专四作文讲义精要.docx

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1、专四作文讲义精要 第一篇：专四作文讲义精要 专四作文讲义精要 大作文 一， 作文基本框架： 开头段落3-4句 中间段落结构：观点句1+paraphrase+例证 观点句2+paraphrase+例证 观点句3+paraphrase+例证 结尾段落：结尾客套句 + 结尾总结句 + 结尾延长句 二， 各部分框架常用模板： l 开头段：现象引入句 + 他人观点对比句 + 自己主题句 句型总结： 1 引入句： Nowadays, it is a heatedly discussed topic that When asked about Recently, there is a general deb

2、ate on whether Should ? Opinions to this attitude vary greatly from person to person. There is no denying the fact that The 年头 saw an unprecedented tide of . As more people focus on sth has begun to draw more and more attention from the public. In recent years, This phenomenon has become a subject o

3、f widespread controversy. 2 他人观点对比句： The majority of people believe that while others regard that A number people claim that while some others argue that 3 说明自己立场句： Weighing up these two arguments, I am in favor of For my part, As for me, I am in favor of the view that Personally, l 中间段落进展句型： 1 阐释缘由

4、句型： 现象缘由组合句： The latest surveys indicate that . There are several reasons accounting for this occurrence. For one thing,. For another,. In addition, . 单独说明缘由句： . for the simplest reason that Due to . 2 引出理由或者论据句: The reasons for my views mainly lie in the following aspects. There exist certain facto

5、rs accounting for my views. 3 举例论证说明句： There are numerous examples supporting this argument. , is a typical example of A good case in point is A good example to illustrate is. For another example, . 4 说明好处或影响 4.1 引出好处或影响： Undoubtedly, can benefit a lot from No doubt, have brought us great convenienc

6、e and pleasure. It is obvious that . is favorable to 4.2 列举好处或影响： It provides more people with. It/They broaden and cultivate their. Moreover, tends to bring some unexpected surprise, such as Besides, it helps strengthen and enhance 5 说明危害 5.1 引出危害： have brought about considerable negative effects o

7、n bring great harm to However, the use of is extremely harmful in many ways. are likely to lead to very serious results. It suffers from the disadvantage that 5.2 列举危害： puts a heaven burden on too much, which is unfavorable to which migh mislead which brings more difficulties for not only work again

8、st other interests but also does harm to himself. Even worse, might lose control of have killed , destroyed., and wiped out . If ., will suffer great losses and might lose , which in turn influence. are so induldged in that. are so addicted to. That l 结尾段落句型 结尾客套句 + 结尾总结句 + 结尾延长句 结尾客套句： From what ha

9、s been discussed above，we may reasonably arrived at the conclusion that. Taking into account all these factors，we may reasonably arrived at the conclusion that. Judging from all evidence offered，we may reasonably arrived at the conclusion that. 结尾总结句： 对首段结尾主题句的paraphrase (略) 结尾延长句： 1 说明方法或者建议句： 1.1

10、引出方法 But then how to. The following measures can be taken to . Therefore, its high time that we took effective measures to Considering the seriousness of the problem, it is necessary that we college students. 1.2 具体阐述方法和建议 First, . should., which is the precondition of. Second, . is an effective way

11、 to. In addition, is indispensable to Besides, more. should be trained and more. should be built up so as to. To is not an easy task. And it requires the concerted efforts of all. There is no immediate solution to the problem of. But might be quite helpful and beneficial. No easy method can solve th

12、e prolem of.in short time. But the . might be the first step on the right way. 2 警示句： If we ignore the problem, it is very likely that No doubt, if we cant change/control/improve the situation, there is every chance that . We must search for a quick action, because the current situation of , if perm

13、itted to continue, will surely lead to the end/heavy cost of Therefore, is not a necessity, but a must. 便条 1 熟记格式和扣分点 日期写法： 月份写法：除 五、 六、七月外，均可用简写： Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec. 日期最一般的写法是： “月，日基数，年 例Dec. 15, 2003 若有星期则加在最前面 称呼写法： 对确定社会距离，不熟识的人： Dear Madam, Dear Sir, Dear Presi

14、dent, Dear Mr.Smith 对相识的人： Dear Shirley 结尾客套语： 和正文隔开1-2行 位置偏右 后加逗号 礼貌程度： 正式的：Faithfully yours, Truly yours, 一般状况： Yours, 卷面布局： 向右靠：时间，结尾客套语，署名 向左靠：称呼 中心：建议段首空四个字符，两端对齐 结尾客套语和署名不能写在同一行 2 各个应用功能 2.1邀请，拒绝，建议， 2.2庆贺，劝慰，询问 2.3致歉，致谢，请求 2.4通知，广告，启事 2.5请假，留言，举荐 练习原则：娴熟把握每种便条的固定内容和句型。不犯低级拼法错误和语法失误。 其次篇：专四作文

