英语专业四级考试写作.pptx

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1、会计学 1英语专业四级考试写作一、专四写作简介n n 1、形式与要求n n 作文:议论文,说明文,记叙文.根据所给的作文题目,提纲或图表等,在35 分钟之内,完成200 字左右的作文n n 要求:切题,完整,条理清楚,结构严谨,语法正确,语言通顺,表达得体.n n 便条:简单的应用文.根据所给提示,在10分钟内,完成50-60 字的便条,通知,请贴等.n n 要求:格式正确,语言得体.第1 页/共41 页2、命题特点与写作题型第2 页/共41 页（1）历年大作文命题方式与特点年份 主题题目 题材 题型 体裁1995 大学生打工利弊 学生业余生活 利弊比较 议论文1996 大学与中学生活的不同学

2、生生活 对比说明 说明文1997 专业学习压力利弊 学生学习 观点议论 议论文1998 一种解决城市空气污染的办法环境 提出建议 说明文1999 电视广告的利弊 社会现象 利弊讨论 议论文2000 课外活动的重要性 学生生活 观点说明 说明文2001 旅游开阔人的视野 大众生活 观点说明 说明文2002 保持健康的最好方法 大众生活 提出建议 说明文2003 保持好心情的重要性 大众生活 观点说明 说明文2004 电话是否会代替写信 社会现象 观点讨论 议论文2005 为艺术节提建议 校园文化生活 提出建议 说明文2006 有人认为存钱是好习惯,有人认为今天要花明天的钱,你的观点?社会现象 观

3、点讨论 议论文2007 网上交友明智吗 社会现象 观点讨论 议论文2008 志愿者在工作中的好处大众生活 观点说明 议论文2009 旅游业是否对环境有害社会现象 观点讨论 议论文第3 页/共41 页（2）便条写作命题方式与特点年份 主题题目 体裁 题材1995 自行车出售 告示 学生日常生活中发生的事情1996 祝贺同学演讲获奖 祝贺1997 为没邀请人而道歉 道歉1998 入场券转让 留言1999 安慰病人 安慰2000 留言劝说应聘 劝说2001 爽约道歉 道歉2002 询问所转让随身听的情况留言2003 婉拒晚会邀请 婉拒2004 对同学考试失利安慰 安慰2005 邀请参加音乐会 邀请2

4、006 请求加入索要信息 请求2007 婉拒加入游泳俱乐部 婉拒2008 跟同学订阅英语报纸提建议建议2009 向同学推荐家教 劝说第4 页/共41 页3.评分标准n n 作文：作文：n n 三个原则 三个原则n n 整体评分法 整体评分法,给出归档分 给出归档分,可以适当奖励或扣分 可以适当奖励或扣分n n 兼顾语言和内容两方面确定作文档次 兼顾语言和内容两方面确定作文档次 n n 分数要能正确反映学生实际写作水平 分数要能正确反映学生实际写作水平,避免分数趋中现象 避免分数趋中现象.应该有满分与零分 应该有满分与零分.n n 四个方面 四个方面n n 内容 内容(content):(con

5、tent):要求相关性好 要求相关性好.第一主题思想明确 第一主题思想明确,切题 切题.第二 第二,观点发展一致 观点发展一致,充分 充分.前者确保就论题有一明确 前者确保就论题有一明确的态度 的态度,不跑题 不跑题.后者保证是全文能充分围绕一个主题展开 后者保证是全文能充分围绕一个主题展开,无不相关信息 无不相关信息.n n 组织要求 组织要求(organization):(organization):要求全文有合理的结构 要求全文有合理的结构,能够使用衔接手段使行文连贯 能够使用衔接手段使行文连贯,尤其注意对结构的规定 尤其注意对结构的规定.n n 语言要求 语言要求(grammar):(

6、grammar):要求文字通顺 要求文字通顺,语法正确 语法正确.低级的语言错误是行文的致命伤 低级的语言错误是行文的致命伤.n n 文体要求 文体要求(appropriateness):(appropriateness):要求兼顾论题 要求兼顾论题,情景和读者因素 情景和读者因素,选择正式的 选择正式的,非正式的 非正式的,亲昵的或者是文学性的 亲昵的或者是文学性的用词 用词,句式 句式,时态 时态,语态 语态,指示方法来写作 指示方法来写作.第5 页/共41 页五个档次档次标准总体描述分项解读内容 组织 语言 文体15-13Effective communication with accu

