初中英语语法总结.pdf

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1、扫描页脚二维码，关注“学而思培优在线英语（ID：xespeiyou_english）”免费领取更多学习资料初中英语语法总结初中英语语法总结一名词一名词I.I.分类：分类：专有名词可数名词国名地名人名机构名个体名词II.II.名词的数：名词的数：1 1、规则名词复数形式：、规则名词复数形式：1一般情况在词尾加-s2以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的名词后加-es以-f 或-3fe 结尾变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-es加-s例词map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-daysclass-classes,box-boxes,dish-dishesknife-knives,w

2、ife-wives,half-halveschief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs集体名词抽象名词物质名词普通名词不可数名词4以辅音字母+y 结尾，变 y 为 i 加-esfamily-families,story-stories,city-cities5元音字母+y 结尾、专有 y 结尾，加-toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,Henry-Henryss一般加-es不少外来词加-s两者皆可hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoespiano-pianos,photo-photos,kilo-kilo

3、s,zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanosradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoostruth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,辅音字6母+o 结尾7以元音字母加-o 结尾，加-s8以-th 结尾，加-s2.2.不规则名词复数：2 2、不规则名词复数形式：、不规则名词复数形式：1改变名词中的元音字母或其他2单复数相同3只有复数形式4集体名词用作复数集体名词既可以作单数（整5体）、也可以作复数（成员）6复数表示特别含义7表示某国人直接加 s单复同形、改 men例词man-men,wo

4、man-women,foot-feet,mouse-micesheep,deer,means,works,fish,yuan,jin,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,people,policeclass,family,couple,group,government,population,team,public,partytimes(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料)brains(头脑),Americans,Australians,Germans,EuropeansChinese,Japanese、Englishmen,Frenchw

5、omen扫描页脚二维码，关注“学而思培优在线英语（ID：xespeiyou_english）”免费领取更多学习资料8合成名词后面加 s、两都复数boy friends、grown-ups、women singers,menservantsIII.III.名词所有格：名词所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式。分两种：一名词词尾加s 构成，二 of 加名词。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.s 所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加s一般在末尾加复数名词不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys,womens rights,以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s 或者表示各自时,

6、名词均须加s表示共有的：在最后一词末加s表示某人加、店铺；名词可省略2.s 所有格的用法：234567表示时间表示自然现象表示地方的名词表示工作群体表示度量衡及价值todays newspaper,five weeks holidaythe earths atmosphere,the trees branchesthe countrys plan,the worlds population,Chinas industrythe ships crew,majoritys view,the teams victorya miles journey,five dollars worth of app

7、lesDickens novels,Charless job,the Smiths houseJapans and Americas bikes,Janes and Marys bikesJapan and Americas problems,Jane and Marys fatherthe doctors,the barbers,the tailors,my unclesthe boys father,Jacks book,her son-in-laws photo,the teachers room,the twins mother,与人类活动有特殊关系the lifes time,the

8、 plays plot固定词组a birds eye view,a stones throw,二冠词二冠词：不定冠词 a、an，定冠词 the，和零冠词。I.不定冠词 a 的用法：1234指一类人或事，相当于 a kind of第一次提及某人某物，非特指A plane is a machine that can fly.A boy is waiting for you.表示“每一”相当于 every，oneWe study eight hours a day.表示“相同”相当于 the sameWe are nearly of an age.A Mr.Smith came to visit y

9、ou when you were outA couple of,a bit,in a hurry,have a walk,5人名前，表示不认识此人6固定词组中7quite,rather,many,half,what,such This room is rather a big one.8用于 so(as,too,how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.扫描页脚二维码，关注“学而思培优在线英语（ID：xespeiyou_eng

10、lish）”免费领取更多学习资料2世上独一无二的名词前3上文提到过的4乐器前5用在形容词和分词前，表示一类人6表示“一家人”、“夫妇”7用于序数词、比较级、最高级前the universe,the moon,the Pacific OceanWould you mind opening the door?play the violin,play the guitarthe reach,the living,the woundedthe Greens,the WangsHe is the taller of the two children.8用在国家党派、江河湖海，山川群岛前 the Unit

11、ed States,the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前10在逢十的复数数词之前，指某年代11用于表示单位的名词前12方位、身体部位名词、时间的词组前III.零冠词的用法：1专有、物质、抽象名词，人名地名前面 Beijing University,Jack,China,love,air2有 this,my,whose,some,no,each,everyI want this book,not that one./3季节，月份，星期，假日，一日三餐前 March,Sunday,National Day,spring4表示职位、身份、头衔的名词前5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前Linc

12、oln was made President of America.He likes playing football/chess.The compass was invented in China.in the 1990sI hired the car by the hour.He patted me on the shoulder.6by+交通工具、表示泛指的复数名词前by train,by air,by land7and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时三代词：I.七大类：人称主格1代词宾格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,theyme,you,him,her,it,us,you,