15、1. SECTION ACOMPOSITION At present, people become more cautious when they meet strangers, let alone to help them. Trust between person is at stake. Offer your idea about such a phenomenon and your suggestions to make a change. On Aiding Strangers SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING You are invited to attend a fr

16、iends birthday party. Write a note to your friend, Mike, explaining briefly why you cannot take part in it and give him your best wishes. 2. SECTION ACOMPOSITION Nowadays Internet is revolutinizing our globe and greatly facilitating our modern life. As a matter of fact, we can do almost everything o

17、n the Net, including shopping. However, people take different attitudes towards the new way of shopping. What do you think of it? Shopping on the Net SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING Emersons paper ranks on the top and earns fame for the English department. Write a note to him on behalf of the department, exp

18、ressing the appreciation and good wishes to him. 3. SECTION ACOMPOSITION It is a popular phenomenon that nowadays some houses in China are labeled with foreign names and some traditional Chinese houses are demolished for the new foreign ones. Analyzing the possible reasons and the consequences of su

19、ch a phenomenon. Foreign Names for Chinese Houses SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING You just got recovered from illness. Write a note to your partner, Jason, expressing your appreciation to his care and great help. 4. SECTION ACOMPOSITION Job-hunting is a tough challenge to the graduates. Someone says graduati

20、on means the coming of unemployment. Provide your opinion on such a phenomenon and give some advice for such a dilemma. Graduation, Synonym of Unemployment? SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING You have got in trouble in your computer installment. Write a note to your friend, Roger, describe briefly what it is an

21、d ask him to give you a hand. 5. SECTION ACOMPOSITION Now many universities are asking their students to evaluate their teachers. Many students are excited at this, but some teachers seem to hold different opinions. Whats your opinion? Should Teachers Be Evaluated by Students? SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING

22、 A College English Speech Contest is to be held in the city. You want to take part in it. Write a note to Mr. Brown, inquiring the details about the contest and procedure. 6. SECTION ACOMPOSITION Career planning is an important step for graduates, and it is of great importance. Offer your idea about

23、 it. Some of the tips and potential flaws must be included in your composition. Career Planning SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING Your friend Steven has been enrolled by Yale University. Write a note to congratulate him, expressing your happiness and admiration for him. 7. SECTION ACOMPOSITION Nowadays tourism

24、 is more and more indispensable to peoples life. But which way is a better choice: joining package tour or travelling on your own? Which Do You Prefer: Joining Package Tours or Travelling on Your Own? SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING Your friend just failed in a contest and was very sad. Write a note to your

25、friend, Allan, comforting and encouraging him not to lose heart and make further success. 8. SECTION ACOMPOSITION A scholars professional ethics is essential to his career and in a sense determines his contribution to the public. What does the professional ethics really mean, and what is its importa

26、nce to a scholar? My Idea of Professional Ethics for a Scholar SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING You are informed that your friend Lily has failed her final examination and is very frustrated now. Write a note to Lily, offering some suggestions and try to cheer her up. 9. SECTION ACOMPOSITION Some people argue

27、 that athletes, while playing games, should adhere to the principle “Friendship first, competition second, but others are against this view. They think that “Playing a game is fun when you win. What is your opinion? Playing a game is fun when you win SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING You have found a book in t

28、he dining hall; write a “Lost and Found note. 10. SECTION ACOMPOSITION More and more adult students are renting flats to live away from campus, and some of them are students lovers. Some students think it unacceptable, but others think it OK. Whats your opinion? On Cohabitation of Student Lovers SEC

29、TION BNOTE-WRTITING Write a note to Tom to invite him to see a film with you. 11. SECTION ACOMPOSITION Under the one-child policy carried out in China, the “one generation born between 1978 and 1985 has grown up. Directly affected by the family planning policy of China, whether they feel any lonelin

30、ess as the only child of the families is being discussed. Does the Only Child Feel Lonely? SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING Write a “Thank you letter to Mr. Smith for his recommendation of your competence to the manager of the Medical Company. 12. SECTION ACOMPOSITION Many universities oblige the students to

31、attend the spoken English test. What is your opinion? Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING The heating system in the hotel where you live didnt work well last night. Write to the manager to complain about this. 第三篇：合同法精要讲义7 第七节合同的权利义务终止 一、合同权利义务终止的概念、情形 合同的权利义务终止，也叫合同的终止，是指当

