(完整版)初中英语从句语法讲解.pdf

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1、从句从句从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。（参见以下各条）3、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法：(1)表语从句：在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday./It is because you are so clever.(2)宾语从句：在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。基本形式：（主句）连词+从句主语+从句谓语+.关于宾语从句连词的选择：若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么,连词用that,在口语中that可以省略;若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,

2、连词则用if或whether;若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如what,who,where,when等)例如：They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他们相信计算机终将代替人类。)(从句本来就是陈述句)/I wonder whether I should saysomething for him to the headmaster.(我不知道是不是该为他在校长跟前说点什么。)(从句来源于一般问句Shall I say somethingfor him to the h

3、eadmaster?)/He asked mewhere he could get such medicine.(他问我在哪儿能搞到那样的药。)(从句来源于特殊问句Where can he get such medicine?)宾语从句的时态问题：如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时；如主句是过去时,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。如：I think Iwill do better in English this term.(我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。)/The teacher askedthe boy if the earth is roun

4、d.(老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。)下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待：(完整版)初中英语从句语法讲解-第1页(完整版)初中英语从句语法讲解-第1页be sorry/afraid/sure/glad+that从句,如：I m sorry I m late.(对不起,我迟到了。)/Im afraid he isntinatthe moment.(恐怕他此刻不在家。)(3)状语从句：在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。时间状语从句通常由when,as,while,after,befor

5、e,since,as soon as,since,till(until),while,whenever等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如：When you finish the work,you may go out to play with Sam.(你完成工作就可以出去和 Jim 一起玩了。)/I won t leave until Mum comes back.(妈妈回来了我才会走。)地点状语从句通常由where,wherever等引导。如：Go back where you came from!(哪里来还滚到哪里去！)

6、/I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklacewherever hemay be.(我永远也不会忘记去抓住那个偷我项链的贼,无论他会在哪里。)原因状语从句通常由because,since,as等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abroadbecause his father had found a good university for him.(他出国了,因为他父亲给他找了一所好大学。)目的状语从句通常由so that.,so.hat.,in order that.等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有c

7、an/could/may/might等情态动词。如：He got up earlier so that he could catch thefirst train.(他起身更早为的是赶上第一班车。)结果状语从句通常由so that.,so.that.等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。如：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one.(他丢了那么多辆自行车,他决定再也不买新车了。)比较状语从句通常由as,than,as(so).as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代词(用主

8、格或宾格均可)。如：Jane is much taller than I/me.(Jane 比我高多了。)/I dont have(完整版)初中英语从句语法讲解-第2页(完整版)初中英语从句语法讲解-第2页as many books as you(do).(我书没有你多)让步状语从句通常由though(although),as,even if(even though),however,whatever等引导。如：Even if you pay the debt(债务)for me,I will not thank you because it has nothingto do with me.

9、(即使你替我还了债我也不会感谢你,因为它与我毫无关系。)/He wears aT-shirt though it is very cold.(他穿了一件 T 恤衫,尽管天很冷。)条件状语从句通常由if,unless,as long as等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。You will certainly fail in the comingfinal examsunless you work much harder.(即将来到的期末考试你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。)/If it doesn t rain tomorrow,w

10、e shall go hiking.(如果明天不下雨我们就要去徒步旅行。)注意 1、because与so；(al)though与but；if与so不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。2、时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。(4)定语从句：在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand ismy uncle.(手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。)语法术语的改变：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which

11、、who称为关系代词,where、when、how称为关系副词。关系代词或关系副词的作用：关系代词who、whom和whose指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which指物that多指物,有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。This is the thief(that/who/whom)we have been looking for these days.(这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。)/Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to livein.(请找一间足够大能住下我

12、们全体的房间。)(完整版)初中英语从句语法讲解-第3页(完整版)初中英语从句语法讲解-第3页关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如：This isthe room where they had a quarrel a week ago.(这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。)/I cannever forget the day when I first saw you.(我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明

13、,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book,which none of us had heard of.(她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。)注解1、关系代词只能用that的情况：当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all,anything等),或先行词部分含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用 that.如：All that Lily told meseems untrue.(Lily 告诉我的话似乎不真实。)/Can you give

14、me anything that has nosugar inside?(能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西？)/This is the first two-story bus thatruns in our city.(这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。)2、关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。如：Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner?(你认识那个在角落里哭泣的女人吗？)/Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do

15、with me.(跟我无关的话,请一个字也不要说。)3、关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用which或whom,较少使用that或who,而且,关系代词常常省略。如：Tom s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to.(Tom的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话的人。)4、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用which或whom,而当介词移到句尾时,则又可以使用that或who.如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived.(=This is the room Miss Li(完整版)初中英语从

16、句语法讲解-第4页(完整版)初中英语从句语法讲解-第4页once lived in.)(这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。)(5)主语从句：在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语动词之前。通常由that,whether以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下,常用 it 替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。如：When weshould startis still a question.(我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢。)十五、直接引语和间接引语(初中不作特别要求)1、直接引语和间接引语：在陈述句中,直接引用说话人原来的语句,称为直接引语。在书写时,直接引语用引号。用自己的词语来转述表达原来说话人说的

17、内容,称为间接引语。2、直接引语改变为间接引语：1、直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时应注意以下各点：不用引号,而用连接词that,但有时可省略。人称作相应变化；主句里的动词如果是过去时,间接引语中的时态一般应作相应改变：一般现在时变一般过去时；一般将来时变过去将来时；现在进行时变过去进行时；现在完成时变成过去完成时；一般过去时变成过去完成时；但一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间连用,则时态不变。如：He says,I am not from the USA.”He says that he is not from the USA.Mr Smith said to his girl frien

18、d,“I haven t seen you for a long time.”Mr Smith said to his girl friend that he had not seen her for a long time.2、直接引语如果是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时,需用从属连接词whether或if引导,词序要改变。如：Lin Tao said to Miss Green,Is it made in China?”Lin Tao asked Miss Green if it wasmade in China.3、直接引语如果是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,需用疑问词引导,词序是：连词+主语

19、+谓语。如：Lucy said to me,“How can I help?”Lucy asked me how she could help.(完整版)初中英语从句语法讲解-第5页(完整版)初中英语从句语法讲解-第5页4、直接引语如是祈使句,变间接引语时,须将祈使句变为动词不定式,并在动词不定式前用tell,ask,order.如：He said to the little boy,“Come here,young man!”He asked the little boy to go there.5、直接引语变为间接引语时,指示代词以及表示时间和地点的词或词组应作相应变化：在直接引语中在间接

20、引语中thisthisthesethesenownowagoagotodaytodaythis week(month,etc.)this week(month,etc.)next week(month,etc.)next week(month,etc.)yesterdayyesterdaytomorrowtomorrowhereherethatthatthosethosethenthenbeforebeforethat daythat daythatthatweek(month,etc.)week(month,etc.)the next week(month,etc.)the next week(month,etc.)the day beforethe day beforethe next(following)daythe next(following)daytherethere(完整版)初中英语从句语法讲解-第6页(完整版)初中英语从句语法讲解-第6页