考研历年英语真题.pdf

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1、2011考研英语真题完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirection s:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank andmark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodily exerciseprecious to health.n But 1 some claims to the contrary,laugh

2、ing probablyhas little influence on physical fitness Laughter does 2 short-term changesin the function of the heart and its blood vessels,3 heart rate and oxygenconsumption But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 a good laugh isunlikely to have 5 benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.6,in

3、stead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,laughterapparently accomplishes the _ 7,studies dating back to the 19 30*5 indicatethat laughter_ 8_muscles,decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutesafter the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9 _ the effects of p

4、sychologicalstress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of_1 0_ feedback,that improve an individuaHs emotional state._ 11_one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted12 physical reactions.It was argued at the end of the 19th century thathumans do not cry_

5、13_ they are sad but they become sad when the tearsbegin to flow.Although sadness also_14_ tears,evidence suggests that emotions canflow _ 15_muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1 9 88,socialpsychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wurzburg in Germany askedvolunteers to _16_a pen

6、either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificialsmile-or with their lips,which would produce a(n)_ 17_expression.Thoseforced to exercise their smiling muscles_18_ more exuberantly to funnycartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown,_19 _that expressions may influence emotion

7、s rather than just the other way around_ 20_ ,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.18.Aadapted Bcatered Cturned D reacted1.AamongB exceptC despite Dlike2.A reflectBdemandC indicate Dproduce3.AstabilizingBboostingCimpairing Ddetermining4.AtransmitB sustainC evaluateD observe5.Ameasurable B

8、manageable Caffordable Drenewable6.A I n turnB I n factC I n additionDln brief7.AoppositeBimpossibleC averageD expected8.A hardensBweakensCtightensD relaxes9.AaggravateBgenerateCmoderate Denhance10.AphysicalBmentalCsubconscious Dinternal11.AExcept for BAccordinc)to C Due toDAs for12.AwithBon Cin Dat

9、13.AunlessBuntilCif D because14.AexhaustsBfollowsC precedes D suppresses15.AintoBfromCtowards Dbeyond16.AfetchBbiteCpick Dhold17.Adisappointed BexcitedCjoyful D indifferent19.Asuggesting B requiring Cmentioning Dsupposing20.AEventually BConsequently CSimilarly DConverselySection I I Reading Com preh

10、ensionPart ADirection s:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosingA,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next m usicdirector has been the talk of the classical-music wor

11、ld ever since the suddenannouncement of his appointment in 2009.For the most part,the response hasbeen favorable,to say the least.wHooray!At last!wrote Anthony Tommasini,asober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,isthat Gilbert is compa

12、ratively little known.Even Tommasini,who had advocatedGilberfs appointment in the Times,calls him“an unpretentious musician withno air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next musicdirector of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like GustavMahler and Pierr

13、e Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Timesreaders as faint praise.For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a goodone.To be sure,he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions,but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall,or

14、 anywhere else,to hearinteresting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot upmy computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for liveperformance are missing the point.For the time,attention,and m

15、oney of theart-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with operahouses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with therecorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.There recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much h

16、igherin artistic quality than todays live performances;moreover,they can be“consumed”at a time and place of the listeners choosing.The widespreadavailability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution ofthe traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classic

17、al performers to program attractive newmusic that is not yet available on record.Gilberfs own interest in new music hasbeen widely noted:Alex Ross,a classical-music critic,has described him as aman who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into“a markedly different,morevibrant organization.M But wh

18、at will be the nature of that difference?Merelyexpanding the orchestras repertoire will not be enough.If Gilbert and thePhilharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship betweenAmericas oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para.1 that Gilberfs a

19、ppointment hasAincurred criticism.B raised suspicion.Creceived acclaim.D aroused curiosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who isA influential.Bmodest.C respectable.Dtalented.23.The author believes that the devoted concertgoersAignore the expenses of live performances.Breject most kinds of

20、 recorded performances.Cexaggerate the variety of live performances.Doverestimate the value of live performances.24.According to the text,which of the following is true of recordings?AThey are often inferior to live concerts in quality.BThey are easily accessible to the general public.CThey help imp

21、rove the quality of music.DThey have only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding Gilberts role in revitalizing the Philharmonic,the author feelsAdoubtfuLBenthusiastic.C confident.Dpuzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,hisexplanation was surprisingly straight up.