32、事人双方终止合同关系，合同确立的 当事人之间的权利义务关系歼灭。合同终止也歼灭了合同的附随关系，如担保关系等。但是 基于合同履行的恳切信誉原则而产生的当事人的法定义务通知、关心、保密，尤其是保 密义务并不因合同终止而歼灭。这些义务具有法定的持续性，也就是我们前面讲到的后合同 义务。并且，“合同的权利义务终止，不影响合同中结算和清理条款的效力。第98条 合同法第91条规定：“有以下情形之一的，合同的权利义务终止： 一债务已经依据 商定履行。债务履行，合同确定的权利义务关系结束，合同目的实现，合同自然也就歼灭了； 二合同解除； 三债务互相抵销； 四债务人依法将标的物提存； 五债权人免除 债务； 六

33、债权债务同归于一人； 七法律规定或者当事人商定终止的其他情形。这些 情形可分为两类缘由，一是基于当事人的意思表示的终止。如免除债务、协议解除。二是基 于合同目的终止，如履行完毕、混同、提存等。 二、合同解除第93条至第98条 一合同解除的概念、形式 合同解除，是指合同有效成立后，因当事人双方的协议或一方的意思表示，使合同的 权利义务终止的行为。 合同的解除有两种形式，一是协议解除；二是法定解除。 1、协议解除 协议解除是指当事人通过协商一样解除合同关系。这是合同自愿原则在合同终止时的一 种表达。合同法第93条规定：“当事人协商一样，可以解除合同。当事人可以商定一方解除合同的条件。解除合同的条件

34、成就时，解除权人可以解除合 同。 第一款规定的形式也称为事后协商解除。运用这种形式解除合同，当事人协商时，应 当就解除合同后的责任与损失的分担等内容一并协商。其次款规定的形式也称商定解除。使 用这种形式解除合同，在商定条件时，应留意与违约责任和补救措施联系在一起。 2、法定解除 法定解除是指合同成立后，在没有履行或没有完全履行之前，当事人一方行使法定解 除权而使合同权利义务终止的行为。法定解除，是法律给予当事人一种选择权，即当守约的 一方当事人认为解除合同对他有利时，即可通过行使解除权而终止合同关系。 合同法第94条规定：“有以下情形之一的，当事人可以解除合同： 一因不行抗力致使不能实现合同目

35、的； 二在履行期限届满之前，当事人一方明确表示或者以自己的行为说明不履行主要债务； 三当事人一方拖延履行主要债务，经催告后在合理期限内仍未履行这里“主要债务应考虑时间对合同的重要性，如季节性商品； 四当事人一方拖延履行债务或者有其他违约行为，致使不能实现合同目的其他违约行为如经修理、更换后货物仍不能符合要求； 五法律规定的其他情形。可见，只有在发生不行抗力或者一方当事人严峻违约、根本违约，导致不能实现合同目的的情形下，另一方当事人才享有合同解除权。假如只是一般违约，另一方当事人并不享有合同解除权，而只能要求担当违约责任。 二合同解除权的行使期限 合同法第95条规定：“法律规定或者当事人商定解除

36、权行使期限，期限届满当事人不行使的，该权利歼灭。法律没有规定或者当事人没有商定解除权行使期限，经对方催告后在合理期限内不行使的，该权利歼灭。 合同解除权的行使期限适用于协议解除和法定解除两种情形。根据本条规定，合同解除权行使期限有三种情形： 1、法定期限。即由法律干脆规定的合同解除权行使期限。目前可能还没有这样的合同 2、商定期限。即当事人在合同中可以商定当出现解除事由时，行使解除权的时间界限。 3、合理期限。即在法律没有规定，当事人也没有商定行使期限时，对方可以催告享有解除权的一方作出表示。若在被对方催告后确定期限内不行使的，该权利歼灭。 总之，期限届满，当事人不解除的，便不能再单方解除合同

37、。假如没有期限规定，当事人不刚好行使解除权，将影响当事人权利义务关系的确实定，使经济秩序发生混乱，这样的后果不符合合同法的立法目的。 三合同解除的程序 合同解除的形式不一样，所需的程序也不一样。 1、协商一样。 2、通知。合同法第96条第一款规定：“当事人一方按照本法第93条其次款、第94条的规定主见解除合同的，应当通知对方。合同自通知到达对方时解除。但当事人解除合同的行为是否正确呢？“对方有异议的，可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构确认解除合同的效力。 3、不管是协商一样解除还是通知解除，假如“法律、行政法规规定解除合同应当办理批准、登记等手续的，按照其规定。也就是还要办理批准、登记等手续。 四合