13、themhusband and wife,knife and fork,day and night物主形容词性 my,your,his,her,its,our,their2代词名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词4指示代词5疑问代词6关系代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselvesthis,that,these,those,such,somewho,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatevert

14、hat,which,who,whom,whose,asone/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/a few、littleother/another,all/both,neither/either7不定代词扫描页脚二维码，关注“学而思培优在线英语（ID：xespeiyou_english）”免费领取更多学习资料II.不定代词用法注意点：1.one 泛指任何人，可特指，复数为 ones。some 多用于肯定句，any 多用于疑问句和否定句。some 用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定答复、建议，请求等。some 和 any 修饰可数名词单

15、数时，some 表示某个，any 表示任何一个。2.each 强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，every 强调整体，所指必须三个或以上。3.No=not any，作定语。none 代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，单复数皆可。4.other 泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，the other 特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。another 指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是 others，泛指“别的人或事”5.all 表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用 neither 和 none.四形容词和副词

16、四形容词和副词I.形容词的位置：作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置后置：1some,any,every,no 和 body,thing,one 复合不定代词 nobody absent,everything possible2以-able,-ible 结尾的:最高级、only 修饰的名词之后3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep 等可以后置4和空间、时间、单位连用时5成对的形容词可以后置6形容词短语一般后置2)2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词冠词前冠词指示、不定代词数词序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状性状形容词新旧温度国籍产地材料质

17、地名词the best book available,the only solution possiblethe only person awakea bridge 50 meters longa huge room simple and beautifula man difficult to get on with颜色allThe、asecondonebothanothernextfoursuchthis、yourII.副词分类：1时间副词2地点副词beautifullargegoodshortpoorsquarenewblackChinesesilkcoolyellowLondonston

18、esoon,now,early,finally,once,recentlyhere,nearby,outside,upwards,above5频度副词always,often,frequently,seldom,never6疑问副词 how,where,when,why7连接副词 how,when,where,why,whether,3方式副词hard,well,fast,slowly,扫描页脚二维码，关注“学而思培优在线英语（ID：xespeiyou_english）”免费领取更多学习资料excitedly,really4程度副词almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite

19、,ratherhowever,meanwhile8关系副词 when,where,whyIII.形容词和副词比较级：原级，比较级/最高级。一般加-er 和-est，多音节前加 more、most。1.同级比较时常用 asas以及 not so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2.修饰比较级：much,many,a lot,even,far,a bit,a little,still,yet,by far,any,a great deal。3.“the morethe more”、比较级表示最高级。I have never spent a m

20、ore worrying day.5.表示倍数的比较级句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./four times as large as./four times the size of yours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。五介词：五介词：常用介词区分1表示时间的 in,on,atat 表示片刻的时间，in 表示一段的时间，on 总是与日子有关2表示时间的 since,fromsince 过去到现在的一段时间，完成时。From 从某一点开始

21、3表示时间的 in,after4表示地理位置 in,on,to5在上：on,in6穿过：through,across7关于：about,onin 一段时间之后，after 某具体时间点后、用在过去时的时间中in 表示在某范围内，on 指与什么毗邻，to 指在某环境范围之外on 只表示在某物的表面上，in 表示占去某物一部分through 表示从内部通过，across 表示在表面上通过，about 指涉及到，on 指专门论述8between 与 among 区别between 表示在两者之间，among 用于三者或三者以上的中间9besides 与 except 区别10 表示“用”的 in,w

22、ith11 as 与 like 的区别12 in 与 into 区别六动词六动词:16 种时态现在时过去时asked将来时shall/will ask过去将来时should/would askshould/would be askingbesides：除了还。Except：除了，减去什么，不放在句首with：工具，in：材料，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音as：作为，以地位或身份，like：象一样，指情形相似in 表示位置（静态），into 表示动向，不表示目的地或位置一般ask/asks进行am/is/are askingwas/were asking shall/will be asking

23、完成have/has asked完成have/has beenhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have askedshould/would have beenhad been askingshall/will have been扫描页脚二维码，关注“学而思培优在线英语（ID：xespeiyou_english）”免费领取更多学习资料进行asking4.一般将来时的表达方式：将来时askingasking用法表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态打算，计划，即将做某事go,come,start,move,leave,arrive 用进行时表示按计划即

24、将发生的动作例句My sister will be ten next year.Its going to clear up.He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe?1will/shall+动原2be going to+动原3be+doing 表将来I was about to leave when the表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的4be about to+动原bell rang.动作，后面一般不跟时间状语The meeting is about to close.5be to+动词原形6一般现在时表将来表示按计划进行或征