7、racies观点明确，切题，论证充分结构非常符合逻辑基本无语言错误非常得当12-10Good communication with a few inaccuracies有观点，切题，有论证结构合理，信息连贯少量、不严重的语言错误尚可9-7Passable communication with some inaccuracies基本切题，内容偶有不相关，或缺乏论证结构尚可，有些地方思路不清语言错误较多，且有些影响了意义表达大部分地方尚可6-4Problemic communication with frequent inaccuracies有很多地方相关性差，前后不一致，缺乏论据有结构，很多地方

8、思路不清比较多的较严重的语言错误几乎无文体性可言3-0 Almost no communications看不出观点，不切题无组织结构和连贯可言几乎所有的句子都有错误，且多为严重错误无文体性可言第6 页/共41 页n n 便条：便条：n n（1 1）格式）格式3 3 分：分：包括日期，称呼和结尾三部分，各占一分。其中每一部分由 包括日期，称呼和结尾三部分，各占一分。其中每一部分由“正确写法 正确写法“与 与“正确位置 正确位置”组成，各占 组成，各占0.5 0.5 分 分.n n March 13,2010 March 13,2010n n Dear Mike,Dear Mike,n n!n n

9、 Yours(Sincerely),Yours(Sincerely),n n Tom Tom第7 页/共41 页n n（2 2）内容与语言）内容与语言6 6 分，应包括：分，应包括：n n 情景描述 情景描述n n 邀请，道歉等具体的行为语言，如建议 邀请，道歉等具体的行为语言，如建议I strongly recommend that I strongly recommend thatn n 首句需要用自己正确的语言表达，照抄提示扣 首句需要用自己正确的语言表达，照抄提示扣1 1 分 分n n 语言表达较差（包括拼写和语法错误），扣 语言表达较差（包括拼写和语法错误），扣1-3 1-3 分 分

10、n n（3 3）语言得体性 语言得体性1 1 分：语言风格与情景不一致，扣 分：语言风格与情景不一致，扣1 1 分 分n n（4 4）评分总体要求）评分总体要求n n 语言没有严重错误，格式对，内容完整，语言得体，字数符合要求 语言没有严重错误，格式对，内容完整，语言得体，字数符合要求（40 40）,给 给9-10 9-10 分 分n n 要求 要求50-60 50-60 字 字(含格式三部分 含格式三部分),80),80 或 或40 40 扣 扣1 1 分 分第8 页/共41 页n n 评分：n n 格式是否正确3n n 字数是否符合 1n n 有言语行为吗 1-2n n 按要求解释原因了吗

11、1-2n n 句首照抄提示了吗1n n 语言得体吗，措辞是否符合两人的关系？1n n 有无严重的语言错误1-2第9 页/共41 页n n Directions:You have received an invitation from your friend,but you Directions:You have received an invitation from your friend,but you have already had some guests in your house.Please express the reason have already had some gues

12、ts in your house.Please express the reason you cant go clearly.Please write in about 60 words.you cant go clearly.Please write in about 60 words.n n n n April.6 April.6n n Dear Lucy Dear Lucyn n I do I do apology apology for have to send this letter about Saturday night.it is for have to send this l

13、etter about Saturday night.it is difficulty difficulty for me to for me to make choice make choice.I hope you know.I hope you know How How sorry sorry am I am I not not to be with you this to be with you this saturday saturday.Should I make a visit to you in my other.Should I make a visit to you in

14、my other spare time?spare time?n n Yours Respectfully Yours Respectfullyn n Jane Jane第10 页/共41 页二 写前准备n n 1 1 审清指令 审清指令n n（1 1）三大部分：（指示部分）三大部分：（指示部分）n n 情景提示 情景提示n n 论题介绍 论题介绍n n 组织安排 组织安排n n（2 2）八项要求：（分析部分）八项要求：（分析部分）n n 情景要求 情景要求n n 体裁要求 体裁要求n n 话题要求 话题要求n n 内容要求 内容要求n n 组织要求 组织要求n n 语言要求 语言要求n n

