2015年数学运算符号的英文表达.pdf

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1、数学运算符号的英文表达小数、分数、百分数和运算符号1.小数表示法 小数的读法小数点左边的数通常按基数词读，若为三位以上的数，也可按编码式读法读出，即将数字单个读出；小数点右边的数通常按编码式读法单个读出。如：6.86 six point eight six14.15 fourteen point one five345.456 three four five point four five six或 three hundred and fortyfive point four five six(2)小数中0 的读法0在小数中通常读作nought(英)或 zero(美),也可读作字母0。如:0.

2、08(nought)point nought eight 或(zero)point zero eight9.07 nine point o seven2.百分数表示法百分数中的百分号读 作 percent。如：6%读作 six percent0.6%读 作(nought)point six percent500%读作 five hundred percent3.倍数表示法倍数表示方法很多，如：This room is four times as big as m ine.这个房间是我房间的四倍。This room is three times larger than that one.这个房间

3、比那个房间大两倍。The output of coal has doubled.煤的产量增加了一倍。My aunt is as old again as I a m.我姑姑年龄比我大一倍。Productivity is increased three fold.生产效率提高了 两倍。The volume of the Sun is about 1,300,000 times that of the Earth.太阳的体积约为地球的1300000倍。4.加减乘除式的读法6+5=11 Six plus five is eleven 或 Six and five is eleven.11-6=5 E

4、leven minus six is five.或 Six from eleven is five.4x5=20 Four multiplied by five is twenty.或 Four times five is twenty.20-7-4=5 Twenty divided by four is five.或 Four into twenty goes five.15:5=3 The ratio of fifteen to five is three.32 Three squared is nine.23 Two cubed is eight.24 The fourth power

5、of two is sixteen.XA(1/2)=Y The square root of X is Y.XA(1/3)=Y The cubic root of X is Y.a b a is more than b.a b a is less than b.a 2 5 b a approximately equals to b.a 工 b a is not equal to b.5.分数表示法 较小分数的一般读写方法。如：1/3 one-third 羽 two-thirds 3/5 three-fifths(2)较复杂分数的简明读写方法。如2羽 twenty-two over ninea/

6、b a over b 或 a divided by b 4祈7 forty-three over ninety-seven(3)整数与分数之间须用and连接。如:four and a half nine and two fifths(4)分数用作前置定语时，分母要用单数形式。注意下列写法与读法。如:a one-third mile 1/3 英里 a three-quarter majority 利 的多数常用标点符号用法常用缩略语表,period,comma：colon；semicolon!exclamation?question markhyphenapostrophe句号逗号冒号分号惊叹号

7、问号连字符省略号；所有格符号破折号单引号双引号dashsingle quotation marksdouble quotation marks(Jparentheses 圆括号 square brackets 方括号French quotes 法文引号；书名号ellipsis 省略号tandem colon 双点号IIditto 同上II/¶llel 双线号virgule 斜线号ampersand=andswung dash 代字号玲+section;arrow 箭号；参见号plus 加号；正号minus 减号；负号+Xplus or minus 正负号is multiplied by

8、 乘号-Tis divided by 除号工is equal to 等于号is not equal to 不等于号Sis equivalent to 全等于号is equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号%0is approximately equal to 约等于号is less than 小于号is more than 大于号is not less than 不小于号is not more than 不大于号is less than or equal to 小于或等于号is more than or equal to 大于或等于号per cent

9、 百分之per mill 千分之O Oinfinity 无限大号OCvaries as 与 成比例V(square)root 平方根since;hence 所以equals,Zangle 角semicircle 半圆OnUcircle 圆circumference 圆周pi 圆周率triangle 三角形perpendicular to 垂直于union of 并，合集n intersection of 交,通集J the integral of 的积分W (sigma)summation of 总和 degree 度minute 分second 秒#number 号 Celsius syst

10、em 摄氏度 at 单价标点符号和运算符号常用标点符号用法句 号 Period用以表示一个句子的结束Hockey is a popular sport in Canada.The federal government is based in Ottawa.用在缩写中B.C.is the province located on the West Coast.Dr.Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China.The company is located at 888 Bay St.in Toronto.It is 4:00 p.m.in Halifax r

