高中英语写作系列---类型写作讲义.doc

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1、短文的类型(Types of English Essays)在英语短文的写作中，写作的目的不同，内容有别，所采用的写作手法及文体也就不同。通常情况下，英语短文可以分为四种类型：记叙文、描写文、说明文和议论文。然而在实际写作中，四种文体也经常交织在一起穿插使用。一、记叙文(Narration)记叙文是一种以叙述的手法来描写事件或人物的文体。故事及人物传记，历史事件，新闻报道及通讯，日记，游记，书信，读书报告等都属于记叙文的文体。记叙文常常和描写相结合。在叙述中，必要的背景或人物的细节描写可以使文章更加生动具体；在描写里，适当的叙述也可使情节更为清楚，联系更为紧密。根据文章的写作结构和需要，常见的

2、记叙文的叙述方式有顺叙、倒叙和插叙等。在这几种叙述方式中，顺叙，即按照时间或事件发展的顺序进行叙述，是短文写作中最为常见的叙述方式。记叙文体人称的选用多为第一人称或第三人称。第一人称主观性较强，可使文章真实生动，感染力强。人物自传、日记和书信等多用第一人称。第三人称局限性较小，叙述更为客观，通常用于历史事件、新闻报道及读书报告等形式中。例：Writing for MyselfRussell BakerThe idea of becoming a writer had come to me off and on since my childhood in Belleville, but it w

3、asnt until my third year in high school that the possibility took hold. Until then Id been bored by everything associated with English courses. I found English grammar dull and difficult.I hated the assignments to turn out long, lifeless paragraphs that were agony for teachers to read and for me to

4、write.When our class was assigned to Mr.Fleagle for third-year English I anticipated another cheerless year in that most tedious of subjects. Mr.Fleagle had a reputation among students for dullness and inability to inspire.He was said to be very formal, rigid and hopelessly out of fate. To me he loo

5、ked to be sixty or seventy and excessively prim.He wore primly severe eyeglasses;his wavy hair was primly cut and primly combed. He wore prim suits with neckties set primly against the collar buttons of his white shirts. He had a primly pointed jaw, a primly straight nose, and a prim manner of speak

6、ing that was so correct, sogentlemanly,that he seemed a comic antique.I prepared for an unfruitful year with Mr. Fleagleand for a long time was not disappointed. Late in the year we tackled the informal essay.Mr.Fleagle distributed a homework sheet offering us a choice of topics. None was quite so s

7、imple-minded as“What I Did on My Summer Vacation,” but most seemed to be almost as dull. I took the list home and did nothing until the night before the essay was due. Lying on the sofa, I finally faced up to the unwelcome task, took the list out of my notebook, and scanned it. The topic on which my

8、 eye stopped was“The Art of Eating Spaghetti.This title produced an extraordinary sequence of mental images.Vivid memories came flooding back of a night in Belleville when all of us were seated around the supper table-Uncle Allen, my mother,Uncle Charlie, Doris, Uncle Haland Aunt Pat served spaghett

9、i for supper. Spaghetti was still a little known foreign dish in those days. Neither Doris nor I had ever eaten spaghetti, and none of the adults had enough experience to be good at it. All the good humour of Uncle Allens house re-awoke in my mind as I recalled the laughing arguments we had that nig

10、ht about the socially respectable method for moving spaghetti from plate to mouth.Suddenly I wanted to write about that, about the warmth and good feeling of it, but I wanted to put it down simply for my own joy, not for Mr.Fleagle.It was a moment I wanted to recapture and hold for myself. I wanted

11、to relive the pleasure of that evening. To write it as I wanted, however, would violate all the rules of formal composition Id learned in school, and Mr. Fleagle would surely give it a failing grade. Never mind. I would write something else for Mr.Fleagle after I had written this thing for myself.Wh

12、en I finished it the night was half gone and there was no time left to compose a proper, respectable essay for Mr.Fleagle.There was no choice next morning but to turn in my tale of the Belleville supper. Two days passed before Mr.Fleagle returned the graded papers, and he returned everyones but mine

13、. Iwas preparing myself for a command to report to Mr. Fleagle immediately after school for discipline when I saw him lift my paper from his desk and knock for the classs attention.“Now,boys,”he said. “I want to read you an essay.This is titled, The Art of Eating Spaghetti.”And he started to read. M

14、y words! He was reading my words out loud to the entire class.Whats more, the entire class was listening, listening attentively. Then somebody laughed,then the entire class was laughing, and not in contempt and ridicule, but with open- hearted enjoyment. Even Mr. Fleagle stopped two or three times t

15、o hold back a small prim smile.I did my best to avoid showing pleasure,but what I was feeling was pure delight at this demonstration that my words had the power to make people laugh. In the eleventh grade, at the eleventh hour as it were, I had discovered a calling. It was the happiest moment of my

