高中英语语法复习专题.ppt

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1、高中英语语法复习专题英语句子概论1.句子的成分句子的成分主语主语:表示句子说的是什么人或什么事表示句子说的是什么人或什么事,由名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子充当由名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子充当位于句首。位于句首。谓语谓语:说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样由动词或动词词组充当由动词或动词词组充当,位于主语后。位于主语后。宾语宾语:表示动作行为的对象表示动作行为的对象,通常位于及物动词和介词后通常位于及物动词和介词后面。面。宾语补足语宾语补足语:补补充宾语的成分充宾语的成分,通常位于宾语后通常位于宾语后。由形容由形容词，名词，介词短语等充当。词，名词

2、，介词短语等充当。表语表语:说明主语的性说明主语的性质或特征质或特征,位于系动词之后。位于系动词之后。以上的成分称为以上的成分称为基本句子成分基本句子成分。完整的句子一般。完整的句子一般至少包含至少包含2-4个基本成分个基本成分。定语：定语：修饰名词或代词修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语的词、短语或从句称为定语定语可由以下等成分表示：定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.There are thirty women teache

3、rs is our school.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.He is reading an article about how to learn English.Tom is a boy who likes music very much.（形容词）（形容词）（分词）（分词）（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（不定

4、式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（介词短语）（介词短语）（从句）（从句）状语状语：修饰：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。通常有副词，介词短语和从句充当通常有副词，介词短语和从句充当状语种类如下：状语种类如下：状语种类如下：状语种类如下：How about meeting again How about meeting again at sixat six?（时间状语）（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party Last night

5、 she didnt go to the dance party because ofbecause ofthe rainthe rain.（原因状语）（原因状语）I shall go there I shall go there if it doesnt rainif it doesnt rain.（条件状语）（条件状语）Mr Smith lives Mr Smith lives on the third flooron the third floor.（地点状语）（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket She put the eggs into the

6、 basket with great carewith great care.方式状语方式状语She came in She came in with a dictionary in her handwith a dictionary in her hand.伴随状语伴随状语In order to catch up with the othersIn order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.,I must work harder.目的状语目的状语He was so tired He was so tired that he fe

7、ll asleep immediatelythat he fell asleep immediately.结果状语结果状语She works very hard She works very hard though she is oldthough she is old.让步状语让步状语I am taller I am taller than he isthan he is.比较状语比较状语同位语同位语:对其前面的名词代词做进一步解释对其前面的名词代词做进一步解释.That is Mr.Chen,our English teacher.插入语插入语:对一句话作一些附加的解释对一句话作一些附加的

8、解释.To be honest,I dont quite agree with you.定语，状语，同位语及插入语可以称为定语，状语，同位语及插入语可以称为附属句子成分附属句子成分。2.句子的分类句子的分类分分类类说说明明例句例句简简单单句句由一个主由一个主语语或并列主或并列主语语和一个和一个谓语谓语或并列或并列谓语谓语构成的句子。即构成的句子。即一套主一套主谓谓关系关系。1.Tom and I found her there.2.We all breathe,eat and work.并并列列句句由并列由并列连词连词（and,so,but,or等）等）把两个或两个以上的把两个或两个以上的简单

9、简单句句连连在一起而构在一起而构成的句子。成的句子。1.He likes eggs,but he doesnt like chickens.2.Work hard or you will fall behind.复复合合句句由一个主句和一个或由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成一个以上的从句构成的句子的句子1.I believe you are right.2.If you study harder,you will pass the exam.1）她喜欢集邮）她喜欢集邮.2）食物很精美）食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口但他却没什么胃口.3）我们到达电影院的时候）我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演

10、了电影已经开演了.She is fond of collecting stamps.The food was good,but he had little appetite.The film had begun when we got to the cinema.翻译下列句子：翻译下列句子：判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3.There is a chair in this room.4

11、.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.简单句简单句 复合句复合句 简单句简单句 简单句简单句 5.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.6.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7.Neither has he changed his mind,nor will he do so.8.What he said at th

12、e meeting is very important.9.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.并列句并列句 复合句复合句 并列句并列句 复合句复合句 简单句简单句 简单句简单句 3.简单句基本句型简单句基本句型英语五种基本句型列式如下：英语五种基本句型列式如下：基本句型一基本句型一:+（主谓）（主谓）基本句型二基本句型二:+（主系表）（主系表）基本句型三基本句型三:+（主谓宾）（主谓宾）基本句型四基本句型四:+O1+2（主谓间宾（主谓间宾直宾）直宾

13、）基本句型五基本句型五:+(主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补)基本句型基本句型 一一 +（主谓）（主谓）1.Time 2.The sun 3.The man4.Everybodyflies.rises.cooked.laughed此句型中动词是不及物动词此句型中动词是不及物动词,能表达完整意思。能表达完整意思。主语可有修饰语主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语，状语，如，如，The red sun rises in the east.基本句型 二 +（主系表）（主系表）1.He 2.The dinner3.The weather is smellsbecame tall and

14、strong.good.warmer.此句型中谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明此句型中谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。系系动词有三类：动词有三类：1.表示特征和存在状态的：表示特征和存在状态的：be,seem,appear,feel,look,smell,sound,taste2.表状态延续的：表状态延续的：remain,stay,keep,continue,stand3.表状态变化表状态变化 的：的：become,get,turn,go,run,fa

15、ll,come,grow 基本句型基本句型 三三+（主谓宾）（主谓宾）（及物（及物动词动词）(宾语宾语)1.Who 2.She 3.I 4.I5.Iknows laugh at want dont knowenjoythe answer?her.to have a cup of tea.what to do.living here.此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，必须跟一个宾语，此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，必须跟一个宾语，才能使意思完整，而宾语成分的多样化使这一结构异才能使意思完整，而宾语成分的多样化使这一结构异常复杂。常复杂。基本句型基本句型 四四+IO+（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）（及

16、物）（及物）（多指人）（多指人）（多指物）（多指物）1.I 2.Heshowedboughthimme my pictures.a beautiful skirt.此句型中的谓语动词必须有两个宾语才能表达完整此句型中的谓语动词必须有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者（多的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者（多指物），另一个是动作的间接宾语（多指人）。指物），另一个是动作的间接宾语（多指人）。若要先说出直接宾语，后说间接宾语，则要借助与若要先说出直接宾语，后说间接宾语，则要借助与介词介词to 或或for。He bought me a beautiful skirt.