38、同解除的法律后果 1、合同解除后，尚未履行的，终止履行。 2、已经履行的，根据履行状况和合同性质，当事人可以要求复原原状、实行其他补救措施，并有权要求赔偿损失。 复原原状。如返还标的物、取回货款等。 实行补救措施。如建筑工程合同、技术开发合同无法复原原状，当事人可以要求实行其他措施赐予补偿。 赔偿损失。合同解除后，守约的一方当事人可能会造成确定的损失。因此，当事人可以要求赔偿损失。民法通则第115条也如此规定 这些后果适用于合同解除的全部七种情形。 合同法中的责任有多种，有订约过错责任；合同无效的责任；合同解除的责任；违约责任。这些责任性质不同责任形式也不同，订约过错责任的形式就是赔偿；合同无

39、效的责任有返还财产、折价补偿、赔偿损失、追缴财产；合同解除的责任有复原原状、实行其他补救措施、赔偿损失；违约责任有接着履行、实行补救措施、赔偿损失、支付违约金、定金罚则、价格制裁。 三、债务的抵销 债务抵销是指在当事人互相负有债务的状况下，依据法律规定或当事人协议，在对等的前提下，都不再履行债务的行为。债务抵销分为法定抵销和协议抵销。 一法定抵销 法定抵销是指法律规定构成条件，当条件具备时，依据当事人一方的意思表示即可发生的抵销。合同法第99条规定：“当事人互负到期债务，该债务的标的物种类、品质相同的，任何一方可以将自己的债务与对方的债务抵销，但按照法律规定或者依据合同性质不得抵销的除外。当事

40、人主见抵销的，应当通知对方。通知自到达对方时生效。抵销不得附条件或者期限。 1、法定抵销的条件 当事人互负债务。且债务要合法。 债务已到期。若不到期就主见抵销的话，等于是强制债务人在期限届满前履行债务。 债务的标的物种类、品质相同。这样抵销后不会影响到合同目的。若非如此，可能 会影响到当事人的某种特定目的。 债务必需是可以用于抵销。法律规定不得抵销的，不能主见抵销。如劳动者给用人单位造成损失，用人单位可以扣工资，但扣工资不能超过20%，剩余部分不能低于最低工资。依据合同性质不得抵销的，也不得抵销。如供应劳务的债务，供应技术服务的债务。 2、法定抵销的程序 法定抵销的程序就是通知，主见抵销的一方

41、应通知对方。通知到达对方时生效。 抵销不能附条件或期限，因为在条件成就前或期限届满前，会使债权、债务处于不稳定状态。 二协议抵销 合同法第100条规定：“当事人互负债务，标的物种类、品质不相同的，经双方协商一样，也可以抵销。协议抵销的唯一条件就是“双方协商一样。但也要是可以抵销的，法律规定或合同商定不得抵销的，也不得抵销。括号里的话不愿定正确，因为当事人在合同中商定是商定，到后来协议抵销也是商定，而且是反映了双方最近的意愿，这种新的意思表示应比合同中的商定优先。当然法律规定不得抵销的不得抵销。 四、提存 一提存的概念、情形 提存是由于债权人的缘由而使债务人无法向其交付合同标的物时，债务人将标的

42、物交给提存机关，而使合同权利义务终止的制度。债务的履行往往需要债权人的关心和协作，假如债权人不协作、关心，就会使债务人无法向其履行债务，使债务不能歼灭，债务人不得不随时准备履行，或许会无限期等待下去，从而给债务人造成不应有的损失。这明显不利于交易的进行，也违背了公允原则，法律规定提存制度，就是兼顾了债务人和债权人双方的利益。适于提存的情形有： 1、债权人无正值理由拒绝受领。即债权人不协作。如仓储合同期满，仓单持有人不提取仓储物，管理人应催告其在合理期限内提取，逾期不提取的，管理人可以提存。 2、债权人下落不明。即找不到履行对象，其财产也无人代管。 3、债权人死亡未确定继承人或者丢失行为实力未确定监护人。即债权人的遗产未确定新的全部人，或丢失行为实力的人的财产没有合法的管理人。债务人无法交付。 4、法律规定的其他情形。如担保法第49条、第70条、第77条、第78条、第80条规定的提存。即转让抵押物、质物、质押权利的价款可以提前清偿抵押权人、质权人，也可以向与债权人商定的第三人提存。 但提存也有一些限制，即标的物不适于提存或者提存费用过高的，债务人依法可以拍卖或者变卖标的物，提存所得的价款。如鲜活商品即不适于提存。提存公证规则规定：“六个月的保管费用超过物品价值5%的，视为提存费用过高。 合同法第101条规