11、ight now.问号 Question Mark?在句子的结尾使用问号表示是直接疑问句:How many provinces are there in Canada?注意：在间接疑问句结尾不要加问号：The teacher asked the class a question.Do not ask me why.叹 号 Exclamation Mark!在句子的结尾使用叹号表示惊讶、兴奋等情绪:We won the Stanley Cup!The forest is on fire!逗号 Comma,句子中的停顿Therefore,we should write a letter to th

12、e prime minister.在疑问句中引出说话人：I can come today/she said,but not tomorrow.排列三个或以上的名词：Ontario,Quebec,and B.C.are the three biggest provinces.引出定语从句Emily Carr;who was born in 1871,was a great painter.单引号 Apostrophe 表示所有This is Davids computer.These are the players things.(things that belong to the player

13、)Note:对于复数形式的名词，只加，These are the players things,(things that belong to the players)缩写 I dont know how to fix it.引号 Quotation Marks 直接引出某人说的话：The prime minister said,We will win the election.I can come today,she said,but not tomorrow.冒号 Colon:引出一系列名词There are three positions in hockey:goalie,defence,

14、and forward.引出一个较长的引语The prime minister said:We will fight.We will not give up.We will win the next election.分号 Semicolon;将两个相关的句子连接起来The festival is very popular;people from all over the world visit each year.和逗号一同使用引出一系列名词The three biggest cities in Canada are Toronto,Ontario;Montreal,Quebec;and V

15、ancouver,B.C.破折号Dash-在一个句子前作总结Mild,wet,and cloudy-these are the characteristics of weather in Vancouver.在一个句子的前面或后面加入额外的注释The children-Pierre,Laura,and Ashley-went to the store.Most Canadians-but not all-voted inthe last election.表示某人在说话过程中被打断The woman said,I want to ask-*when the earthquake began t

16、o shake the room.连字符Hyphen-连接两个单词sweet-smellingfire-resistant将前缀anti-Canadiannon-contact在数字中使用one-quartertwenty-three加、减、乘、除的表示法加、减、乘、除的表示法：1.加:用 and,plus,added to 等词表示。2+4=6 可译为：Two and four is six.Two plus four is equal to six.Two added to four equals six.Two and four makes six.Two plus four will

17、be six.If you add two to four,you get six.2.减：minus,taken from,subtracted from 等表示。83二 可译为：Eight minus three is five.Eight minus three is equal to five.Three taken from eight leaves five.Three subtracted from eight leaves five.Take three from eight and the remainder is five.3.乘：multiply-by-7 multipl

18、ied by/time 等表示。3x5=15可译为:Multiply three by five is(gives)fifteen.Three multiplied by five is fifteen.Multiply three by five,you get fifteen.Three times five is(makes,will be,equals,is equal to)fifteen.4.除：divide-by-/divided by/divide-into-/into 等表示。24-r 8=3 可译为:Twenty-four divided by eight makes(is

19、,equals)three.Twenty-four divided by eight is equal to three.Eight into twenty-four goes three times.Divide eight into twenty-four z and you get three.Divide twenty-four by eight,and you get three.度量衡分类1.国际制度的单位国际制度（The International System,缩写为S I,是国际制度的法语名称）被 1960年的第十一届大会用于度量衡。公制的扩大和修改版本，即国际制度针对了现代

20、科学附加的及更加正确的度量单位的需要。国际制度的主要特点是采用了十进制法、字首体系、以不变的物理度量方式解释的标准。2.基本单位国际制度有基本单位，由此衍生出此制度中的其他单位。除千克以外，基本单位的标准以不变的且可再生的物理事件为解释。例如，公尺被解释为光在真空中以每1/299,792,458秒的速度所穿越的距离。千克的标准是指置于法国塞夫勒的国际度量及标准局的白金绿圆柱为准。计量单位 计量范畴 符号m eter公尺 length长度 mkilogram 千克 mass 质量 kgsecond 秒 time 时间 sampere 安培 electric current 电流 Akelvin