16、entire school career.When Mr. Fleagle finished he put the final seal on my happiness by saying. Now that, boys, is an essay, dont you see. Its dont you see its of the very essence of the essay, dont you see. Congratulations, Mr. Baker.”这篇记叙文是以时间顺序来叙述的。文章主要讲的是写作的精髓在于写自己喜欢写的东西。文章叙述了主人公贝克对所有与英语课有关的东西感到

17、厌烦，包括短文写作。(第一、第二自然段)接着贝克被一个特别的作文题目所吸引，决定为了自己高兴而写。(第三至第五自然段)最后这个写作的经历帮助他发现自己的写作天赋并意识到他今后希望从事的工作是什么。(第六至九自然段)请注意学习文章中出现的一些记叙文的写作技巧：细节的选择、重复、连贯等。例：A Friend in NeedSomerset MaughamFor thirty years now I have been studying my fellowmen. I do not know very much about them. I shrug my shoulders when people

18、 tell me that their first impressions of a person are always right. I think they must have small insight or great vanity. For my ownpart I find that the longer I know people the more they puzzle me.These reflections have occurred to me because I read in this mornings paper that Edward Hyde Burton ha

19、d died at Kobe. He was a merchant and he had been in business in Japan for many years. I knew him very little,but he interested me because once he gave me a great surprise. Unless I had heard the story from his own lips, I should never have believed that he was capable of such an action. It was more

20、 startling because both in appearance and manner he suggested a very definite type. Here if ever was a man all of a piece. He was a tiny little fellow, not much more than five feet four in height,and very slender, with white hair, a red face much wrinkled, and blue eyes. I suppose he was about sixty

21、 when I knew him. He was always neatly and quietly dressed in accordance with his age and station.Though his offices were in Kobe, Burton often came down to Yokohama. I happened on one occasion to be spending a few days there, waiting for a ship, and I was introduced to him at the British Club. We p

22、layed bridge together.He played a good game and a generous one.He did not talk very much, either then or later when we were having drinks, but what he said was sensible. He had a quiet,dry humour. He seemed to be popular at the club and afterwards, when he had gone, they described him as one of the

23、best. It happened that we were both staying at the Grand Hotel and next day he asked me to dine with him.I met his wife, fat, elderly, and smiling, and his two daughters. It was evidently a united and affectionate family. I think the thing very pleasing in his mild blue eyes.His voice was gentle; yo

24、u could not imagine that he could possible raise it in anger; his smile was benign. Here was a man who attracted you because you felt in him a real love for his fellows.At the same time he liked his game of cards and his cocktail, he could tell with point a good and spicy story, and in his youth he

25、had been something of an athlete. He was a rich man and he had madeevery penny himself. I suppose one thing that made you like him was that he was so small and frail;he aroused your instincts of protection.You felt that he could not bear to hurt a fly.One afternoon I was sitting in the lounge of the

26、 Grand Hotel when Burton came in and seated himself in the chair next to mine.“What do you say to a little drink?”He clapped his hands for a boy and ordered two gin fizzes. As the boy brought them a man passed along the street outside and seeing me waved his hand.“Do you know Turner?said Burton as I

27、 nodded a greeting.“Ive met him at the club.Im told hes aremittance man.”“Yes, I believe he is. We have a good many here.”“He plays bridge well.”“They generally do. There was a fellow here last year, oddly enough a namesake of mine,who was the best bridge player I ever met. I suppose you never came

28、cross him in London.Lenny Burton he called himself.I believe hed belonged to some very good clubs.”“No,I dont believe I remember the name.”“He was quite a remarkable player.He seemed to have an instinct about the cards. It was uncanny. I used to play with him a lot.He was in Kobe for some time.”Burt

29、on sipped his gin fizz.“Its rather a funny story,” he said. “He wasnt a bad chap. I liked him.He was always well-dressed and smart-looking.He was handsome in a way with curly hair and pink-and-white cheeks. Women thought a lot of him. There was no harm in him, you know,he was only wild. Of course he

30、 drank too much. Those sorts of fellows always do. A bit of money used to come on for him once a quarter and he made a bit more by card-playing. He won a good deal of mine, I know that.”Burton gave a kindly chuckle. I knew from my own experience that he could lose money at bridge with a good grace.

31、He stroked his shaven chin with his thinhand; the veins stood out on it and it was almost transparent.“I suppose that is why he came to me when he went broke, that and the fact that he was a namesake of mine.He came to see me in my office one day and asked me for a job. I was rather surprised.” He t

32、old me that there was no more money coming from home and he wanted to work. I asked him how old he was.“Thirty-five,he said.“And what have you been doing hitherto?”I asked him.“Well, nothing very much,” he said.I couldnt help laughing. “Im afraid I cant do anything for you just yet,” I said. “Come b

33、ack and see me in another thirty-five years, and Ill see what I can do.”He didnt move. He went rather pale. He hesitated for a moment and then he told me that he had had bad luck at cards for some time. He hadnt been willing to stick to bridge, hed been playing poker, and hed got trimmed. He hadnt a

34、 penny. Hed pawned everything he had. He couldnt pay his hotel bill and they wouldnt give him any more credit. He was down and out.If he couldnt get something to do hed have to commit suicide.I looked him for a bit. I could see now that he was all to pieces. Hed been drinking more than usual and he