15、文体要求 文体要求n n 字数要求 字数要求第1 1 页/共41 页（3）具体过程n n SECTION A COMPOSITION 35 MIN SECTION A COMPOSITION 35 MINn n Tourism is a booming business in China.However,some people Tourism is a booming business in China.However,some people worry that too many tourists may bring harm to the environment,worry that to

16、o many tourists may bring harm to the environment,while others dont think so.What is your opinion?Write on while others dont think so.What is your opinion?Write on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:the fo

17、llowing topic:n n Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?n n You are to write in three parts.You are to write in three parts.In the first part,state specifically what your opinion is.In the first part,state specifically what your opinion is.In the secon

18、d part,provide one or two reasons to support your In the second part,provide one or two reasons to support your opinion.opinion.In the last part,bring what you have written to a natural conclusion In the last part,bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.or make a summar

19、y.n n Marks will be awarded for content,organization,grammar and Marks will be awarded for content,organization,grammar and appropriateness.Failure to follow the instructions may result in a appropriateness.Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.loss of marks.第12 页/共41 页n n

20、 准确把握论题：旅游业会给环境带来危害，旅游业不会给环境带来危害n n 正确判断体裁：议论文：确定论点后，提出1 到2 点加以论证，为什么会带来或者不会带来n n 决定合理的发展结构：n n 第一部分：明确的论点n n 第二部分：一到两个理由n n 第三部分：结论第13 页/共41 页n n 误区 误区1 1：n n 旅游业会给环境带来危害 旅游业会给环境带来危害n n 因此我们应该采取以下措施：因此我们应该采取以下措施：1 1。2 2。n n 只有做到以上，才能减少危害 只有做到以上，才能减少危害n n 误区 误区2 2：n n 旅游业不会给环境带来危害 旅游业不会给环境带来危害n n 因此

21、我们应该大力发展旅游业，很多好处 因此我们应该大力发展旅游业，很多好处1 1。2 2。n n 这些好处都是建立在不危害环境的基础之上的。这些好处都是建立在不危害环境的基础之上的。n n How to improve mental health How to improve mental health？第14 页/共41 页 2 确定体裁：以说明为主或者议论为主n n（1）说明文特征及题眼：对明确的观点进行阐述或者提出建议。实体说明文与事理说明文，前者介绍事物的特征，性状，成因或做事的程序，后者阐明事理。回答的常常是“是什么“，怎么样，为什么等问题，重点是告诉读者事情是如何发生的，以及事情发生的

22、原因。第15 页/共41 页1996 The main difference between my college life and my middle school life 比较说明：为新生介绍学校生活1998 One way to solve the pollution 方法介绍，好处说明2000 The importanceof extracurricular activities说明重要性2001 Travel broadens the mind 观点明确，回答how2002 The best way to stay healthy 建议一个方法2003 The importance

23、 of keeping a good mood说明重要性2005 My idea of a university arts festival 建议what 或how2008 The bebefits of volunteering 活动对本人的益处，回答what第16 页/共41 页n n（2）议论文特征及题眼n n 说明文往往观点非常明确，要求进一步阐述，而议论文要求考生提出是与非的观点。第17 页/共41 页1997 More pressure from academic studies does(or does not)good to us是或者不是为题眼2004 Will phones

24、 kill letter writing?2007 Is it wise to make friends online?2009 Will tourism bring harm to environment?第18 页/共41 页3 确定题目n n（1 1）三个注意事项）三个注意事项n n 命题作文必须有题目 命题作文必须有题目n n 题目书写一定要正确 题目书写一定要正确n n 除冠词，并列连词，介词以及助动词之外所有首字母大写，第一个单词，冒 除冠词，并列连词，介词以及助动词之外所有首字母大写，第一个单词，冒号后的单词不分词性一律首字母大写 号后的单词不分词性一律首字母大写n n 所有字母

25、大写可以避免上面因词性规定而可能出现的错误 所有字母大写可以避免上面因词性规定而可能出现的错误n n 题目和论题不一定相同 题目和论题不一定相同n n 如果出现 如果出现entitled entitled 这样的字眼（这样的字眼（96 96，00 00 年），照抄；年），照抄；on the following topic on the following topic 时，需 时，需认真审题，必要时进行改造。认真审题，必要时进行改造。第19 页/共41 页n n（2）题目的确定原则n n 对写作内容概括适当，不可过宽或过窄n n 要具体，不可模糊，少用疑问句n n 语言简洁，能用词不用短语，能用