25、求对方意见Were to meet at the schoolgate at noon.时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事 The meeting starts at fiveoclock.情，可用一般现在时表示将来构成被动语态构成II.动词的被动语态：be+过去分词被动语态67891一般现在时am/is/are asked2一般过去时was/were asked3一般将来时shall/will be asked4过去将来时should/would be asked5现在进行时am/is/are being asked过去进行时was/were being asked现在完成时have/has

26、been asked过去完成时had been asked将来完成时will/would have beenasked10含情态动词can/must/may be asked否定式:在第一个助动词或情态动词后加 not，短语动词被动态不可漏掉其介副词。注固定结构 begoing to,used to,have to,had better 变为被动态时，只需将其后动词变为被意动。如：The boy was made fun of by his classmates.事句子不出现主语，一般可用被动结构表示。如：项It is believed/generally considered/said/we

27、ll known/reported/supposed thatIt must be pointedout/admitted hoped that无被动主动表示被动。如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worth reading.The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious./Water feels very cold.leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,app

28、ear,happen,occur,belongto,take place,break out,come about,agree with,keep up with,consist of七情态动词：I.基本用法扫描页脚二维码，关注“学而思培优在线英语（ID：xespeiyou_english）”免费领取更多学习资料情动cancouldmaymight用法能力允许或许可可能性猜测，用于否定、疑问可以（问句表请求）可能（表推测）祝愿（倒装句中）必须，应该（主观要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）否定式cant do、couldnt do疑问式与简答Cando?Yes,can.No,cant.Maydo

29、?Yes,may.No,mustnt/cant.may not do、might not doMightdo?Yes,mightNo,might not.mustnot/mustntdoMustdo?Yes,must.No,neednt/dont have to.musthave to 只好，不得不（客观必须）oughttoshallshouldwill应当（义务责任，should）一、三人称：征求对方意见二、三人称：命令警告威胁应当（义务责任）本该（责备意味）dont have toDohave to do?doYes,do.No,dont.oughtnt todoshall notOugh

30、t.todo.?Yes/Noought/oughtnt.Shalldo?Yes,shall.No,shant.shouldnt doShoulddo?wont do、Willdo?Yes,will.No,wont.wouldnt dodare notneednt doDaredo?Yes,dare.No,darent.Needdo.?Yes,must.No,neednt.意愿，决心would请求，建议，dareneed敢（否定句、疑问句中）需要（否定、疑问句中）used to过去常常，现已不再usednt/Usedto do?Yes,used.didnt use toNo,use(d)nt.D

31、iduse to do?doYes,did.No,didnt.II.情态动词 must,may,might,could,can 表示推测：1.must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。may 和 might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。can 和 could“可能”，could 可疑的可能性，cant 语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。2.can 和 be able to:都表能力。be able to 表达“某事终于成功”，can 无法表达此意。Beable to 有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。3.used to 表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯。wo

32、uld 只表示过去的喜好，不涉及现在。4.need 和 dare 作情态动词和实义动词的区别：八非谓语动词：八非谓语动词：扫描页脚二维码，关注“学而思培优在线英语（ID：xespeiyou_english）”免费领取更多学习资料在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。I.分类、意义及构成：构成非谓语形式时态和语态否定式特征和作用复合结构to doto be done名词，副词和形容词作用for sb.to do不定式to be doingto have been done在做主、宾、定、表和状语to have done非doingbeing done副词和形容

33、词作用谓现词having donehaving been done语分词在句中做定、表、宾补和状语前done过分加具有名词的作用notdoingbeing donesbs doing在句中做主、宾、定和表动名词having donehaving been done语不定式一般式完成式to have done进行式to be doing主动to do被动to be doneto have been doneing 形式主动doinghaving done被动being donehaving been done过去分词被动doneII.做宾语的非谓语动词比较：情况只接不定式常用动词hope,wan

34、t,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happenmind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,consider只接动名词cant help,feel like,succeed in,be fond of,object to,get down to,be engagedin

35、,insist on,think of,be proud of,take pride in,set about,be afraid of,betired of,look forward to,devote oneself to,be worth,be busy,pay attentionto,stick to扫描页脚二维码，关注“学而思培优在线英语（ID：xespeiyou_english）”免费领取更多学习资料begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue（接不定式指具体动作，接动名词指一般或习惯行为）意义相近need,want,require（接动名词

36、主动表示被动意义，接不定式应用被动形式）两者都可以意义相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事remember/forget/regret to doremember/forget/regret doing意义不同try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）go on to dogo on doingmean to do（打算做，企图做）mean doing（意识是，意味着）cant help to do（不能帮忙做）cant help doing（忍不住要做）III.非谓语动词做宾补的区别：常见动词与宾语

37、逻辑关系及时间概念例句ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生不定式或已完成have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make现在分词notice,see,watch,hear,过去分词find,keep,have,feelIV.非谓语动词做定语的区别做定语的区别：区别与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般表示将不定式来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生动名词现分过分通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生被动关系，动作在谓语动作