35、looked fifty. The girls wouldnt have thought so much of him if they d seen him then.“Well isnt there anything you can do except playcards?”I asked him.“I can swim,”he said.“Swim!”I could hardly believe my ears; it seemed such an insane answer to give.“I swam for my university.”I got something glimme

36、ring of what he was driving at. Ive known too many men who were little tin gods at their university to be impressed by it.“I was a pretty good swimmer myself when I wasa young man,I said.Suddenly I had an idea.Pausing in his story, Burton turned to me.“Do you know Kobe? he asked.“No,”I said, “I pass

37、ed through it once, but I only spent a night there.”“Then you dont know the Shioya Club.When I was a young man I swam from there round the beacon and landed at the creek of Tarumi.Its over three miles and its rather difficult on account of the currents round the beacon. Well, I told my young namesak

38、e about it and I said to him that if hed do it Id give him a job.I could see he was rather taken aback.“You say you are a swimmer,I said.“Im not in very good condition,he answered. I didnt say anything.I shrugged my shoulders. He looked at me for a moment and then he nodded.“All right,” he said. “Wh

39、en do you want me to do it?”I looked at my watch.It was just after ten.“The swim shouldnt take you much over an hour and a quarter. Ill drive round to the creek at half past twelve and meet you. Ill take you back to the club to dress and then well have lunch together.”“Done,he said.We shook hands. I

40、 wished him good luck and he left me.I had a lot of work to do that morning and I only just managed to get to the creek at Tarumi at half past twelve. But I neednt have hurried; he never turned up.“Did he funk it at the last moment?I asked.“No,he didnt funk it.He started all right. But of course hed

41、 ruined his constitution by drink and dissipation. The currents round the beacon were more than he could manage. We didnt get the body for about three days.”I didnt say anything fot a moment of two.I was a trifle shocked. Then I asked Burton a question.“When you made him that offer of a job, did you

42、know hed be drowned?”He gave a little mild chuckle and he looked at me with those kind and candid blue eyes of his. He rubbed his chin with his hand.“Well, I hadnt got a vacancy in my office at the moment.”从题目来看，大多数人都会认为这是一篇讲述友谊的文章。然而当我们读完这篇文章后，我们会发现一个与我们的判断截然不同的结果。那就是一个看似友好善良的人变成了冷血残忍的恶魔。全文用了插叙的叙述手

43、法，多次出现细节的描写以及人物心理活动的刻画。直接引语及对比的写作技巧在本文中也尤其突出。还可以注意学习这种出乎读者意料之外的结局更能给人留下深刻的印象，耐人寻味。二、描写文(Description)描写文是以描写的表现手法来描述和刻画人物、事件、景物、地点等内容，表达其形态、性质和特点的一种文体。描写文根据描写对象的不同可分为人物描写、事物描写和景物描写等；根据写作目的和题材，以及作者态度的不同还可分为主观描写和客观描写两种。描写文常用于文学作品中，如小说、戏剧、故事等。客观描写多用于科技、学术、调查研究等领域中，如论文写作、实验报告等。主观描写则在小说、故事、日记等形式中较为常见。由于描写

44、这种表现手法能帮助作者更为生动形象、具体详尽地说明和表达问题，因此也被广泛用于记叙、说明和议论等其他文体中。描写时，在内容上要选材科学、分清主次、抓住重点、主题明确。语言上要具体生动，避免使用模糊、模棱两可的词语和修辞。例：On the BallRoger AngellIt weighs just over five ounces and measures between 2.86 and 2.94 inches in diameter.It is made of a composition cork nucleus encased in two thin layers of rubber,o

45、ne black and one red, surrounded by 121 yards of tightly wrapped blue-gray wool yarn, 45 yards of white wool yarn, 53 more yards of blue-graywool yarn, 150 yards of fine cotton yarn, a coat of rubber cement,and a cowhide (formerly horsehide) exterior, which is held together with 216 slightly raised

46、red cotton stitches. Printed certifications,endorsements, and outdoor advertising spherically attest to its authenticity. Like most institutions, it is considered inferior in its present form to its ancient archetypes, and in this case the complaint is probably justified; on occasion in recent years

47、 it has actually been known to come apart under the demands of its brief but rigorous active career. Baseballs areassembled and hand-stitched in Taiwan (before this year the work was done in Haiti, and before 1973 in Chicopee, Massachusetts), and contemporary pitchers claim that there is a tangible

48、variation in the size and feel of the balls that now come into play in a single game; a true peewee is treasured by hurlers, and its departure from the premises, by fair means or foul,is secretly mourned. But never mind: any baseball is beautiful. No other small package comes as close to the ideal i

49、n design and utility.It is a perfect object for a mans hand. Pick it up and it instantly suggests its purpose; it is meant to be thrown a considerable distance thrown hard and with precision. Its feel and heft are the beginning of the sports critical dimensions; if it were a fraction of an inch larger or smaller, a few centigrams heavie