21、开 temperature 温度 Kmole 摩尔 amount of matter 数量 molcandela 烛光 luminous intensity 发光强度 cd3.辅助单位国际制度采用了两种辅助单位，其依据于抽象的几何概念而非物理标准。计量单位 计量范畴 符号radian 弧度 plane angles 平面角 radsteradian 立体弧度 solid angles 立方角 sr4.前缀经由在单位名称前面加一前缀构成国际制度单位的倍数。前缀通常按顺序从10的 18次鼎到10的-18次基改变单位的量。前缀 符号exa-代表10的 18次哥peta-代 表 10的 15次暴ter

22、a-代表 万亿 1giga-代表 H 乙 （mega-代表 百万kilo-代表 千 K乘法因数E 10 的 18 次 昂=1,000,000,000,000,000,000P 10 的 15 次 基=1,000,000,000,000,000 10 的 12 次 幕=1,000,000,000,0005 10 的 9 次 幕=1,000,000,000M 10 的 6 次 幕=1,000,00010的 3 次 幕=1,000hecto-代表 百 h 10的 2 次 薨=100deca-代表 十 da10=10deci-代表 十分之一 dcenti-代表 百分之一 cmilli-代表 千分之一

23、m10的-1 次 骞=0.110的-2 次 幕=0.0110 的-3 次 塞=0.001micro-代表 百万分之一nano-代表 毫微 npico-代表 万亿分之一femto-代表 千万亿分之一atto-代表 百亿亿分之一H 10 的-6 次 幕=0.000,00110 的-9 次 塞=0.000,000,001p 10 的-12 次 幕=0,000,000,000,001f 10 的 15 次 嘉=0.000,000,000,000,001a 10 的 18 次 基=0.000,000,000,000,000,0015.附加单位几个非国际制度的单位。计量单位 计量范畴 符号angstrom

24、 埃（=10-10 米）length 长度 Aelectron-volt 电子伏特（=0.160 焦耳）energy 能量 eVhectare 公顷（=10,000 平方米）land area 面积 haliter J|-（=1.0 立方米）volume or capacity 容积或容量 I standard atmosphere标准大气压（=101.3毫巴）pressure压强 atm6.导出单位国际制度中大多数单位都是导出单位，即以基本单位和补充单位的方式加以解释的单位。导出单位可分为两组具有特定名称和符号的一组，不具有特定名称和符号的一组。第一组，带有特定名称和符号的导出单位：计量单位

25、coulomb 库farad法拉henry亨利hertz赫兹joule焦耳lum en流明lu x 勒克斯newton牛顿ohm 欧姆pascal帕斯卡tesla特斯拉vo lt伏特w att瓦特weber韦伯计量范畴 符号electric charge 电量 Celectric capacitance 电容 Finductance 电感 Hfrequency 频率 Hzquantity of energy 能量 Jflux of light 光通量 Imillumination 照度 lxforce 力 Nelectric resistance 电阻 Qpressure 压强 Pamagne

26、tic flux density 磁通量密度 Tvoltage 电压 Vpower功率 Wmagnetic flux 磁通量 Wb第二组，无特定名称和符号的导出单位：计量范畴 推导方式acceleration 力 口 速度 m/s2angular acceleration 角加速度 rad/s2angular velocity 角速度 rad/sdensity 密度 kg/m3electric field strength 电场量 V/mluminance 亮度 cd/m2magnetic field strength 磁场量 A/mvelocity 速度 m/s常用标点符号用法常用缩略语表1

27、period 句号comma 逗号colon 冒号semicolon 分号exclamation 惊叹号?question mark 问号hyphen 连字符1apostrophe 省略号；所有格符号dash 破折号single quotation marks 单引号double quotation marks 双弓|号(Jparentheses 圆括号square brackets 方括号 French quotes 法文引号；书名号ellipsis 省略号tandem colon 双点号IIditto 同上IIparallel 双线号/virgule 斜线号&ersand=andsw

