2023研究生入学考试英语模拟题.pdf

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1、2023研究生入学考试英语模拟题姓名：班级：(例如：中医学2018级1班)学号：Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the AN SWER SHEET.(lOpoints)The“Satanic panic“that once swept through America held thatthousands of people were secret members of a

2、 worshipping cultswhich were abusing and murdering children.Alleged victims madedetailed_ 1,often after therapy designed to_ 2 v _memoriesthat had supposedly been buried after the mental_ 3.Manypeople went to prison.N one of it was true.0ne_ 4 of the panic was to cement the idea that eyewitnesstesti

3、mony is _5.But John Wixted,a psychologist at theUniversity of California,San Diego,_ 6 out that this distrustihas gone too far.Eyewitness memories,he said,can_ 7 be veryreliable 一 _ 8_they are tested in the right circumstances.The_ 9 to reliability,said Dr.Wixted,is the _10 of witnessesin their asse

4、ssments._Experiments_suggest that when witnessesto a simulated crime are confident of having _11 the suspectin a later photo line-up,they are almost always_ 12._ 13_,ifthey are sure the suspect is not present,that is_ 1ikely tobe right too.Only when a witness is unsure does a risk ofmisidentificatio

5、n_ 14.The problem is that this confidence is trustworthy only the _15time the question is asked.The act of testing memories_16_every other test that comes after.For instance,Dr.Wixtedcited the case of Charles Flores,a prisoner awaiting execution.Initially,when shown photos included Mr.Flores,a witne

6、sssaid _17 of the people matched her_ 18._By the time the casecame to trial a year later,she had changed her mind andidentified Mr.Flores,and Mr.Flores was _19._20,Dr.Wixtedsuggests she was likely to have been right the first time andwrong the second.1.2A promisesB organizationsC allegationsD predic

7、tions2A reclaimB recoverC admireD embrace3._A healthB damageC recoveryD creation4._A destinationB evidenceC criticismD effect5._A unreliableB authentic3C unrealisticD prominent6._A workedB figuredC pointedD carried7._A of courseB without doubtC in forceD in fact8._A ifB onceC asD after9._A answerB w

8、ayC hopeD key410.A conclusionB contradictionC confidenceD controversy11.A interpretedB identifiedC evadedD located12._A significantB aggressiveC correctD irrational13._A PresumablyB GenerallyC OfficiallyD Similarly14.A disappear5B ariseC enlargeD decline15.A nextBlastC firstDsecond16.A undermineBenh

9、anceCanticipateDunderline17.AAllBoneCnoneDa lot18.ArequirementBtargetC intelligence6Drecollection19.AreleasedBconvictedCarrestedDrejected20.AAlthoughBFurthermoreCHoweverDBesidesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the followingfour texts.Answer the questionsbelow each text by choosi

10、ng A,B,C or D.Mark your answers onthe ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Most of the time science is a slow and tedious business.Researchers toil away for decades at obscure limits of human7knowledge,collecting and analyzing data,refiningtheories,writing,debating,and advancing ourunderstanding of the wor

11、ld in tiny increments.Working in smallteams on highly specialized projects far from the public eye一that is what most of us are accustomed to doing.In general,traditional modes of publication were far too slow,which motivated scientists to embrace a rapid alternative model：preprint archives,where pap

12、ers are posted prior to peer reviewor consideration at a scientific journal.The number of paperssubmitted to medRxiv,a key repository of biomedical preprints,increased 10-fold in the first few months of the pandemic.Forresearchers,the emergence of the disease was an all-hands-on-deck moment.Biologis

13、ts such as the two of us,along with virologists and immunologists,all pivoted tofocus on the new pathogen.And other researchers from acrossthe scientific ecosystem一economists,physicists,engineers,statisticians,psychologists,sociologists,and more一dropped everything to learn aboutCOVID and figure out

14、how they could contribute.These changes also shifted early-stage science from a private8activity to part of the public discourse.Instead ofpresenting the world with polished scientificarticles,investigators worked in open view,thinkingaloud,offering preliminary speculations,arguing,makingwrong turns

15、,following dead ends and pursuing some hypothesesthat would ultimately be refuted.This approach to communication does have a downside.Previouslyprivate communications were now open to exploitation anddistortion by politicians and pundits.For instance,flawedblood-sample research reported in an April