17、He bought a beautiful skirt for me.用用to侧重指动作的方向，表示侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。朝着，向着，对着某人。用用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助（需借助 to的）的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等等（需借助（需借助for的）的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,m

18、ake,order,sing等。等。基本句型基本句型 五五+（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）（及物）（及物）（宾语宾语）（宾补宾补）1.We 2.They 3.We 4.I keep call asked saw the table supper him them clean.dinner.to come back soon.getting on the bus.此句型中谓语动词除了跟一个宾语外，还需跟一此句型中谓语动词除了跟一个宾语外，还需跟一个补充成分来不足宾语，才能使意思完整。个补充成分来不足宾语，才能使意思完整。注意：用注意：用 it it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到做形式宾语，而将真

19、正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，是英语常用句型。宾语补足语的后面，是英语常用句型。即即 主语主语+谓语谓语+it+宾补宾补+真正宾语真正宾语。如，。如，I found it very pleasant to be with your family.常用于此句型的动词有常用于此句型的动词有:think,believe,consider,suppose,find,feel,make使用使用it当形式宾语翻译下面的句子当形式宾语翻译下面的句子1.他感到很难跟你交谈。他感到很难跟你交谈。2.我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。3.学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。学校定了一

20、条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。4.我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。1.He felt it very difficult to talk with you.2.I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way.3.The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.4.I thought it no use talking with that man1.You are sitting on th

21、e train home.2.There comes the bus!3.The egos potential for expansion is limitless.4.Breckenridge hosts the international Snow Sculpture Championships.5.Our neighbors gave us a baby bird yesterday.6.We think it our duty to study well.主主主主+谓（谓（谓（谓（S+VS+VS+VS+V）主主主主+谓（谓（谓（谓（S+VS+VS+VS+V）主主主主+系系系系+表（表（

22、表（表（S+V+PS+V+PS+V+PS+V+P）主主+动动+宾（宾（SVO）主主+动动+间宾间宾+直宾（直宾（SVOiOd）主主主主+动动动动+宾宾宾宾+补（补（补（补（SVOCSVOC）判断下列句子属于何种句式判断下列句子属于何种句式Exercises:Exercises:更正下列句子的错误更正下列句子的错误Exercises:Exercises:1.He came the room.2.The music sounds.3.I have seen.4.He gave a pen me.5.The boss made the boy to work hard.6.My father bou

23、ght a book to me.1.He came into the room.2.The music sounds wonderful.3.I have seen the film.4.He gave a pen to me.5.The boss made the boy work hard.6.My father bought a book for me.Exercises:Exercises:翻译下列句子并分析句子结构：翻译下列句子并分析句子结构：1.1.我经常在早晨读英语。我经常在早晨读英语。2.2.玛丽是个聪明的学生。玛丽是个聪明的学生。3.3.我的老师交给我一封信。我的老师交给我

24、一封信。4.4.我母亲经常叫我努力学习。我母亲经常叫我努力学习。5.5.我们叫我们的老师王先生我们叫我们的老师王先生 6.6.他正在房里做家庭作业。他正在房里做家庭作业。1.I often read English in the morning.2.Mary is a clever student.3.My teacher gave me a letter.4.My mother often asks me to study hard.5.We call our teacher Mr.Wang.6.He is doing his homework in the room.主主+谓谓+宾宾主主+

25、系系+表表 主主+谓谓+双宾双宾 主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补主主+谓谓+宾宾英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。子结构的基础。A Lebanese who had left the country for Syria during the conflict between Israel and Hizbollah,returns with her family following th

26、e ceasefire,at the Lebanon-Syria border in Magdel Anjar August 14,2006.S +V()找出下面句子的主干：找出下面句子的主干：First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century,the theorem（定理）（定理）had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds,including a French woman scientist who ma

27、de a major advance in working out the problem,and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.（NMET2003.C篇）篇）这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮男装为了能够

28、在伊科尔理工学院学习。男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。句子主干属于：主语句子主干属于：主语+谓语谓语+宾语，宾语，夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语及两个定语从句。夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语及两个定语从句。Even though there may be a tendency in some rare families to live extraordinarily long,the genetic influence that emerged from the studies of twins was significantly less than much of the public a

29、nd many scientists think it is.Josephine Tesauro,left,active and healthy at 92,is part of a study trying to determine why some people age better than others,even when they are closely related.S+V+P world powers begin discussing punitive(惩戒性的惩戒性的)measures next week against Iran if,the International A

30、tomic Energy Agency reports Teheran has ignored the UN demand to stop enriching uranium by August 31.Washington says S+V+Oifas expected world powers begin discussing punitive(惩戒性的惩戒性的)measures next week against Iran if,the International Atomic Energy Agency reports Teheran has ignored the UN demand to stop enriching uranium by August 31.S+V+OHomework:1.完成完成 金榜一号金榜一号 unit1-4 写作导航写作导航 如何写好简单句如何写好简单句(1)-(4)练习练习