TOEFL写作讲义合集(基础知识、独立写作、综合写作).pdf
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1、T O E F L 写作讲义合集(基础知识、独立写作、综合写作)第一章 写作基础知识第二章 独立写作攻略第三章 综合写作攻略第一章写作基础知识一、理解托福写作的核心要多记笔记:1、可以保证 focus on my lecture,不会 absent-minded2,保证将来会有复习的clues写作的第一要务是把观点表达清楚。1、写作必须有观点2、要给出一个清楚的观点写作考试不基于考生的真实身份。托福作文中所有的例子和细节可以是真的,也可以是假的。写作考试只考察语言水平,不考察思想水平。举例:建工厂不同意的理由有三:1、造成污染;2、交通堵塞;3、物价上涨写作考试不测试考生的真实想法。作文不是写
2、想写的,而是写好写的、能写的。举例:父母是最好的老师,你同意吗?同意的理由:1、how to behave myself;2、value system;3、experience上述理由都不能证明该题目“后天的知识是老师教的,而不是父母教的”存在逻辑错误,将老师与父母并列起来,应该在老师前面加上修饰语“学 校 的。写作是基于表达,而不是基于翻译。举例:婀娜多姿:b eau tifu l;妩媚动人:lovelyYou are extremely smart.extremely means very托福考试30分钟最低要写300字,一般要求写400到500字写作内容和语言同等重要。把内容表达清楚可以
3、拿到高分clarity 高于 variety,variety 高于 complexityclarity is the priority观点的层次比观点的数目更重要。逻辑错误比语法错误更严重。跑题你就完蛋了。二、新托福写作介绍General Introduction to IBT TOEFL:Reading:60-100minsListening:60-90minsBreak:10m insSpeaking:2 Omi nsWriting:50mins口语考试的两个标准:accuracy,fluency托福考试加一条:efficiencyWriting:50minsTotal t ime:4 h
4、oursTotal score:120General Introduction to iBT TOEFL WritingContent:integrated writ ing and independent writing(综合写作和独立写作)考试中两个作文equally important,各 占 50%考试顺序:阅读,听力,休息,口语,写作Score:raw score:0-5scaled score:0-30流程:Integrated writing:Reading:3mins230300wordsListening:2mins230300wordswr i t ing:20 minut
5、es 写听力的主要内容,以及听力与阅读的关系授课流程:提出观点-解释-举例-练习-解惑要求:1、课堂上多记笔记2、熟悉题库和机经机经比题库更重要3、要认真阅读和分析讲义上的范文,包括段落和完整的篇章两个方面的分析:a.内容方面,搞清句与句的关系,段与段的关系,知道文章如何develop;b.语言方面,挑出漂亮句型和短语。4、熟悉讲义的句型集,要学会背诵讲义中每个类型的至少一个句型。不要贪多,要学精学透。Reading makes fu1Iment,writ ing makes exactment.5、背诵因果关系表达方法、综合写作句型三大关系:因果关系,转折关系,并列关系6、考前完成20篇作文
6、15篇写完不做任何修改,立即销毁,不要求不限时写作;610篇,要 求1小时之内完成,写完后进行修改语法拼写错误、表达不清和跑题错误;1 1 20篇,写完后修改,并对文章进行润饰t o polish your writing,to perfect your writing,t o makeyour writing more beaut i f u l,morepowerful绝不能重复错误明确而坚定的目标是不绝的动力之源写作基本常识:1、托福作文不需要标题,写标题不扣分2、任何标点符号的后面空一格英语中省略号是三点,没有书名号和顿号,一般通过斜体或引号来表示3、段落格式使用缩行式或者空行式:缩行
7、式指每一段的第一行向右缩进四个字符,其余行顶格写如:空格 Students a t universit i e s of ten have a choice of placesto l i v e.They may choose t o 1 ive i n university dormitories,or they may choose t o 1ive i n apartments i n the communi t y.Compare the advantages of 1iving i n uni vers i t y housing withthe advantages of 1 i
8、ving i n an apartment i n the communi t y.Where wou 1 d you pref er to 1 ive?Give reasons for yourpreference.空行式指每一段的每一行都顶格写,但段与段之间空一行如:“Job securi ty and salary should be based on employeeperformance,not on years of service.Rewarding employeesprimarily for years of service discourages people fromma
9、intaining consistently high levels of productivity.5,空出的一行In the final analysis,the statement correctly identifiesjob performance as the single best criterion for salary andjob securi t y.However,the statement goes too far,i tignores the fact that a cost-of-1iving salary increase fortenured employee
10、s not only enhances loyal ty and,in the end,productivity,but also i s required by fairness.三、“黄金规则一”The longer,the better!基于内容的充实性,内容越充实,文章越好官方指南:一篇短的文章是不太可能把一个问题说清楚的一般文章写到550字以上,基本都是满分How to develop your idea into paragraph,even to acompos i t ion.举例:I have a big fami l y.There is my father,my moth
11、er,my sister and I.My father is a worker.之后可以写 what kind of job,how hebehaves,whats his achievementBe the best of yourselfBest structure 最好的框架Best sentences 最好的句子Best words 最好的词Best examples 最好的例子例如:我认为.I feel think hold claim bel ieve deem maintain reckon argue assume that.in my opinionfrom my poin
12、t of viewfrom my perspective anglefor my partAs far as Im concerned.I hold/share the opinion/belief/position/standpoint/idea that.As I see view perceive the problem question issue case discussion argument controversy.My viewpoint belief opinion is that.problem就 是 一 个tro u b le,可 能 是question,也可能不是con