26、短语不用句子第20 页/共41 页n n The best way to stay healthy The best way to stay healthyn n Happy Happy？n n The best way to stay healthy is to have a good attitude The best way to stay healthy is to have a good attitude？n n The more exercise,the more healthy The more exercise,the more healthy！n n The best way

27、 to stay healthy:A balanced diet or physical exercise The best way to stay healthy:A balanced diet or physical exercise？n n The best way to stay healthy The best way to stay healthy！n n Doing physical exercise:The best way to stay healthy Doing physical exercise:The best way to stay healthy！第21 页/共4

28、1 页n n 注意：论题已经是非常明确的观点，可以直接作为题目。n n Travel broadens our mindn n 论题已有，但缺乏关键词时，可加上关键词n n The best way to stay healthyn n 题目要求我们做出选择时，要旗帜鲜明的用观点做题目n n Will phones kill letter writing?第22 页/共41 页4.安排结构n n 明确的指令，分为三部分。第一段（部分）明确观点看法，第二段（部分）为发展段或提供理由或者具体事例，第三段（部分）为结尾结论。第23 页/共41 页三、段落写作n n TEM-4 TEM-4 的段落要求

29、 的段落要求n n 1.1.段落的一致性：整个段落有且只有一个主题。段落的一致性：整个段落有且只有一个主题。n n 误区一：论述介入不相关的材料 误区一：论述介入不相关的材料n n the first way to improve mental health is to develop some hobbies.the first way to improve mental health is to develop some hobbies.Reading novels is a good choice.For example,Oliver Twist,written by Mark Read

30、ing novels is a good choice.For example,Oliver Twist,written by Mark Twain,a great writer in U.S.This novel tells us the story about Twain,a great writer in U.S.This novel tells us the story aboutn n 误区二：转移话题 误区二：转移话题n n the second reason for keeping a good mood is that it can make us live a the sec

31、ond reason for keeping a good mood is that it can make us live a happy life.Why are people busy with working or study?Because they want happy life.Why are people busy with working or study?Because they want to earn more money and get better position to live a happy life.However,to earn more money an

32、d get better position to live a happy life.However,why not forget the pressure of that and just live a happy life?.why not forget the pressure of that and just live a happy life?.n n In addition,recreation as reading and movie watching can also benefit the In addition,recreation as reading and movie

33、 watching can also benefit the mentality with new knowledge,new focuses,and lessons from others mentality with new knowledge,new focuses,and lessons from others stories,especially for the introverted ones stories,especially for the introverted ones第24 页/共41 页n n 2.2.段落的发展性：段落的主题一定要有具体内容的支撑，如事理的 段落的发

34、展性：段落的主题一定要有具体内容的支撑，如事理的论证，事实，细节或例子等。论证，事实，细节或例子等。n n 误区一：主题中的关键词在段落中没有充分发展 误区一：主题中的关键词在段落中没有充分发展n n The first way to improve mental health is to develop some hobbies such as The first way to improve mental health is to develop some hobbies such as reading novels and watching movies.Reading novels h

35、elps broaden our reading novels and watching movies.Reading novels helps broaden our mind and acquire new knowledge,which will consequently improve our mind and acquire new knowledge,which will consequently improve our mentality.The second way is to travel in you spare time.mentality.The second way

36、is to travel in you spare time.n n 误区二：观点后只有例子，缺少中间发展环节 误区二：观点后只有例子，缺少中间发展环节n n Firstly,being optimistic is much important for us to keep healthy.There is a Firstly,being optimistic is much important for us to keep healthy.There is a piece of news in China Daily about an old man who is 100 in Anhui.