16、2020 medRxiv paperpurported to show that COVID was a mild disease with a very lowfatality rate.Although the scientific community quicklypointed out a host of problems with the work,people seekingto avoid business restrictions,school closures and maskmandates ignored the criticism and used the paper

17、to underminepublic health interventions.Rapid and unorthodox channels of communication also could notsolve all the problems scientistsencountered.We took too long to recognize the importance of9airborne transmission of the virus.We spent early 2020washing our groceries but not wearing masks.Mostcrit

18、ically,we have been largely unsuccessful atanticipating and managing the human element of the pandemic.By not accounting for ways that behavior would change inresponse to information一and misinformation一we havestruggled to predict the size and timing of successive diseasewaves and virus variants.21.T

19、he phrase“toil away”(Line 1,Para.1)most probablymeans._ A give up B drop out C work hard D stand out22.According to the first two paragraphs,thenumber of papers medRxiv received increased rapidlyb e c a u s e.A most of the researchers are accustomed to highlyspecialized projects nowadays B old-fashi

20、oned publication process is not efficient enoughioto satisfy researchersC researchers tend to bypass the slow and tedious peer reviewat a scientific journalD medRxiv enjoys a respected position in biomedicine duringthe pandemic23.Public health interventions against COVID have.A been hindered by faul

21、ty research findingsB made significant gains through reasonable stepsC ignored the exploitation and distortion by politiciansD run into a series of problems24.The present approach to communication has a drawback thatA researchers are encouraged to pursue false assumptionsrather than truthB private c

22、ommunications are misinterpreted and twisted bysome peopleC it presents the world with polished scientific papersD some of the published hypotheses would be refuted25.What can we infer from the last paragraph?A Communication channels to solve every problem encounteredby scientists can be found.B We

23、can predict the variation of novel coronavirus in theiinear future.C It is not necessary to reserve daily necessities during theepidemic.D Wearing masks can effectively prevent the transmission ofCOVID-19.Text 2We tap telephone with minute electronic packages in this ageof chips.Such miniaturization

24、 might lead us to the false beliefthat absolute size is irrelevant to the operation of complexmachinery.But nature does not miniaturize nerve cells(orother cells for that matter).The range of cel 1 size amongorganisms is incomparably smaller than the range in body size.Small animals simply have far

25、fewer cells than large animals.The human brain contains several billion nerve cells；an antis constrained by its small size to havemany hundreds of times fewer nerve cells.There is no established relationship between brain sizeand intelligence among humans.But this observation12cannot be extended to

26、differences between speciesand certainly not to ranges of sizes separating antsand humans.We can make a stronger argument and claim that humans have tobe just about the size they are in order to function as theydo.In an amusing and instructive article,F.W.Went exploredthe impossibility of human life

27、,as we know it,at antdimensions.Since weight increases so much faster than surfacearea as an object gets larger,small animals have very highratios of surface to volume：they 1ive in a world dominated bysurface forces that affect us scarcely at all.An ant-sized man might put on some clothing,but force

28、sof surface adhesion would prevent its removal.The lowerlimit of drop size would make showering impossible；each dropwou1d hit with the force of a large stone.If our little manmanaged to get wet and tried to dry off with a towel,he wouldbe stuck to it for life.He could pour no liquid,light no fire.Ou

29、r skills and behavior are finely related to our size.We couldnot be twice as tall as we are,for the kinetic energy of a fall13wou1d then be 16 to 32 times as great,and our sheer weight(increased eight fold)would be more than our legs could support.Human giants of nine to ten feet have either died yo

30、ung or beencrippled early by failure of joints and bones.At half our size,we could not wield a club with sufficient force to huntlarge animals(for kinetic energy would decrease 16to 32-fold).We could not impart sufficient momentumto spears and arrows；we could not cut or split wood withprimitive tool

31、s or mine minerals with picks and chisels.Sincethese were essential activities in our historical development,we must conclude that the path of our evolution could only havebeen followed by a creature very close to our size.I do notargue that we inhabit the best of all possible worlds,only thatour si

32、ze has limited our activities and,to a great extent,shaped our evolution.26.What can be learned from the first two paragraphs?A Small animals rarely have the same number of nerve cellsas large animals.B Cells of small animals are smaller than those of largeanimals.C More intelligent men tend to poss

33、ess larger brain size.D Animal cells are variable in size and number due to species.1427.The author s attitude toward the article of F.W.Went isA criticalB tolerantC supportiveD ambiguous28.According to F.W.Went s article,an ant-sized man mightA put on and take off some clothing under forcesB take a

