯美国教学法家弗里斯n napproach 一般指教学方法体系。一般指教学方法体系。n nmethod一般指具体的方式和方法。一般指具体的方式和方法。2、如何界定外语教学法多层次概念:、如何界定外语教学法多层次概念:n nmethodologyn napproachn nstrategyn nmethodn ntechnique 3、什么是英语教学法?、什么是英语教学法?n n英语教学法是一门研究英语教学理论和教英语教学法是一门研究英语教学理论和教学实践
17、,英语教学过程和教学规律的科学。学实践,英语教学过程和教学规律的科学。n n英语教学法可译为英语教学法可译为n nEnglish teaching methodology English teaching methodology 4、教学法研究的内容:、教学法研究的内容:n n1 1、根据语言学、心理学、教育学、哲学等、根据语言学、心理学、教育学、哲学等相关学科建立起来的外语教学法理论和随相关学科建立起来的外语教学法理论和随之产生的各个学派。之产生的各个学派。n n2 2、基于教学理论并经实践检验的教学方法、基于教学理论并经实践检验的教学方法、教学模式教学模式(models)(models)以
18、及具体的教学活动方以及具体的教学活动方式式(modes)(modes)和教学技巧和教学技巧(techniques)(techniques)。n n5 5 5 5、英语教师与教学法的关系、英语教师与教学法的关系、英语教师与教学法的关系、英语教师与教学法的关系n n6 6 6 6、怎样学好教学法?、怎样学好教学法?、怎样学好教学法?、怎样学好教学法?n n1 1 1 1)弄清楚教学法的基本原理和基本原则。)弄清楚教学法的基本原理和基本原则。)弄清楚教学法的基本原理和基本原则。)弄清楚教学法的基本原理和基本原则。n n2 2 2 2)去中学听课、向有经验的教师学习,或调查中)去中学听课、向有经验的教
19、师学习,或调查中)去中学听课、向有经验的教师学习,或调查中)去中学听课、向有经验的教师学习,或调查中学英语教学现状,收集资料,从而丰富和加深对学英语教学现状,收集资料,从而丰富和加深对学英语教学现状,收集资料,从而丰富和加深对学英语教学现状,收集资料,从而丰富和加深对英语教学法理论的认识。英语教学法理论的认识。英语教学法理论的认识。英语教学法理论的认识。n n3 3 3 3)要有意识地在教学中力图贯彻和验证所学的英)要有意识地在教学中力图贯彻和验证所学的英)要有意识地在教学中力图贯彻和验证所学的英)要有意识地在教学中力图贯彻和验证所学的英语教学法理论和方法。语教学法理论和方法。语教学法理论和方
20、法。语教学法理论和方法。n n4 4 4 4)要尽可能多读一些有关教学法的书刊杂志,扩)要尽可能多读一些有关教学法的书刊杂志,扩)要尽可能多读一些有关教学法的书刊杂志,扩)要尽可能多读一些有关教学法的书刊杂志,扩大英语教学的视野。大英语教学的视野。大英语教学的视野。大英语教学的视野。第三节第三节 外语教学法与其他学科之间外语教学法与其他学科之间的关系的关系n n一、与语言学的关系一、与语言学的关系n n教师在加强课堂教学的实践中,要做到四个教师在加强课堂教学的实践中,要做到四个为主:为主:n n1 1)以语言练习为主)以语言练习为主n n2 2)以使用英语授课为主)以使用英语授课为主n n3
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