28、ung dash 代字号section;玲arrow 箭号；参见号+plus 加号；正号minus 减号；负号+plus or minus 正负号Xis multiplied by 乘号4-is divided by 除号=is equal to 等于号工is not equal to 不等于号英语书信写作指导=is equivalent to 全等于号Sis equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号二is approximately equal to 约等于号is more than 大于号is not less than 不小于号is not m

29、ore than 不大于号is more than or equal to 大于或等于号%per cent 百分之%0per mill 千分之CX3infinity 无限大号O Cvaries as 与.成比例V(square)root 平方根,since;hence 所以:equals,Zangle 角semicircle 半圆Ocircle 圆Ocircumference 圆周npi 圆周率triangle 三角形perpendicular to 垂直于Uunion of 并，合集nintersection of 交,通集the integral of 的积分2(sigma)summati

30、on of 总和Odegree 度/minute 分second 秒#number 号Celsius system 摄氏度at 单价一、书信写作要求书信（Letter一 般可分为事务信件或公函（Business Letter or Offical Correspondence）以及私人信件（Private Letter）两大类。一般包括以下几个要点：1）收信人的姓名和地址；2）寄信人的姓名及其与收信人的关系；3）寄信人的地址（有时可以省略）；4）写信的时间；5)信的内容。1.书信的格式1)信头(Heading)；2)称呼(Salutation)；3)正文(Body of the letter)

31、；4)结束语(Complimentary close)；5)签名(signature)。2.书信的种类1)邀请信邀请信有正式和非正式之分，也有介于两者之间者。正式邀请信一般属于公函类，私人邀请信一般属于非正式文体。邀请朋友、熟人参加某一聚会时，再词句上不一定多加斟酌，用词太正规倒显得关系不密切。但是如果与被邀请人不太熟悉的话，最好用正式文体。如虽认识但并不十分了解，文体可介于两个者之间。由此可见，私人邀请究竟用什么文体，关键看与被邀请人之间的亲疏的程度。邀请信要明确写出活动(是晚会、晚餐还是一般的聚会等)、活动的时间地点组织这项活动的理由，有时还应告诉对方可能出席的人，另外一般希望对方给予答复

32、。(1)非正式邀请信，如;26 Coventry St.LondonSept.15th,1999.Dear Jack,I am going to the cinema to see the Red River Valley and I have two tickets.Would you like tocome?The film starts at 7:30 p.m.Maybe we can meet at the Cove nt Garden Station at 7:00 p.m.and have a drink before the film starts.Please phone me

33、 at home to let me know.Looking forward to seeing you.LoveMary这封信是写给朋友的，所以用语比较随便，比较口语化。(2)正式邀请信，如：Dear Ms.Gupta;Its our great pleasure to announce that Jan.19th is the 3rd anniversary of the founding of ourcorporation.We have a small party as follows:7:00p.m.,Jan.19th,Room No.123,Kunlun Hotel.Atthis

34、 moment,we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our clients for both courtesy andsupport over the past three years.Please confirm if you plant to attend.Yours Sincerely,Lewis这是一封正式邀请信，十分正规，无论从句式，还是用语都十分讲究。(3)介于正式和非正式之间的邀请信，如：No.4 Middle SchoolBeijing 100034April 29th,2000Dear Miss Katherin

35、e,I am very pleased to write to you.My name is Yu Hong and I am monitor of Class One,GradeThree of the No.2 Middle School of Jinan.Last year,you came here to give a speech,which wasFast Reading.My classmates and I all thank you very much.We will have an English evening at7:00-9:00 on the evening of

36、May 4th in our classroom.Would you please come and attend theevening party?At the party,we will sing English songs,play games and so on.And we are anxiousto invite you to come to sing us an English song.After that we can enjoy the music.We hope tosee you soon.YoursYu Hong这封信是写给一位外籍教师的，这位外籍教师曾经到过这所学校

