国外教育心理学课件2-概念概念概述Cassie.ppt

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1、Operant ConditioningCassie TobinWhat is Operant Conditioning?The form of learning where a response increases in frequency as a result of it being followed by a reinforcement.Students often learn and demonstrate new behaviors for the consequences that those behaviors bring.Example:Sandy studies hard

2、for her Accounting Example:Sandy studies hard for her Accounting test.She gets an A on the test.test.She gets an A on the test.TermsOperant an action that operates on the environment to produce a change in the environmentReinforcer an event when which made upon the occurrence of an operant increases

3、 the probability of the operantPunisher an event when which made upon the occurrence of an operant decreases the probability of the operantOperant ConditioningA theory used by many different people.B.F.Skinner and John WatsonReinforcement is a main concept of the theoryOne distinctive aspect of Skin

4、ners theory is that it attempted to provide behavioral explanations for a broad range of phenomena.Operant ConditioningOperant conditioning has been widely applied in clinical settings as well as teaching and instructional development.Operant ConditioningAppropriate and productive behaviors are acqu

5、ired because of the desirable outcome that may occur.Many inappropriate and undesirable behaviors may be acquired for the same reason.Three Essential Conditions for Operant ConditioningThe individual must make a response.Behaviorists say that little is accomplished when the students just sit and lis

6、ten to their teacher.Students are more likely to learn when they are making active responses within the classroom.Example:Students will learn their cursive letters Example:Students will learn their cursive letters more easily by writing them.more easily by writing them.Three Essential Conditions for

7、 Operant ConditioningA reinforcer must follow the response.A reinforcer must follow the response.To be most effective,the reinforcer should occur To be most effective,the reinforcer should occur immediately after the response.immediately after the response.The closer it occurs to the response the mo

8、re The closer it occurs to the response the more effective it will be to the students.effective it will be to the students.l lExample:A teacher gives her students several Example:A teacher gives her students several minutes of free time after they complete an minutes of free time after they complete

9、 an assignment.assignment.Delayed reinforcers are more likely to be Delayed reinforcers are more likely to be effective with older students.effective with older students.Three Essential Conditions for Operant ConditioningThe reinforcer must be presented only when the response has occurred.l lExample

10、:A teacher who praises her students Example:A teacher who praises her students only when they behave appropriately.only when they behave appropriately.The reinforcer should never occur when the response does not occur.l lExample:A teacher who laughs at Example:A teacher who laughs at inappropriate b

11、ehavior of her students.inappropriate behavior of her students.Types of ReinforcersPositive Reinforcement the basis of all Positive Reinforcement the basis of all conditioning.conditioning.Negative Reinforcement involves the removal Negative Reinforcement involves the removal of a bad consequence wh

12、en the response is of a bad consequence when the response is performed.performed.Positive Punishment involves the presentation Positive Punishment involves the presentation of a bad consequence when the response is of a bad consequence when the response is performedperformedNegative Punishment invol

13、ves the removal of Negative Punishment involves the removal of a good consequence when the response is a good consequence when the response is performedperformedOperant Conditioning vs.Classical ConditioningClassical conditioning also contains a stimulus and a response.Operant conditioning varies in

14、 two waysl lThe order of the stimulus and the response.The order of the stimulus and the response.l lThe nature of the response.The nature of the response.How teachers should use Operant Conditioning in the classroomUse reinforcement rather than punishment,otherwise use them together,if at all possible.Select reinforcers carefully ImmediacyImmediacy SourceSource FrequencyFrequency Learners themselvesLearners themselvesSources