口腔专业英语词汇.pdf

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1、-A-A See Point A(subspinale)Acromegaly A disease caused by increased activity of the anterior pituitary and characterized inpart by a marked lengthening of the mandible.Acrylic Methyl methacrylate,an organic resin commonly used for the construction of dentalappliances including orthodontic treatment

2、 and retention appliances.Activation The process of deforming an appliance member from its passive state(e.g,thestretching of an elastic)and completing its engagement to produce an intraoral force systemtransmitted by the appliance to the dentition.Activation site The intraoral location of the activ

3、ating process,often where the orthodontic forcesystem is to be transmitted to the dentition.Activator A removable growth guidance orthodontic appliance,originally developed by PierreRobin,Viggo Andresen and Karl Haupl,with later modifications by Schwarz,Bimler,Balters,Franker,Fleischer-Peters,etc.Al

4、so called a functional appliance.Adams Clasp A circumferential retention clasp(see”crib,)designed by C.Philip Adams tostabilize removable appliances by means of point contact with the mesio-and disto-buccalundercuts of individual buccal teeth.Adolescent Dentition The dentition that is present after

5、the normal loss of all primary teeth andPRIOR to cessation of growth that would affect orthodontic treatment.Adult Dentition The dentition that is present after cessation of growth that would affectorthodontic treatment.Alginate An irreversible hydrocolioid consisting of salts of alginic acid(an ext

6、ract of marinekelp).Used to make impressions for dental casts.Alveolar bone The bone that surrounds and supports the roots of the teeth.Alveolar process The unshaped ridge of maxillary or mandibular alveolar bone that surroundsand supports the roots of the teeth.American Association of Orthodontists

7、 Undefined at the momentAmerican Board of Orthodontics The recognized certifying Board for the specialty oforthodontics.See Board.Analog image Computer entered image obtained directly from a radiograph or photographbefore digitization.These images are limited by the resolution of the first image.Anc

8、horage Receptor(s)of responsive force(s)delivered as a result of the activation of anorthodontic or orthopedic appliance;by definition,displacement or defonnation of anchorage isgenerally undesirable.Cervical anchorage Receptor of responsive force,from an activation,(primarily)extraoralappliance,tha

9、t is the back of the neck.Cranial anchorage Receptor of responsive force,from an activated,(primarily)extraoralappliance,that is the posterior and superior portions of the head.Extraoral anchorage Receptor(s)of responsive force(s),delivered by r an activated,orthodonticor orthopedic appliance,locate

10、d outside the oral cavity.Intraoral anchorage Receptor(s)of responsive force(s),delivered by an activated orthodontic ororthopedic appliance,located within the oral cavity.Occipital anchorage Receptor of responsive force,from an activated,primarily extraoralappliance,that is the occipital region of

11、the head.Anchorage preparation To place teeth in such a position that if one tooth moves all teeth move ina bodily direction.Andresen appliance See ActivatorAngle Classification of malocclusion A classic gross classification of malocclusion introducedby Edward H.Angle.The governing criterion is the

12、anteroposterior relationship of upper andlower first molars.Not recognized are the many other serious malrelationships related to theanteroposterior axis,those that are related to the lateral or vertical axis and those among teeth ofthe same arch.Some of the common orthodontic problems not recognize

13、d by the Angleclassification include buccolingual crossbites,cuspid relationships,crowding,spacing,missing orimpacted teeth,rotations and overbite.Divisions”are used in Class II,based on inclination ofmaxillary incisors.Subdivisions are used to describe unilateral malocclusion characteristics ofthe

14、affected posterior segmental relationships.Class I malocclusion A malocclusion in which the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molaroccludes in the buccal groove of the mandibular molar.Class I“is sometimes incorrectly used asa synonym for normal occlusion,whereas it signifies only a normal sag

15、ittal relationship of upperand lower teeth as they meet.Class II malocclusion A distal(posterior)placement of the mandibular(lower)molar,mesial(anterior)relationship of the maxillary(upper),or a combination of the two.The mesiobuccal cuspof the upper first molar occludes mesial to the buccal groove

16、of the lower,usually near theembrasure between the lower molar and second bicuspid.Division 1.A Class II molar relationship with proclined upper incisors with respect to the lowerincisors.Division 2.A Class II molar relationship,usually with the upper central incisors tipped lingually,the upper late

17、ral incisors tipped labially,and an excessive overbite.Class HI malocclusion Mesial(anterior)relationship of the lower first molar to the upper,aretruded relationship of the upper first molar to the lower,or a combination of the two.Themesiobuccal cusp of the upper first molar will typically occlude

