2015年考研英语一真题详解.pdf

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1、2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or Don the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Though not biologically related,friends are as“related as fourth cousins,sharing about 1%of genes.That is a study,publi

2、shed from the U niversity of California and YaleU niversity in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,has 2.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which4_ pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.The same people were used in both5_.While 1%may se

3、em 6,it is not so to a geneticist.As James Fowler,professor ofmedical genetics at U C San Diego,says,Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousinsbut somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends butnot genes

4、 for immunity.Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain,for now.()10 as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments but there is more Uit.There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosinggenetically similar friends 13 Afunctional kinshipn of bei

5、ng friends with 14!One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving1 5 than other genes.Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pacein the last 30,000 years,with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply explain peo

6、ples 18 to befriend those of similar 19backgrounds,say the researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population ofEuropean extraction,care was taken to 20 that all subjects,friends and strangers weretaken from the same population.The team also controlled the data to check ancestry ofsubj

7、ects.1.A whatB whyC howD when2.A defendedB concludedCl withdrawnD advised3.A forB withC byD on4.A separatedB soughtC comparedD connected5.A tests|B|objectsC samplesD examples6.AJ insignificantIB J unexpectedC unreliableDJ incredible7.A visitB missC knowDseek8.A surpassB influenceC favorD resemble9.A

8、 again10.A Meanwhile11.AJ about12.A limit13.A according to14.A chances15.A faster16.A forecast17.A unpredictable18.A tendency19.A political20.A seeB alsoB|FurthermoreL B toB J observeB rather thanB responsesB slowerB rememberB contributoryB|decisionB religiousB showC insteadD thusC L ikewiseD Perhap

9、sC fromDJ likeC confuseD driveC regardless ofD along withC benefitsD missionsC laterD earlierC expressD understandC controllableD disruptiveC arrangementD endeavorC ethnicD economicC proveD tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after

10、each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET/.(40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted“kings dont abdicate,they die in their sleep/9 B ut embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-electionshave forced him to eat his words

11、 and stand down.So,does the Spanish crisis suggest thatmonarchy is seeing its last days?Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all Europeanroyals,with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both fbr and against monarchy.When publicopinion is par

12、ticularly polarised,as it was following the end of the Franco regime,monarchs canrise above mere politics and“embody“a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularityas heads of states.And so,the Middle East excepted,Europe is the m

13、ost monarch-infestedregion in the world,with 10 kingdoms(not counting Vatican City and Andorra).B ut unliketheir absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia,most royal families have survived because theyallow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.E

14、ven so,kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.Symbolic of national unity asthey claim to be,their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodiesoutdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.At a time when Thomas Piketty and othereconomists are warning of rising inequalit

15、y and the increasing power of inherited wealth,it isbizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modem democraticstates.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic w ays.Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles,not

16、 horses(or helicopters).Even so,these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%,and media intrusiveness makes itincreasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe?s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come,itis the B ritish royals who have

17、most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary(if well-heeled)granny style,The danger will come with Charles,who has both an expensivetaste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.He has failed to unders

18、tand thatmonarchies have largely survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial andnon-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as English history shows,it is kings,not republicans,who are the monarchys worst enemies.21.According to the first two paragraphs,King Juan Carlos

19、of Spai n.A used to enjoy high public supportB was unpopular among European royalsC eased his relationship with his rivalsID ended his reign in emban-assment22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mo s t l y.A owing to their undoubted and respectable statusB to achieve a balance between tra

20、dition and realityC to give voters more public figures to look up toD due to their everlasting political embodiment23.Which of the following is shown to be odd,according to Paragraph 4?A Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.B The role of the nobility in modern democracies.CJ The simple

21、 lifestyle of the aristocratic families.D The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24.The B ritish royals“have most to feaf,because C h a r l e s.A takes a tough line on political issuesB fails to change his lifestyle as advisedC takes republicans as his potential alliesD fails to adapt himself t

22、o his future role25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?A Carlos,Glory and Disgrace CombinedB Charles,Anxious to Succeed to the ThroneC Carlos,a L esson for All European MonarchsD Charles,Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digit

23、al data?The Supreme Court willnow consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if thephone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one thatupsets the old assumptions that authori

24、ties may search through the possessions of suspects at thetime of their arrest.It is hard,the state argues,forjudges to assess the implications of new andrapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California advice.Enough of theimplications are discernable,even

25、 obvious,so that the justices can and should provide updatedguidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California lame argument that exploring the contents of asmart phonea vast storehouse of digital informationis similar to,say,rifling through asuspects purse.The co