38、之前，现已经完成主谓关系。正在进行，未完成动宾关系。已完成，强调状态I heard him call meseveral times.I found her listening tothe radio.We found the villagegreatly changed.举例I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.Shall we go to the swimming pool?the boiling water/the boiled waterthe developing country/thede

39、veloped countryV.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别做主语和表语的区别：区别举例扫描页脚二维码，关注“学而思培优在线英语（ID：xespeiyou_english）”免费领取更多学习资料to doMy dream is to become a表示一次性、具体的动作。不定式作主语时，常teacher.用 it 作形式主语，即用句型：It is+adj./To obey the law is important.(dream,business,wish,idea,n.+(for/of sb.)to do sth.plan,duty,task 做主语时常用)It is no use say

40、ing that again andagain.Teaching is my job.The situation is encouraging.The book is well written.(常见分词有 astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing 及其-ed 形式)动词 ing 表示习一般的、反之的惯性动作。分词无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被 very,quite,rather 等副词修饰。现在分词多含有“令人”之意，说明主语

41、的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到”之意，主语多是人。九定语从句九定语从句I.在句中修饰一个名词或代词，定语从句起形容词的作用。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词的作用。II.thatthat 与与 which,who,whomwhich,who,whom 的用法区别：的用法区别：情况用法说明1先行词为 all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。2先行词被 all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few 等修饰时3先行词有形容词

42、最高级和序数词修饰时4先行词既指人又指物时5先行词被 the only,the very 修饰时6已经有 who 或 which 时，为避免重复例句1.He told me everything that heknows.2.All the books that you offeredhas been given out.3.This is thebest film that I have ever read.4.We talked about the persons andthings that we remembered.5.He is the only man that I want t

43、osee.6.Who is the man that ismaking a speech?1.He has a son,who has goneabroad for further study.2.I like the person to whom theteacher is talking.3.Those who respect others areusually respected by others.只用 that1在非限制性定语从句中，只能用 which指代物，用 who/whom 指人2“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句只用 which,中，只能用 which 指物，whom 指人。w

44、ho,whom3先行词本身是 that 时，关系词用which,先行词为 those,one,he 时多用who。III.as 与 which 的区别：扫描页脚二维码，关注“学而思培优在线英语（ID：xespeiyou_english）”免费领取更多学习资料定语从句区别限制性定名词前有 such 和 the same 修饰时，关语从句中系代词用 as,不能用 whichas 和 which 都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用 as；而 which 引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。例句He is not such a fool

45、as he looks.Dont read such books as you cantunderstand.They won the game,as we had expected.They won the game,which we hadntexpected.As is well known,he is a famous film starin the 1980s.非限制性定语从句中IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：类别限制性语法意义及特征例句对先行词起修饰限制，如果去掉，主句意思就 The accident happened at thetime when I left.不

46、完整明确。对先行词解释说明，与主句的关系不十分密His mother,whom he loved切，用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用deeply,died ten years ago.that 引导，关系词做宾语不能省略。非限制性十名词性从句十名词性从句种类作用常用关联词例句Whether he will come or notdoesnt matter much.Whoever comes here will bewelcome.It looks as if it is going to snow.He asked me which team couldwin the game.You

47、have no idea how worriedwe are.The fact that he lied again greatlysurprised us.在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，置谓语之前，也可用 it 作主语从句形式主语，主语从句放主句之后that,whether,if,as if,asthough,who,whose,which,表语从句 做表语，位于系动词之后how,when,where,why,宾语从句 做宾语，相当于名词what,whatever,放名词之后(news,problem,whoever,同位语从idea,suggestion,advice,thought,wh

48、erever句hope,fact)表明其具体内容十一十一.状语从句状语从句种类连接词注意点主将从现；while 引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until 用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,by the time,as soon as,时间状语hardlywhen,no soonerthan,themoment,the minute,immediately,扫描页脚二维码，关注“学而思培优在线英语（ID：xespeiyou_english）”免费领取更多学习资料direct

49、ly,instantly地点状语where,wherever原因状语because,as,since,now thatif,unless,once,in case,as long as,oncondition thatbecause 语气最强，since 较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as 又次之。从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替so that 和 in order that 后常接 may,should,could,would 等情态动词as if、as though 用虚拟语气。条件状语目的状语so that,in order that,for fear that结果状语sotha

50、t,suchthat比较状语than,asas,not so/asas,themorethe more方式状语as if,as though,asthough,although,even if,even though,as,no matter what,whatever,no matter让步状语who,whoever,no matter which,whichever,no matter how,however,nomatter when,whenever十二。倒装句种类倒装条件as 在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although 和 though 用正常语序，可和yet 连用，但不可和 b