考研新题型.pdf

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1、人信考研2014阅读理解新题型全攻略主讲:张海清Chapter 17选5(填空式阅读)解题攻略【大纲样题】Long before Man lived on the earth,there were fishes,reptiles,birds,insects,and somemammals.Although some of these mammals were ancestors of kinds living today,others arenow extinct,that is,they have no descendants alive now.l)Very occasionally:th

2、e rocks show impression of skin,so that,apart from color;we can buildup a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago.The kind ofrock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land,oftenof the plants that grew on it,and even of its cli

3、mate.2).Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preservedin rocks formed by water action,and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water.Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals,birds,and insects of which weknow nothing.3),There were also crab-like creatures,whose bo

4、dieswere covered with a horny substance.The body segments each had two pairs of legs,one pairfor walking on the sandy bottom,the other for swimming.The head was a kind of shield witha pair of compound eyes,often with thousands of lenses.They were usually an inch or tvvolong but some were 2 feet4),Of

5、 these,the ammonites are very interesting andimportant.They have a shell composed of many chambers,each representing a temporaryhome of the animal.As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off theprevious one.Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.5)-About 75

6、 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out.Themammals quickly developed,and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such asthe elephant and horse.Many of the later mammals,though now extinct,were known toprimitive man and were featured by him in cave

7、paintings and on bone carvings.A|The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.|B|Nevertheless,we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shellshave been preserved in the rocks as fossils.From them vve can tell their size and shape,howthey walk

8、ed,the kind of food they ate.|C|The first animals with true backbones were the fishes,first known in the rocks of 375million years ago.About 300 million years ago the amphibians,the animals able to live bothon land and in water,appeared.They were giant,sometimes 8 feet long,and many of themlived in

9、the swampy pools in which our coal seam,or layer formed.The amphibians gave riseto the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land,in the sea,and in the air.|D The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures.These animals evolved rapidly andspread over

10、 large areas of the world.E|The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and livedin the sea.Later forms are more complex,and among these are the sea-lilies,relations of thestar-fishes,which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed,or to rocks.F

11、 When an animal dies,the body,its bones,or shell,may often be carried away by streamsinto lakes or the.sea and there get covered up by mud.If the animal lived in the sea its bodywould probably sink and be covered with mud.More and more mud would fall upon it untilthe bones or shell become embedded a

12、nd preserveG Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved rocks.Remains of an organism maybe replaced by minerals,dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression,simplyreduced to a more stable form.真题演练PassagelPart BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been rem

13、oved.For Questions 41-45,choose the mostsuitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extrachoices,which do not fit in any of the gaps,Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)Canadas premiers(the leaders of provincial governments),if they have any breath

14、leftafter complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting,might spare a moment todo something,together,to reduce health-care costs.Theyre all groaning about soaring health budgets,the fastest-growing component ofwhich are pharmaceutical costs.41.What to do?Both the Romanow commission and

15、the Kirby committee on health care to say nothing of reports from other experts-recommended the creation of a national drugagency.Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs,bureaucracy,procedures and limited bargaining power,all would pool resources,work with Ottawa,andcreate a n

16、ational institution.42.But“national”doesnt have to mean that.“National“could mean interprovincial provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way,one benefit of a national”organization would be to negotiate better prices,if possible,with drug manufacturers.Instead of having one province-or

17、 a series ofhospitals within a province-negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list,thenational agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than,say,Quebec,negotiating on behalf of seven million people,the nationalagency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people.Basic

18、 economics suggests the greaterthe potential consumers,the higher the likelihood of a better price.43.A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of theCanadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment,funded by Ottawa and theprovinces.Under it,a C

19、ommon Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which newdrugs should be included.Predictably,and regrettably,Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making.They(particularlyQuebec and Alberta)just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few,if

20、any,strings attached.Thats one reason why the idea of a national list hasnt gone anywherewhile drug costs keep rising fast44.Premiers love to quote Mr.Romanows report selectively,especially the parts aboutmore federal money.Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs:A nationaldrug agenc

21、y would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies inorder to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45.So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list,they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help th

22、eirbudgets and patients.|A|Quebecs resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology.One of the firstadvocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University.Quebecs Drug InsuranceFund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!|B|Or they

23、 could read Mr.Kirbys report:the substantial buying power of such an agencywould strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowestpossible purchase prices from drug companies/9C|What does“national”mean?Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended afederal-provincia

24、l body much like the recently created National Health Council.|D|The problem is simple and stark:health-care costs have been,are,and will continue toincrease faster than government revenues.|E|According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information,prescription drug costshave risen since 1997 at

25、twice the rate of overall health-care spending.Part of the increasecomes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments.Part of it arises from newdrugs costing more than older kinds.Part of it is higher prices.F So,if the provinces want to run the health-care show,they should prove they

26、can run it,starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication,save administrativecosts,prevent one province from being played off against another,and bargain for betterdrug prices.G|Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream.They like divided buyers;they canlobby better

