人机工程与绿色设计11160.pptx
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1、Product DesignErgonomicsergon(work)+nomos(laws)=ErgonomicErgonomics General Ergonomics is the science of fitting jobs to people.The discipline encompasses a body of knowledge about physical abilities and limitations as well as other human characteristics that are relevant to job design.Essentially,e
2、rgonomics is the relationship between the worker and the job and focuses on the design of work areas to enhance job performance.Ergonomics can help prevent injuries and limit secondary injuries as well as accommodate individuals with various disabilities,including those with musculoskeletal disorder
3、s(MSDs).Discipline Ergonomics Ergonomics(or human factors)is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system,and the profession that applies theory,principles,data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and o
4、verall system performance.(according International Ergonomics Association 2009)Figure 1.1 A simple work system.People interact with machines to turn inputs into outputs.System capacity refers to amount of input that can be processed over time.Productivity refers to the ratio of outputs to inputs.Eff
5、icient systems minimise by-products of all kinds(E=local environment,M=machine,H=human operator).Five Aspects of Ergonomics Safety-Medicine bottles:The print on them could be larger so that a sick person who may have bad vision(due to sinuses,etc.)can more easily see the dosages and label.Ergonomics
6、 could design the print style,color and size for optimal viewing.Comfort-Alarm clock display:Some displays are harshly bright,drawing one s eye to the light when surroundings are dark.Ergonomic principles could re-design this based on contrast principles.Ease of use-Street Signs:In a strange area,ma
7、ny times it is difficult to spot street signs.This could be addressed with the principles of visual detection in ergonomics.Five aspects of ergonomics Productivity/performance-HD TV:The sound on HD TV is much lower than regular TV.So when you switch from HD to regular,the volume increases dramatical
8、ly.Ergonomics recognizes that this difference in decibel level creates a difference in loudness and hurts human ears and this could be solved by evening out the decibel levels.Aesthetics-the look and feel of the object,the user experience.History Ancient Greece-Hellenic civilization in the 5th centu
9、ry BC used ergonomic principles in the design of their tools,jobs,and workplaces.Hippocrates gave described how a surgeons workplace should be designed Wojciech Jastrzbowski(polish biologist)first used the word“ergonomics”in his 1857 article Rys ergonomji czyli nauki o pracy,opartej na prawdach pocz
10、erpnitych z Nauki Przyrody(The Outline of Ergonomics,i.e.Science of Work,Based on the Truths Taken from the Natural Science).Frederick Winslow Taylor pioneered the Scientific Management method,which proposed a way to find the optimum method for carrying out a given task in the early 19th century.Fra
11、nk and Lillian Gilbreth expanded Taylors methods in the early 1900s to develop Time and Motion Studies.They aimed to improve efficiency by eliminating unnecessary steps and actions which increase the bricklayer s productivity from 120 to 350 bricks per hour.World War II marked the development of new
12、 and complex machines and weaponry,It was observed that fully functional aircraft,flown by the best-trained pilots,still crashed.In 1943,Alphonse Chapanis,a lieutenant in the U.S.Army,showed that this so-called pilot error could be greatly reduced when more logical and differentiable controls replac
13、ed confusing designs in airplane cockpits.History In the decades since the war,ergonomics has continued to flourish and diversify.The Space Age created new human factors issues such as weightlessness and extreme g-forces.The dawn of the Information Age has resulted in the new ergonomics field of hum
14、an-computer interaction(HCI).Likewise,the growing demand for and competition among consumer goods and electronics has resulted in human factors in product design.Domains Physical ergonomics:is concerned with human anatomical,anthropometric,physiological and biomechanical characteristics as they rela
15、te to physical activity.(working postures,materials handling,repetitive movements,work related musculoskeletal disorders etc.)Ergonomic Multilock Office Air Mesh Series Desk Chair-W81 Cognitive ergonomics:is concerned with mental processes,such as perception,memory,reasoning,and motor response,as th
16、ey affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.(mental workload,decision-making,skilled performance,human-computer interaction,human reliability etc.)Theoretical Framework for HCI Organizational ergonomics:is concerned with the optimization of sociotechnical systems,including the
17、ir organizational structures,policies,and processes.(Relevant topics include communication,work design,design of working times,participatory design,community ergonomics,cooperative work etc.)ApplicationSEATING AND POSTURE FOR TYPICAL OFFICE TASKS1 SEAT BACK ADJUSTABILTY2 GOOD LUMBAR SUPPORT3 SEAT HE
18、IGHT ADJUSTABILITY4 NO EXCESS PRESSURE ON UNDERSIDE OF THIGHS AND BACKS OF KNEES5 FOOT SUPPORT IF NEEDED6 SPACE FOR POSTURAL CHANGE,NO OBSTACLES UNDER DESK7 FOREARMS APPROXIMATELY HORIZONTAL8 MINIMAL EXTENSION,FLEXION OR DEVIATION OF WRISTS9 SCREEN HEIGHT AND ANGLE SHOULD ALLOW COMFORTABLE HEAD POSI
19、TION10 SPACE IN FRONT OF KEYBOARD TO SUPPORT HANDS/WRISTS DURING PAUSES IN KEYINGErgonomics in the workplace Ergonomics is the science of designing the job,equipment,and workplace to fit the worker.Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries,which can develop over time
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