22、Rather than cloaking his exit in theusual vague excuses,he came right out and said he was leaving“to pursue mygoal of running a company.n Broadcasting his ambition was“very much mydecision/*McGee says.Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time withthe board of Hartford Financial Services Gro

23、up,which named him CEO andchairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on whatkind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outsideworld about his aspirations.And McGee isnt alone.In recent weeks the No.2executives at Avon an

24、d American Express quit with the explanation that theywere looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in responseto shareholder pressure,executives who dont get the nod also may wish tomove on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautiousof letting vague pronou

25、ncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be morewilling to make the jump without a net.In the third quarter,CEO turnover wasdown 23%from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research.As the econo

26、my picks up,opportunities willabound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the mostattractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn/Ferrysenior part

27、ner Dennis Carey:I cant think of a single search Ive done where aboard has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.nThose who jumped without a job havent always landed in top positionsquickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying shewanted to be a CEO.It was a year befo

28、re she became head of a tinyI nternet-based commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005with ambitions to be a CEO.He finally took that post at a major financialinstitution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financialcrisis has ma

29、de it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.“The traditional rule was ifs safer to stay where you are,but thafs beenfundamentally inverted/1 says one headhunter.uThe people whove been hurtthe worst are those whove stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure,his manner c

30、an best be described asbeingAarrogant.Bfrank.C self-centered.Dimpulsive.27.According to Paragraph 2,senior executives,quitting may be spurred byAtheir expectation of better financial status.Btheir need to reflect on their private life.Ctheir strained relations with the boards.Dtheir pursuit of new c

31、areer goals.28.The word“poached”(Line 3,Paragraph 4)most probably meansAapproved of.Battended to.Chunted for.Dguarded against.29.lt can be inferred from the last paragraph thatAtop performers used to cling to their posts.Bloyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.Ctop performers care more about

32、 reputations.Difs safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?ACEOs:Where to Go?BCEOs:All the Way Up?CTop Managers Jump without a NetDThe Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you pa

33、id for.No longer.While traditional“paid”media-such as television commercials andprint advertisements-still play a major role,companies today can exploit manyalternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may create“owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to cus

34、tomersregistered with its Web site.The way consumers now approach the broad rangeof factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their ownproducts.For earned media,such marketers act as the initiator for users*responses.But in some cases,one marke

35、ters owned media become anothermarketers paid media-for instance,when an e-commerce retailer sells adspace on its Web site.We define such sold media as owned media whose trafficis so strong that other organizations place their content or e-com merce engineswithin that environment.This trend,which we

36、 believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotelsand will no doubt go further.Johnson&Johnson,for example,has createdBabyCenter,a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary andeven competitive products.Besides generating in

37、come,the presence of othermarketers makes the site seem objective,gives companies opportunities tolearn valuable information about the appeal of other companies,marketing,andmay help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers

38、withmore(and more diverse)comm unications choices have also increased the riskthat passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible,andmuch more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earnedmedia:an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers,otherstakeholders

39、,or activists who make negative allegations about a brand orproduct.Members of social networks,for instance,are learning that they canhijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens,passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycottproducts,put

40、ting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case,the companys response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful,and thelearning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor,for example,alleviated some ofthe damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick andwell-orche

41、strated social-media response campaign,which included efforts toengage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news siteDigg.31.Consumers may create“earned”media when they areA obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.B inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to

42、them.C eager to help their friends promote quality products.D enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32.According to Paragraph 2,sold media featureA a safe business environment.B random competition.C strong user traffic.D flexibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragr

43、aph 3 that earned mediaA invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.B can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.C may be responsible for fiercer competition.D deserve all the negative comments about them.34.Toyota Motors experience is cited as an example ofA responding effectivel

44、y to hijacked media.B persuading customers into boycotting products.C cooperating with supportive consumers.D taking advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the following is the text mainly about?A Alternatives to conventional paid media.B Conflict between hijacked and earned media.C Dominance of hi

45、jacked media.D Popularity of owned media.Text 4Ifs no surprise that Jennifer Seniors insightful,provocative magazine coverstory,Hl love My Children,I Hate My Life,is arousing much chatter-nothinggets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than acompletely fulfilling,l

46、ife-enriching experience.Rather than concluding thatchildren make parents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests we need toredefine happiness:instead of thinking of it as something that can be measuredby moment-to-moment joy,we should consider being happy as a past-tensecondition.Even though the

47、day-to-day experience of raising kids can besoul-crushingly hard,Senior writes that uthe very things that in the momentdampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.MThe magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardlythe only Madonna-and-chi Id

48、image on newsstands this week.There are alsostories about newly adoptive-and newly single-mom Sandra Bullock,as wellas the usual Jennifer Aniston is pregnant news.Practically every weekfeatures at least one celebrity mom,or mom-to-be,smiling on the newsstands.I n a society that so persistently celeb

49、rates procreation,is it any wonder thatadmitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you supportkitten-killing?It doesnt seem quite fair,then,to compare the regrets ofparents to the regrets of the children.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked towonder if they shouldnt have had kids,

50、but unhappy childless folks are botheredwith the message that children are the single most important thing in the world:obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes intheir lives.Of course,the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly andPeople prese