37、Some piece of news in China Daily about an old man who is 100 in Anhui.Some people asked her why she could live so long and so healthy.Her answer is people asked her why she could live so long and so healthy.Her answer is very simple:to be optimistic.Second,emotion is very important for our very sim

38、ple:to be optimistic.Second,emotion is very important for our health.health.第25 页/共41 页n n 3.3.段落的层次性：主题句 段落的层次性：主题句+支撑句 支撑句n n(1)The first way to improve mental health is to develop some hobbies such as reading(1)The first way to improve mental health is to develop some hobbies such as reading nove

39、ls and watching movies(A)Reading novels helps broaden our mind and acquire novels and watching movies(A)Reading novels helps broaden our mind and acquire new knowledge,which will consequently improve our mentality.(B)Watching movies new knowledge,which will consequently improve our mentality.(B)Watc

40、hing movies may produce a sense of beauty and release ourselves from great pressure.may produce a sense of beauty and release ourselves from great pressure.n n Topic sentence(1)Topic sentence(1)n n Supporting sentences(A)(B)Supporting sentences(A)(B)n n Details to the supporting sentences A1 A2 B1 B

41、2 Details to the supporting sentences A1 A2 B1 B2n n 误区：见上例 误区：见上例第26 页/共41 页n n 4.4.段落的连贯性：指论点发展中的逻辑性，是文章可读性的重要标 段落的连贯性：指论点发展中的逻辑性，是文章可读性的重要标准。准。n n 方法一：反复提及主题，但切忌简单重复 方法一：反复提及主题，但切忌简单重复n n The most important reason for keeping a balanced diet lies in thatthe The most important reason for keeping a

42、 balanced diet lies in thatthe second reason for keeping a balanced diet is but with a balanced second reason for keeping a balanced diet is but with a balanced diet.finally,it is wise for you to choose a balanced diet because.but diet.finally,it is wise for you to choose a balanced diet because.but

43、 keeping a balanced diet can.keeping a balanced diet can.n n 方法二：发展观点时，使用正确的衔接手段 方法二：发展观点时，使用正确的衔接手段第27 页/共41 页n n A:说明先后顺序n n First,second,third;n n To begin with,moreover,finallyn n First of all,next,then,eventuallyn n Meanwhile;in the mean time第28 页/共41 页n n B:因果n n Because of,due to,thanks to,ow

44、ing ton n As a result,for this reason,consequently,accordingly,thus,therefore,in this way第29 页/共41 页n n C.比较,对比n n Unlike,in contrast,on the contrary,on the other hand,while,but,yetn n Likewise,in like manner,similarly,in the same way,just as第30 页/共41 页n n D.附加,递进n n Again,in addition,and,also,furth

45、ermore,moreover,whats more,not onlybut also,apart from,besidesn n In other words,equally important,for one thingfor another thing(专门引出理由),on the one handon the other hand（描述相反或矛盾的观点）,as well,last but not least第31 页/共41 页n n E 举例n n For example,for instance,a case in point,to illustrate,as an illustr

46、ation,just as,take for example,as follows.第32 页/共41 页n n F 让步，转折n n Though,although,even though,whereas,but,yet,however,in contrast,on the other handn n Despite,in spite of,regardless of第33 页/共41 页n n F.同位解释n n That is(to say),roughly means,in other words,by definition,namely,as a matter of fact,ass

47、uggests,as regards,with regards to,concerning,as for,in terms of第34 页/共41 页n n G.选择n n Or,or rather,alternatively,instead(of),rather than,whetheror,eitheror,neithernor,notbut第35 页/共41 页n n H.H.总结 总结n n All in all,in brief,in conclusion,in one/a word,in short,in summary,to All in all,in brief,in conc

48、lusion,in one/a word,in short,in summary,to sum up,to conclude,on the whole,to summarize,in sum sum up,to conclude,on the whole,to summarize,in sumn n Briefly,altogether Briefly,altogethern n Personally,I Personally,In n For these reasons,.For these reasons,.n n I,personally,suggest that I,personall

49、y,suggest that 虚拟 虚拟n n According to the above analysis,we can arrive at the conclusion that According to the above analysis,we can arrive at the conclusion that第36 页/共41 页n n 误区一：混淆词性 误区一：混淆词性n n In addition that we can talk to friends In addition that we can talk to friendsn n In addition to,we ca

50、n talk to friends In addition to,we can talk to friendsn n We can however talk to friends We can however talk to friendsn n Hence,thus,therefore Hence,thus,thereforen n Spoken English is important,thus we should practice everyday.Spoken English is important,thus we should practice everyday.n n Spoke