37、，虽然作者认识，但并不卜分了解。2)感谢信感谢信可分为感谢馈赠、感谢款待、感谢帮助、感谢送行和感谢探病等。感谢信一般包括以下几点：对收信人的称谓；写信的目的；(Thankyou for.)致谢并详述所收到的礼物或得到的帮助等；结尾及谦称。如：Dear Ms.Gupta:How regretful I must leave you house.Thank you for the many good things you provided.Thechess game,tennis match and Mr.Guptas delicious dishes gave me lots of enjoym

38、ent.If youcame to Beijing for any reason,please come to my family.The kids are looking forward to seeingAunt Jean.I believe we will have a very happy time.Yours Sincerely,Lewis3)求职信求职信属于公务信函，格式和用词比较规。信的内容大体上分为三部分写信的目的，自我介绍，要求。注意下面几点：写信的目的要直截了当地在信的开头提出。自我介绍部分主要介绍自己的学历、工作经历、解决问题的能力等等。在行文、用词上要表现出自信、恳切的

39、态度，语言简明扼要，突出介绍自己的优点，与众不同的特长或有利条件。还要紧扣用人单位的需求，巧用词语，有国地说服对方，此职非你莫属。最后提出进一步联系的途径，如：时间、地点。还可以主动提出接受面试或考核等。求职信在写作特点上主要用第一人称以及动词的一般现在时。如：Ms Li UngP.O.Box 231BeijingJuly 10,1999Dear sir(s),I have just read in the newspaper that a secretary of the English language in wanted in yourcompany.I am therefore wri

40、ting to you to introduce myself.Id like to get the job.I am a girlcollege student of 22 years old.My name is Li Ling.I am studying in the language department.Ican speak,read and write English very well.As a second language,I can read and speak a littleFrench.I have some work experience as a typist i

41、n my spare time at school,and as a tourist guideduring summer holidays.The bosses I worked for were all satisfied with my work.I am sure Illsatisfy you as well.You can get more information about my studies and work from the college.Iam looking forward to visiting your office at any time for a talk o

42、r a test.FaithfullyLi Ling3）回信写回信时应特别注意正确理解写信人的意图、所提问题、必须对写信人的问题给予明确的答复。如下例：No.l Middle School of Nanjing,Jiangsu,ChinaJan.23rdz 2000Dear JackThanks for your letter.Yes,I have some difficulty in learning English.For example,I cant tell thedifference between written English and spoken English.Sometim

43、es I often make mistakes whilespeaking to others.I want to improve my spoken English.But I don*t know how.Would youplease give me some advice?As you say,it is really difficult to write toe Chinese characters,butdont worry about it.Have you considered doing plenty of practice?And I suggest you write

44、themas much as possible.I think it will be of great help.Im looking forward to hearing from you again.Best wishes.YoursLi Ling原信中作者问到英语学习的情况，同时征求学习汉语的建议并谈到自己在学习汉语的过程中遇到的问题。回信中作者对来信中的问题作了详细的回答并给H 1 了建设性的建议。英语II记写作指导英文II记和汉语日记一样，是用来记叙一天中所发生的有意义的事情或对将来的打算等。II记可分为记事、议论、描写及抒情等。记事型是用英语记述当天自己生活学习中发生的事情。议论型

45、是对生活中的某事情或情况现象谈自己的看法，发表议论。描写型或抒情型，则是对某人物事物的特征做细致的描述，或针对某事物抒发自己的感情。1 .格式：一般是在左上角记上当天日期，星期，时间的排列法与书信一致，星期写在日期之后；右上角写上当天的天气情况，表示天气情况的词一般是形容词，如：fine（晴朗的），cold（寒冷的），snowy（下雪），sunny（阳光充足的），rainy（下雨的），cloudy（阴天的）等。日记的小标题写在下一行，也可省略不写。2.时态：写日记的时间一般是在下午、晚上，有时也可以在第二天补写。因此，I1记中所记述的事情通常发生在过去，常用一般过去时；但当记述天气、描写景色或展望未来时，可以用一般现在时或一般将来时。写法大致和写汉语日记相同，都是在正文之前有日期、星期几及当天的天气情况。注意内容表达要清楚连贯、准确。