2021届山东新高考英语二轮高频考点解密16阅读理解之主旨大意题（学生版）.pdf

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1、解密1 6阅读理解之主旨大意题主旨大意题是高考阅读理解的主要题型之一，旨在考查考生对文章大意或者文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。此类题数量较大，在 15个题中约占2-3个。主旨大意题的分类1.从考查对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是末段。段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问。主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻找或总结。2.考查内容上划分，主旨大意题可分为三种主题类（内容），考查文章或段落的主旨大意；目的类，考查文章或段落的写作目的；标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。设问特点：1.考查全文主旨或段落大意。2.正确选项

2、概况范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确。3.错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题，主观臆断。4.常以 main idea,best idea,subject,mainly discuss 等词提问。常考问题：1.中心思想类The main point/idea of the passage is.The passage is mainly about.The passage mainly discusses.The last but one paragraph is chiefly concerned with.?Which of the following statements best ex

3、presses the main idea of the passage?2.标题类Which of the following is the best title of the passage?The best title fbr the passage would be.3.目的类The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to.The passage is meant to.In writing this passage,the author mainly intends to.【名师指导】文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现

4、，有以下五种情况：1.中心主题句出现在文首开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。2.主题句出现在文尾在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式,即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。（2020年 全 国I卷B）The connection

5、 between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.Recent studies havefound positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown,Ohio,for example,discovered that greener areas of the cityexperienced less crime.In another,employees were shown to be 15%more productive when their w

6、orkplaces weredecorated with houseplants.The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）have taken it a step further changing the actualcomposition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse,even unusual functions.These include plants that havesensors printed onto their leaves

7、 to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect hannfiil chemicals ingroundwater.Were thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use everyday,*explained Michael Strano,a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.One of his latest projects has

8、been to make plants glow（发光）in experiments using some common vegetables.Stranos team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours.The light,about one-thousandth ofthe amount needed to read by,is just a start.The technology,Strano said,could one day be used to light the rooms

9、 oreven to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.In the future,the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in aone-off treatment that would last the plants lifetime.The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off”switch where the glow would

10、fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US.Since lighting is often far removedfrom the power source（电源）such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot ofenergy is lost during transmission（传输）.Glowing plant

11、s could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.32.What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.A new study of different plants.B.A big fall in crime rates.C.Employees from various workplaces.D.Benefits from green plants.35.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A.Can we

12、 grow more glowing plants?B.How do we live with glowing plants?C.Could glowing plants replace lamps?D.How are glowing plants made pollution-free?【答案】32.D35.C【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明J绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。32.主旨大意题。根据第一段中 A study conduc

13、ted in Youngstown,Ohio,for example.discovered that greener areas ofthe city experienced less crime.In another,employees were shown to be 15%more productive when their workplaceswere decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于

14、绿色植物的益处。故选D。35.主旨大意题。根据最后一段中 Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US.Sincelighting is often far removed from the power source-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on aremote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission.Glowing plants could

15、reduce this distance and thereforehelp save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C 选 项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。3.首尾呼应的写作方法为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出

16、主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。Lacrosse（曲棍球）is a popular sport in Canada.The Indians in Canada invented it.They used it to train forwar.They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.People play lacrosse outdoors.The lacrosse field is seven meters long.A

17、t each end of the field there is a goal.The goal is a net.There are ten players on each team.Each player has a stick called“cross”.The player hit a ballinto the net as many times as possible.Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ballat a high speed with their sticks

18、.Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse.There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada.Every night Canadians can watch thelacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio.At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada.Today it is still popu

19、lar with Canadians.l.The passage is mainly about.A.How to Play LacrosseB.Lacrosse in CanadaC.The History of LacrosseD.Lacrosse-A Popular Game in Canada【答案】D【解析】作者先后两次提到“长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢迎”，显然选项D 最符合短文的主题。4.中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什

20、么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。Handshaking,though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China.Nobody knows exactly when thepractice started in Europe.It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met,they showed their unarmed（无武器的）hands to each other as a sign of goodwill.As time went

21、 on and trade in cities grew rapidly,people in citiesbegan to clap each others hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement.This practice was later changed intoshaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other.Lets shake（hands）on it“sometimes meansagreement reached.Do the Europeans shake

22、 hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet?No.Sometimes the Chineseabroad reach out their hands too often to be polite.It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party,especially when it is a woman,shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does no

23、t meananything to him or-her.Even if,fbr politeness,he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand,just touch it slightly.There is generally a misunderstanding（误解）among the Chinese that westerners are usuallyopen and straightforward,while the Chinese are rather reserved（保守的）in mann

24、er.But in fact some people inwestern countries more reserved than some Chinese today.So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner onlywhen he shows interest in further relations with you.65.The first paragraph mainly tells us.A.where handshaking was first practisedB.how handshaking came abou

25、tC.about the relationship between handshaking and tradeD.about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题。在文章第一段说明了握手的来历。实际上也就是谈论握手是怎样产生的。67.The main purpose of the text is.A.to tell us some differences between the East and the WestB.to offer us some important facts about

26、handshakingC.to introduce us to some different customs in the WestD.to give us some advice before we travel abroad【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题。本文没有明确主题句，中心主题隐含在全文之中。根据全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了握手的一些具体情况。4.主题句出现在文章的中间通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent

27、past.The three-day event is not fixed to the same dateseach year,but generally takes place in November or December.It is well attended by tourists,but even betterattended by locals.During thn opening ceremonies,after the official greetings from the government leaders,people who attendthe festival be

28、gin to march smartly before the viewing stands,and white camels transport their riders across thesands.Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship.One followinganother,groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off

29、 their wonderfultraditional culture.Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs.On their knees in the sand,a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair:their long,dark,shiny hairis thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of the

30、ir dance.67.This passage mainly tells r e a d e r s.A.what happens on the opening day of the Sahara FestivalB.how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara FestivalC.what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara FestivalD.how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Fe

31、stival【答案】A【解析】从文中第二段第一句话“During the opening ceremonies,“可以看出，本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节 开幕式上的活动。答案选A。怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题高度概括法对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标

32、题呢？首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。标题

33、的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。比如某一文章的中心句为：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names on Thursday Nov.18th 2004 inBeijing.话题：Stamps控制性概念：CHINA issued th

34、e first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names标题：China issued 1st set of stamps on family namesAugust 8,was Earth Overshoot Day.Calculated annually by the environmental advocacy（J I#,力 电 护）group,Global Footprint Network（GFN）,it is the day when human has consumed all the natural res

35、ources produce,meat,fish,water,and wood that our planet can regenerate（再生）in a single year.This means that for the rest of2016,we will be using natural resources that are impossible to replace.For those that are a little confused,it is similar to spending your entire years allowance by August and th

36、enborrowing money from friends,knowing fully well that you cannot repay the loan.GFN says that the same thinghappens in the case of the Earth.The date of Earth Overshoot Day varies each year.In an ideal,fully sustainable world,we should only spendwhat we have.This means that Earth Overshoot Day woul

37、d fall on December 31,or perhaps even spill into thefollowing year,indicating that we are saving some resources for a rainy day.That did happen in 1961,when weonly consumed three-quarters of what the planet produced.Unfortunately,the day has been going up rapidly since 2014 when it fell on August 19

38、.In 2015,it was August13,and this year,the earliest so far-August 8!The only way to sustain this demand would be to have 1.6 earths,which as we all know,is not possible.Fortunately,experts say that the situation is not as grim as it sounds.Many countries are already taking stepsto reduce carbon emis

39、sions,which accounts for 60%of our ecological footprint,by switching to solar orwind-generated power.Individuals can also help by eating less meat,walking,biking,or taking public transportation,as well asadopting the three Rs:Reduce,Reuse,and Recycle.If we all work together,we can help push back Ear

40、thOvershoot Day to December 31,or even beyond!27.What is the best title for the passage?A.A Warning:Earth Overshoot DayB.A Celebration:Earth Overshoot DayC.A Reminder:Reduce,Reuse,and RecycleD.An Advertisement:Global Footprint Network【文章大意】本文是篇环保类说明文。文章介绍了 Earth Overshoot Day。今年在八月八号我们就已经消耗掉今年全年的可再生

41、资源，接着又介绍了 Earth Overshoot Day的计算方法。通过介绍Earth OvershootD a y,作者呼吁人们减少资源浪费。【答案】A【解析】今年的Earth Overshoot Day是八月八号，即我们今年在八月八号就已经消耗掉我们今年全年的可再生资源。本文通过介绍Earth Overshoot Day告诉人们要减少资源浪费，所以最佳标题应是A 项。题组一真题在线Passage 1（2020全国新高考 I.B）Jenifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to pursu

42、e her goal of earning anursing degree.That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire andbecame the first in her large family to earn a bachelors degree.Mauer,of Edgar,Wisconsin,grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children.Her dad worked at a job away fromth

43、e farm,and her mother ran the farm with the kids.After high school,Jennifer attended a local technical college,working to pay her tuition（学费），because there was no extra money set aside for a college education.Aftergraduation,she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling.Jennife

44、r now is married and has three children of her own.She decided to go back to college to advance hercareer and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves:nursing.She chose the UW-EauClaire program at Ministry Saint Josephs Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pu

45、rsue her four-year degreeclose to home.She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids.Jenifer received greatsupport from her family as she worked to earn her degree:Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills,and her68-year-old mother helped take care of the children at

46、 times.Through it all,she remained in good academic standing and graduated with honors.Jennifer sacrificed（牺牲）loachieve her goal,giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study.Some nights my heartwas breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers

47、,she says.However,her childrenhave learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree.Jennifer is a first-generation graduate andan inspiration to her family-and thats pretty powerful.4.What did Jennifer do after high school?A.She helped her dad with his work.B.She ran the family fa

48、rm on her own.C.She supported herself through college.D.She taught her sisters and brothers at home.5.Why did Jennifer choose the program at Ministry Saint Josephs Hospital in Marshfield?A.To take care of her kids easily.B.To learn from the best nurses.C.To save money for her parents.D.To find a wel

49、l-paid job there.6.What did Jennifer sacrifice to achieve her goal?A.Her health.B.Her time with family.C.Her reputation.D.Her chance of promotion.7.What can we learn from Jenifers story?A.Time is money.B.Love breaks down barriers.C.Hard work pays off.D.Education is the key to success.Passage 2（2020-

50、全国新高考 I.C）According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research,both the size and consumption habits of oureating companions can influence our food intake.And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eatingwith heavier people who order large portions（份），its the beanpoles wi