34、 shower without too much troubleC be trapped on a towel when wiping himselfD perform daily activities just as well as normal peopl29.According to the author,human body size.A prevents us from hunting large animals in a groupB plays an important role in maintaining our basic functionC differs largely

35、 due to races and regions in historyD limits our skills and behavior in the path of evolution30.Which of the following is true according to the passage?A physical size is the decisive factor in our evolutionhistory.B Small animals bear fewer surface forces compared to humanbeings.C Human giants will

36、 largely exist owing to evolutionary15potentials.D Human were physically shaped to fit the course of evolution.Text3A US Energy Department report calls for incentives to boostcoal-fired and nuclear power plants following a stream ofclosures that it said undermined reliable sources ofelectricity.The

37、findings of the study,released late onWednesday,drew scorn from renewable energy advocates butpraise from the coal and nuclear industries.The report alignswith the President s promise to revive the ailing mining sector.But it differs from conclusions presented in an earlier draft,which had said big

38、increases in renewable power generationremained possible without undermining grid reliability.Theadministration had not yet reviewed the early draft,which waswritten by department staff.Energy Secretary Rick Perry commissioned the study in April toevaluate whether“regulatory burdens“imposed by pasta

39、dministrations,including that of former President BarackObama,had hurt the grid by forcing shutdowns of baseloadplants,which provide nonstop power,like those fired by coaland nuclear fuel.The former president had introduced a16number of regulations intended to slash emissions of carbondioxide,which

40、are blamed for climate change.This acceleratedthe retirement of coal-fired power plants and bolstered thenewly-developed solar and wind sectors,which depend heavilyon weather conditions for their power output.“It is apparent that in today s competitive markets certainregulations and subsidies are ha

41、ving a large impact on thefunctioning of markets,and thereby challenging our powergeneration mix,“Perry said in a letter introducing the study.“It is important for policy makers to consider their intendedand unintended effects.”The study,conducted by the department s staff,said cheapnatural gas was

42、the main driver of the closure of baseload coaland nuclear plants,a trend that was putting areas of thecountry at greater risk of power outages.The departmentrecommended giving baseload plants pricing advantages fortheir power,as well as making it easier and cheaper to getpermits to build more such

43、projects.Howard Crystal,a spokesman for the Center for Biological17Diversity which advocates for clean energy,called therecommendations dangerously misguidedv.The reality isthat we can protect our planet and our energy supplies byembracing wind and solar,“he said.Some coal and nuclear energy groups

44、welcomed the final reports findings.This is a much-needed,practical look at US electricity reliability and resilience,including the priority of maintaining critical clean baseloadpower as electricity markets change,v said Rich Powell,director of ClearPath,which advocates for nuclear andhydropower.La

45、st week,Neil Chatterjee,the newly appointedchairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission,said coalplants needed to be“properly compensated to recognize thevalue they provide to the system.”31.I t can be inferred from the first paragraph that.A Renewable energy advocates approved of the new f

46、indings ofthe studyB the recently-released report has caused much controversy18C President Trump promised to boost traditional energyindustryD it is unreal for renewable power plants to keep the gridreliable32.What is the attitude of Energy Secretary Rick Perry towardregulations the former president

47、 introduced in energy industry?A Pretty positive.B Somewhat affirmative.C Rather critical.D Totally indifferent.33.Mr.Crystal holds that.A clean energy could meet our need in an environmentfriendly wayB the recommendations can act as a guide for using cleanenergyC we can protect our planet by using

48、cheaper energy suppliesD the department just focused on how to make more profits34.Some coal and nuclear energy groups supported the reportin that.A it compensated the industry by bring enormous federal fundB it laid the foundation for the coal plants priority inenergy supply19C it paid due attentio

49、n to the important role clean baseloadpower playedD it provided the system with great value during electricitymarkets change35.Which of the following best reflects the main idea of thepassage?A Renewable energy will replace coal and nuclear energy.B U.S.Energy Department bolsters the newly-developed

50、 solarand wind sectors.C More coal and nuclear plants will be closed in the I I.S.D U.S.Energy Department grid study calls for boost to coaland nuclear power.Text 4Some people have almost all the luck.Over the past year,asIndia s economy has shrunk by around a tenth and tens ofmillions of Indians ha