27、that way.They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to anotherThey can hope that,if one province includes a drug on its list,the pressure will cause othersto include it on theirs.They wouldnt like a national agency,but self-interest would leadthem to deal with it.Passage 2PartBDirect

28、ions:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions 41-45,choose the mostsuitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)On the north bank of the

29、Ohio River sits Evansville,Ind.,home of David Williams,52,and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played.During several years ofgambling in that casino,Williams,a state auditor earning$35,000 a year,lost approximately$175,000.He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for$20

30、 worth ofgambling.He visited the casino,lost the$20 and left.On his second visit he lost$800.The casinoissued to him,as a good customer,a Fun Card,which when used in the casino earns pointsfor meals and drinks,and enables the casino to track the users gambling activities.ForWilliams,these activities

31、 become what he calls electronic morphine.(41).In 1997 he lost$21,000 to one slot machine in hvo days.In March 1997he lost$72,186.He sometimes played two slot machines at a time,all night,until the boatlocked at 5 a.m”then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m.Now he is suingthe casino,ch

32、arging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he wasaddicted.It did know he had a problem.In March 1998,a friend of Williamses got him involuntarily confined to a treatmentcenter for addictions,and wrote to inform the casino of Williamss gambling problems.Thecasino included a phot

33、o of Williams among those of banned gamblers,and wrote to him a“cease admissions letter.Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gamblingbehaviors,the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to presentmedical/psychological information demonstrating that patroni

34、zing the casino would pose nothreat to his safety or well-being.(42).The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning:44.-4 5.Chapter3匹配题解题攻略Passage 1Directions:You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing,followed by a list ofexamples.Choose the best example fro

35、m the list A-F for each numbered subheading(41-45).There is one extra example which you do not need to use.Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview.There are two kinds.One is the familiartombstonethat lists where

36、you went to school andwhere youve worked in chronological order.The other is what I call thefunctionarVesume_descriptive,fun to read,unique to you and much more likely to landyou an interview.If s handy to have a utombstone9,for certain occasions.But prospective employers throwaway most of those unr

37、equestedutombstone,9lists,preferring to interview the quick ratherthan the dead.What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get reada resume thatmakes you come alive and look interesting to employers.41.Put yourself first:In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm

38、,you have to feel importantabout yourself.42.Sell what you can do,not who you are:Practice translating your personality traits,character,accomplishments andachievements into skill areas.There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.Toot your own horn!Many people clutch when asked

39、 to think about their abilities.Some think they have noneat all!But everyone does,and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be gladto punch-if only you show it.43.Be specific,be concrete,and be brief!Remember that“brevity is the best policy.44.Turn bad news into good:Everybody has ha

40、d disappointments in work.If you have to mention yours,look for thepositive side.45.Never apologize:If youve returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent,simply write a shortparagraph(summary of background)in place of a chronology of experience.Dont apologizefor working as being a mot

41、her;if s the hardest job of all.If you have no special training orhigher education,just dont mention education.The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself.Take four orfive hours off,not necessarily consecutive,and simply write down every accomplishment inyour life,o

42、n or off the job,that made you feel effective.Dont worry at first about what it allmeans.Study the list and try to spot patterns.As you study your list,you will come closer tothe meaning:identifying your marketable skills.Once you discover patterns,give names toyour cluster of accomplishments(leader

43、ship skills,budget management skills,childdevelopment skills etc.)Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skillsheading.Now start writing your resume as if you mattered.It may take four drafts or more,and several weeks,before youve ready to show it to a stranger(friends are usually

44、 tookind)for a reaction.When youve satisfied,send it to a printer;a printed resume is farsuperior to photocopies.It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work,worth doing right.Isnt that the kind of person youd want working for your?A A woman who lost her job as a teachers aide du

45、e to a cutback in government fundingwrote:uPrincipal of elementary school cited me as the only teachers aide she would rehire ifgovernment funds became available.”LB One resume I received included the following:uinvited by my superior to straighten outour organizations accounts receivable.Set up ord

46、erly repayment schedule,reconciledaccounts weekly,and improved cash flow 100 per cent Rewarded with raise andpromotion.”Notice how this woman focuses on results,specifies how she accomplished them,and mentions her rewardall in 34 words.C For example,if you have a flair for saving,managing and invest

47、ing money,you havemoney management skills.D An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to thestatementuReady to learn though not so well educated”.E One of my former colleagues,for example,wrote resumes in three different styles inorder to find out which was more prefe

48、rred.The result is,of course,the one that highlightsskills and education background.F A woman once told me about a cash flow crisis her employer had faced.Shed agreedto work without pay for three months until business improved.Her reward was her back payplus a 20 percent bonus.I asked why that marve

49、lous story wasnt in her resume.Sheanswered,uIt wasnt important.What she was really saying of course was“Pm notimportant.”Passage!Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do toguide their children into adulthood.Choose a heading from the

50、list A-G that best fits themeaning of each numbered part of the text(41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text arenot numbered.There are two extra headings that you do not need to use.Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)A.Set a Good Example for Your KidsB.Build Your Kids Work SkillsC