曼昆经济学原理unemployment.pptx
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1、会计学1曼昆经济学原理曼昆经济学原理unemploymentAbout Unemploymentn nMovies recommendedn nRaining Stonen nBicycle Thieves第1页/共48页LEARNING OBJECTIVESn n the data used to measure the amount of unemployment.n n how unemployment can result from minimum-wage laws.n n how unemployment can arise from bargaining between firm
2、s and unions.n n how unemployment results when firms choose to pay efficiency wages.第2页/共48页IDENTIFYING UNEMPLOYMENTn nCategories of Unemploymentn nThe problem of unemployment is usually divided The problem of unemployment is usually divided into two categories.into two categories.n nThe long-run pr
3、oblem and the short-run problem:The long-run problem and the short-run problem:n nThe natural rate of unemployment The natural rate of unemployment n nThe cyclical rate of unemploymentThe cyclical rate of unemployment第3页/共48页IDENTIFYING UNEMPLOYMENTn nNatural Rate of Unemploymentn nThe natural rate
4、of unemploymentThe natural rate of unemployment is is unemployment unemployment that does not go away on its own even in the long that does not go away on its own even in the long run.run.n nIt is the amount of unemployment that the economy It is the amount of unemployment that the economy normally
5、experiences.normally experiences.第4页/共48页IDENTIFYING UNEMPLOYMENTn nCyclical Unemploymentn nCyclical unemploymentCyclical unemployment refers to the year-to-year refers to the year-to-year fluctuations in unemployment around its natural rate.fluctuations in unemployment around its natural rate.n nIt
6、 is associated with with short-term ups and downs It is associated with with short-term ups and downs of the business cycle.of the business cycle.第5页/共48页IDENTIFYING UNEMPLOYMENTn nDescribing Unemploymentn nThree Basic Questions:Three Basic Questions:n nHow does government measure the economys rate
7、of How does government measure the economys rate of unemployment?unemployment?n nWhat problems arise in interpreting the unemployment What problems arise in interpreting the unemployment data?data?n nHow long are the unemployed typically without work?How long are the unemployed typically without wor
8、k?第6页/共48页How Is Unemployment Measured?How Is Unemployment Measured?n nUnemployment is measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics(BLS).n nIt surveys 60,000 randomly selected households It surveys 60,000 randomly selected households every month.every month.n nThe survey is called the Current Populati
9、on Survey.The survey is called the Current Population Survey.第7页/共48页How Is Unemployment Measured?How Is Unemployment Measured?n nBased on the answers to the survey questions,the BLS places each adult into one of three categories:n nEmployedEmployedn nUnemployedUnemployedn nNot in the labor forceNot
10、 in the labor forcen nThe BLS considers a person an adult if he or she is over 16 years old.第8页/共48页How Is Unemployment Measured?How Is Unemployment Measured?n nA person is considered employed if he or she has spent most of the previous week working at a paid job.n nA person is unemployed if he or s
11、he is on temporary layoff,is looking for a job,or is waiting for the start date of a new job.n nA person who fits neither of these categories,such as a full-time student,homemaker,or retiree,is not in the labor force.第9页/共48页How Is Unemployment Measured?How Is Unemployment Measured?n nLabor Forcen n
12、The The labor force labor force is the total number of workers,is the total number of workers,including both the employed and the unemployed.including both the employed and the unemployed.n nThe BLS defines the labor force as the sum of the The BLS defines the labor force as the sum of the employed
13、and the unemployed.employed and the unemployed.第10页/共48页Figure 1 The Breakdown of the Population in 2001Figure 1 The Breakdown of the Population in 2001Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson LearningAdultPopulation(211.9 million)Labor Force(141.8 million)Employed(135.1 million)Not in labor force(70.1 mi
14、llion)Unemployed(6.7 million)第11页/共48页How Is Unemployment Measured?How Is Unemployment Measured?n nThe unemployment rate is calculated as the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed.第12页/共48页n nThe labor-force participation rate is the percentage of the adult population that is in the labor
15、 force.How Is Unemployment Measured?How Is Unemployment Measured?第13页/共48页Table 1 The Labor-Market Experiences of Various Table 1 The Labor-Market Experiences of Various Demographic GroupsDemographic GroupsCopyright2004 South-Western第14页/共48页Figure 2 Unemployment Rate Since 1960Figure 2 Unemployment
16、 Rate Since 1960Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning108642019701975196019651980198519902005Percent ofLabor Force19952000Natural rate ofunemploymentUnemployment rate第15页/共48页Figure 3 Labor Force Participation Rates for Men Figure 3 Labor Force Participation Rates for Men and Women Since 1950an
17、d Women Since 1950Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning1008060402001950195519601965197019751980198519902000Labor-ForceParticipationRate(in percent)WomenMen1995第16页/共48页Does the Unemployment Rate Measure What We Want It To?Does the Unemployment Rate Measure What We Want It To?n nIt is difficult
18、 to distinguish between a person who is unemployed and a person who is not in the labor force.n nDiscouraged workers,people who would like to work but have given up looking for jobs after an unsuccessful search,dont show up in unemployment statistics.n nOther people may claim to be unemployed in ord
19、er to receive financial assistance,even though they arent looking for work.第17页/共48页How Long Are the Unemployed without Work?How Long Are the Unemployed without Work?n nMost spells of unemployment are short.n nMost unemployment observed at any given time is long-term.n nMost of the economys unemploy
20、ment problem is attributable to relatively few workers who are jobless for long periods of time.第18页/共48页Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?n nIn an ideal labor market,wages would adjust to balance the supply and demand for labor,ensuring that all
21、 workers would be fully employed.第19页/共48页Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?n nFrictional unemployment refers to the unemployment that results from the time that it takes to match workers with jobs.In other words,it takes time for workers to sear
22、ch for the jobs that are best suit their tastes and skills.第20页/共48页Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?n nStructural unemployment is the unemployment that results because the number of jobs available in some labor markets is insufficient to provid
23、e a job for everyone who wants one.第21页/共48页JOB SEARCH n nJob search n nthe process by which workers find appropriate jobs the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills.given their tastes and skills.n nresults from the fact that it takes time for qualified results
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