26、urt has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when theygo through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant.B ut exploring onessmartphone is more like entering his or her home.A smartphone may contain an arresteesreading history,financial history,medical history and com

27、prehensive records of recentcorrespondence.The development of“cloud computing,“meanwhile,has made thatexploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy.B ut keeping sensitiveinformation on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life.Citizens s

28、till have aright to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitutions prohibitionon unreasonable searches.As so often is the case,stating that principle doesnt ease the challenge of line-drawing.In many cases,it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warr

29、ant to search throughphone contents.They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe,urgent circumstances,and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are noterased or altered while a warrant is pending.The court,though,may want to allow room forpolice

30、 to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.B ut the justices should not swallow Californias argument w hole.New,disruptivetechnology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections.Orin Kerr,a law professor,compares the explosion and accessibility of digital in

31、formation in the 21st centurywith the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th:The justices hadto specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then;they must sort outhow the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26.The Supreme C

32、ourt will work out whether,during an arrest,it is legitimate to.A prevent suspects from deleting their phone contentsB search for suspects mobile phones without a warrantC check suspects5 phone contents without being authorizedDprohibit suspects from using their mobile phones27.The authors attitude

33、toward Californias argument is one of.AJ disapprovalB indifferenceC toleranceDicautiousness28.The author believes that exploring ones phone contents is comparable to.A getting into one飞 residenceB handling ones historical recordsC scanning ones correspondencesD going through ones wallet29.In Paragra

34、phs 5 and 6,the author shows his concern t hat.A principles are hard to be clearly expressedB the court is giving police less room for actionC citizens,privacy is not effectively protectedD phones are used to store sensitive information30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate t hat.A the Const

35、itution should be implemented flexiblyB new technology requires reinterpretation of the ConstitutionCalifornias argument violates principles of the ConstitutionIDJprinciples of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its pee

36、r-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from otherjournals,after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to theirreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclus

37、ions published in our journal,writesMcNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal hasappointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SB oRE).Manuscript will beflagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors,or by its exist

38、ing B oard ofReviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.The SB oRE panel will then find externalstatisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change,McNutt said:The creationof the statistics board5 was motivated by concerns broadly with the applic

39、ation of statistics anddata analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibilityin the research we publish.Giovanni Parmigiani,a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health,is a memberof the SB oRE group.He says he expects the board to“play pri

40、marily an advisory role.”Heagreed to join because he found the foresight behind the establishment of the SB oRE to be novel,unique and likely to have a lasting im pact.This impact will not only be through thepublications in Science itself,but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places tha

41、t maywant to model their approach after Science：John loannidis,a physician who studies research methodology,says that the policy is amost welcome step fbrward and long overdue.Most journals are weak in statistical review,and this damages the quality of what they publish.I think that,fbr the majority

42、 of scientificpapers nowadays,statistical review is more essential than expert review,“he says.B ut henoted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine,the Journal of the AmericanMedical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists ar

43、e expected to know how to analyze data,but statistical errors arealarmingly common in published research,according to David Vaux,a cell biologist.Researchers should improve their standards,he wrote in 2012,but journals should also take atougher line,engaging reviewers who are statistically literate

44、and editors who can verify theprocess”.Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians“has some merit,but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify the papers that needscrutiny,in the first place”.31.It can be learned from Paragraph 1 t hat.A Scienc

45、e intends to simplify its peer-review processB journals are strengthening their statistical checksC few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysisD lack of data analysis is common in research projects32.The phrase“flagged up”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to.A foundB markedC revisedD store

46、d33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may.A pose a threat to all its peersB meet with strong oppositionC increase Sciences circulationD set an example for other journals34.David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now.A adds to researchers*workloadB diminishes the ro

47、le of reviewersC has room for further improvementDJ is to fail in the foreseeable future35.Which of the following is the best title of the text?AJ Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors DesksD Stati

48、sticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago,Rupert Murdochs daughter,Elisabeth,spoke of the unsettling dearth ofintegrity across so many of our institutions”.Integrity had collapsed,she argued,because of acollective acceptance that the only sorting mechanism in society should be profit

49、and the market.But its us,human beings,we the people who create the society we want,not profit”.Driving her point home,she continued:Its increasingly apparent that the absence ofpurpose,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the mostdangerous goals for capitalism

50、 and freedom.,This same absence of moral purpose waswounding companies such as News International,she thought,making it more likely that it wouldlose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludesfinding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World,Andy C