18、 near the embrasure between thelower first and second molars.Angle of twist The measure of torsional(third-order)deformation of a shaft or an orthodonticwire.Ankylosis Abnormal immobility,union or fusion.May occur between two bones at theirarticulation(i.e.,TMJ)or between teeth and alveolar bone.In

19、such a case,the periodontalligament is obliterated by a bony bridge1 and the tooth root is fused to the alveolar bone.Dentalankylosis prevents both eruption and orthodontic movement.In a growing child,an ankylosedtooth appears to submerge as adjacent unaffected teeth continue their noiTnal pattern o

20、f eruption.Anodontia Congenital absence of teeth.Antegonial notch A concavity usually present in the lower border of the mandible,immediatelyanterior to the angle of the mandible.A deeper than normal antegonial notch may be indicative ofmandibular underdevelopment.Anterior cranial base The anterior

21、aspect of the floor of the cranial vault,commonly delimitedcephalometrically by Selia Turcica and Nasion.Anterior Nasal Spine Pointed bony process at the inferior margin of the piriform aperture.Incephalometric radiography,the tip is often used to define the anterior end of the palatal plane.Anterop

22、osterior The global direction perpendicular to the coronal plane of the dentofacialcomplex;the anterior direction/sense is forward,and the posterior direction/sense is rearward.Anthropometry Measurement of the human body and its parts.Apical Base Maxillary and mandibular bone that supports and is co

23、ntinuous with the alveolarprocesses;(also see basal bone).Although the demarcation between alveolar and basal bone is notspecific,it is generally thought to lie at the level of the apices of the roots.Appliance Any device designed to influence the shape and/or function of the stomatognathicsystem.Fi

24、xed appliance A bonded or banded appliance affixed to individual teeth or groups of teeth.Orthodontic appliance Any device use to influence the growth or position of teeth.Removable appliance An appliance not fixed to teeth and removable from the mouth.Orthopedic appliance Any device used to influen

25、ce the growth or position of bones.Functional appliance Any device,removable or fixed,designed primarily to effect skeletaland/or dental changes by modifying and utilizing the neuromuscular forces of the stomatognathicsystem,(i.e.,activator,bionator)Arch Collectively,the teeth or basal bone of eithe

26、r jaw.Alveolar Arch The U-shaped alveolar bone that surrounds the dentition of either jaw.Dental Arch The arcade of teeth in either jaw.Basal Arch The U-shaped basal bone of either jaw.Arch form The shape of an individual dental arch or of an arch wire(qv)formed to fit or shapethat arch.Arch length

27、A measurement of available and required space needed to align the teeth.Arch length deficiency Difference between available and required space to align the teeth.(SeeDiscrepancy)Arch wire or archwire A wire engaged in orthodontic attachments,affixed to the crowns of twoor more teeth,and capable of c

28、ausing or guiding tooth movement.Continuous arch wire A wire that engages or could engage,through crown attachments,all ofthe erupted teeth in the maxillary or mandibular dental arch.Sectional or segmental arch wire An arch wire that engages,through crown attachments,only afew teeth(e.g,only the fou

29、r incisors or only a posterior dental segment)Articulare The point of intersection of the dorsal contour of the mandibular condyle and thetemporal bone,as viewed on the lateral cephalometric film.(Bjork)ASCII American Standard Code for Information and Interchange is one of the standard fbnnatsfor re

30、presenting characters.It is useful when files are shared between programs.A text file is inASCII format.Available energy Energy retained in a body owing to existing deformational or thermalconstraints that,upon release of the constraints,would be transferred from the body and could becontrolled to p

31、roduce a desired effect.Axis of rotation The line in a body(or in an extension of the body)about which the body has orappears to have rotated in a nontranslational displacement.-B-B See Point BBalancing Side A term used fbr the study of occlusion;i.e.,for the non-functional side when themandible is

32、shifted laterally.Band(orthodontic)A thin metal ring,usually stainless steel,which serves to secure orthodonticattachments to a tooth.The band,with orthodontic attachments welded or soldered to it,is closelyadapted to fit the contours of the tooth and then cemented into place.Basal Bone The bone tha

33、t underlies,supports,and is continuous with the alveolar process(alsosee epical base).Basal Dysplasia A skeletal malrelationship related to a defect in size,shape,or position of basalbone.Basion The anterior margin of the foramen magnum,often used as a landmark on the lateralcephalogram.Begg Applian