13、troversy 的形容词:controversial基本要求:阅读完教材:尤其是 OFFICIAL GUIDE练习独立作文,每周两篇句型练习、变换将讲义最后十二个句子每个用三种或三种以上方法来表达举例:More and more people rea 1 ize the importance of theenvironment protect ion.四、句子训练方法三种句子是写作的基础句子训练方法(一)用多种方法表达同一句意.例如:A对B很重要.1)A is important to B.2)A plays an important rolepart in B.3)A is of(grea
14、t amazing enormous considerable remarkable)importance significance to B.注:be of+n.be+adj.a ma zing 令人惊讶的enormous 巨大的cons iderable 可观的置 于importance前面都表示“非常”4 )B cannot 1ive develop grow survive without A.5 )A means a lot a great dealmuch to B.6 )The importance of A to B can never be exaggerated denie
15、d ignored doubted.注:exaggerate 夸大,夸张例如:A对B很重要.练习:教育对一个国家的发展来说是非常重要的1.A nation can not develop without education.2.Education means a lot a great dea1 much to thedevelop of a nat ion.3.The importance of education to the develop of a nationcan never be exaggerated denied ignored doubted.练习:如果大学生在校外住将会有
16、利于他锻炼独立自主能力改造:在校外住对锻炼独立自主能力是很重要的1.The personal i ty of independence can not be developedwithout experience of living outside the campus.2.Living outside the campus means a lot to thedevelopment of the personali ty of independence.练习:跨文化交际能力在我们这个多元化社会中对我们的成功非常重要注:跨文化交际能力 cross cultural social skill在多
17、元化社会中 i n the plural society事业成功 career success1.Ones career success can not be achieved without theexcel lent cross cultural socialskill i n the plural society.2.The excel lent cross cultural social s k i 1 1 i s importantto ones career success i n thisplural society.3.The social s k i 1 1 plays an
18、 important role i n onescareer success.练习:身体是革命的本钱引申:身体是事业成功的保障Health i s important t o ones career success.注:身体通常指英文中的health例如:早睡早起身体好 You have excel lent health.保重身体 take good care of your heal t h7 )A i s essential significant crucial critical vital indispensable to B.8 )A i s everything the who
19、1 e world t o B.9 )A is fundamental basic elementary rudimentary underlying to B.练习:父母对我们的影响非常非常大The influence of our parents on our growth can neverbe exaggerated denied ignored doubted.练习:赵薇的眼睛很大The s ize of Zhao Weis eyes can never be exaggerated.西施很美丽The beauty of Xi Shi can never be exaggerated
20、.语言就是力量The power of language can never be exaggerated.王二小很勇敢The bravery of the little hero Wang Erxiao can neverbe exaggerated.建工厂有很多好处The advantages of bui Iding a factory near ourcommunity can never be exaggerated denied ignored doubted.建工厂会有噪音,很烦The noise of the construction of the factory nearmy
21、 communi ty can never beexaggerated.The harm of the noise produced by the factory cannever be exaggerated.看电视伤害视力The harm of the children,s eyesight can neverexaggerated if they watch televisiontoo much televi.10)A matters counts to B.注:matter 要紧count 重要语法很重要:Grammar counts.11)Nothing is more import
22、ant to B than A.练习:建工厂好处很多Nothing brings more advantages than the building ofa factory near our community.父母对我们影响很大Nobody influences us more deeply than our parents.12)Nothing is the match of A to B.练习:保护濒危动物对维护生态平衡很重要The protection of the endangered animals is essential significant crucial critical
23、 vital indispensableto the maintenance of the ecological balance.The protection of the endangered animals i severything the whole world to the maintenance of theecological balance.The protect ion of the endangered animals matters counts to the maintenance of the ecological balance.Nothing is more im
24、portant to the maintenance of theecological balance than the protection of the endangeredanimals.Nothing is the match of the protection of theendangered animals to the maintenance of the ecologicalbalance.13)A i s to B what the foundat ion is to a skyscraper wateris to fish the heart is to a human.句
25、子训练方法(二)扩充句子将一个简单的句子进行扩充,增加至15字,25字,35字,尽量使用不同的语法结构,如同位语,插入语,非谓语结构,各种从句,并列结构等。(要求:文章里多于25字的句子至少有3句)eg.The book i s new.The book on the desk is new.The book,ca1 led White Snow,is a new one that my fatherbought.句子最长不能超过50个字句子训练方法(三)对句式进行各种变化。开头的变化(名词,不定式,介词词组,分词,从句,动名词,代词)结尾的变化长短句的变化主被动的变化考试应该以长句为主,以主
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