34、ce A fixed appliance developed by P.R.Begg that uses light,round wires andmodified ribbon-arch attachments.BendsFirst order Offsets in the arch wire to accommodate the labiolingual and buccolingual thicknessof teeth.(horizontal plane)Second order Offsets in the archwire in the vertical plane for tip

35、ping and uprighting teeth.Third order Twist or torque changes in a rectangular arch along the long axis of the archwire.Tip-back bends Bend placed to tip teeth back.Tip-forward bends Bends placed to tip teeth forward.Gable,tent bends Uprighting teeth at extraction sites.V bends Place to mark,solder

36、or twist wire.Aesthetic bends(beauty)Positioning anterior teeth for optimal cosmetic appeal.Bennen Movement Lateral translation(sideshift)of the working condyle during lateralexcursions.Bimaxillary protrusion Anterior(protrusive)position of both jaws in relation to other cranial andfacial structures

37、.Considered archaic or confusing.Bimaxillary Dentoalveolar Protrusion Bimaxillary protrusion limited to the teeth and alveolarprocesses.Bimler Appliance A modification of the removable activator functional appliance.Bionator A modified removable functional appliance,developed by Baiters to provide b

38、ettercontrol of the buccal musculature.BIOS The Basic Input/Output System or the part of the computer operating system thatcommunicates with the screen,the keyboard,printers,and other peripheral devices.Bit A binary digit is the smallest storage unit for data in a computer.Biteblock An upper or lowe

39、r removable appliance,usually covering the occlusal surfaces of theteeth,used for vertical control or in TMD problems.Biteplate or bite plane A removable orthodontic appliance designed to open the bite and/orprevent selected teeth from occluding.Bitwise A bitwise operation is an operation that is pe

40、rformed on bits,not decimal numbers.Board Certification An examination program that establishes the clinical proficiency of a dentalspecialist according to the procedures established by the individual Specially Certification Boardunder the rules and authority of the Council on Dental Education of th

41、e American DentalAssociation.The recognized board in the specially of orthodontics is the American Board ofOrthodontics.Board Certified The status of a dental specialist who has completed the certification examinationof the Certification Board in that special area of practice.Board Diplomate A denta

42、l specialist who has achieved certification by the ADA recognizedCertifying Board in that specially,as attested by a diploma from that Board.Board Eligible The status of a dental specialist whose educational qualifications have beenverified by acceptance of an application for certification by the re

43、cognized Certifying Board andwho has completed an initial written examination.Board eligibility is dependent on advancededucation in the specially and on timely progress toward completion of the certification procedure.Bodily movement Translational movement of a tooth or dental segment,ordinarily un

44、derstood tobe perpendicular to the long axis/axes.Bolton Analysis A method developed by Wayne Bolton for the evaluation of tooth-sizediscrepancies(mesiodistal crown diameter)between the upper and lower arches.Bolton Point A landmark,as viewed on the lateral cephalometric film;the highest point on th

45、eaveraged outlines of the retrocondylar incisures of the occipital bone.It approximates theanters-posterior center of the foramen magnum and was named in honor of Charles B.Bolton,apatron of the pioneer cephalometric researcher,B.Holly Broadbent Sr.Bonding The process by which orthodontic attachment

46、s are affixed directly to the teeth by anadhesive.Direct Bonding An intraoral procedure in which orthodontic attachments are oriented byinspection and bonded individually.Indirect Bonding A two-step process by which orthodontic attachments are affixed temporarilyto the teeth of a study model and the

47、n transferred en masse to the mouth by means of a moldedmatrix that preserves their predetermined orientation and permits them to be bondedsimultaneously.Braces See fixed appliance.Brachycephalic Cranial form characterized by a large width.The cephalic index is greater than81.0;the opposite of dolic

48、hocephalic.Brachyfacial(brachyprosopic)A facial pattern characterized by a broad,square face;preferredterm in euryprosopic.Bruxism Habitual grinding or gnashing of the teeth,usually during sleep.May cause severeattrition of the teeth,muscle ischemia and pain and damage to the supporting tissues.Freq

49、uentlyassociated with clenching and TMD problems.AnBracket An orthodontic attachment that is secured to a tooth(either by bonding or banding)forthe purpose of engaging an arch wire.Brackets can be fabricated from metal,ceramic or plastic.Buccal Toward the cheeks.Buccoversion Buccal malposition of a

50、tooth or groups of teeth.Buffer A temporary storage area used by computers and some printers.Byte The amount of space needed to store a single character(number,letter,or code),A bytegenerally represents eight binary digits(bits).For example,if a character requires one byte ofstorage space,that one b