考研英语写作中的常见错误.pdf

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1、考研英语短文写作格式错误及纠错分析写作格式错误主要包括以下几个方面：题目的写法、文章的格式、大小写以及标点符号等四个方面。下面我们分别加以说明。一、题目的写法在考研作文中，考查的作文类型相对来说比较多。有的作文类型有时是不需要题目的，比如像有些图表类作文。但大多数作文类型对题目都是有要求的。因为题目是首先映入读者眼帘的，所以要注意题目的书写位置。一定要在试卷作文纸上的上方中间位置书写。同时还应在话题和正文之间留出一定的距离，即比正文行距稍宽一些。其次，要注意题目的大小写，第一个单词的第一个字母和最后一个单词的第一个字母一定要大写。中间的单词除冠词、连词）但如连词的字母多于5 个事，则大写）和介

2、词外，其他的词都应该大写第一个字母。比如：例 1 误：Attitudes toward Money正：Attitudes Toward Money二、文章的格式四边留空：卷面的四边一定要留出适当的空白。这样的文章才能整齐、美观，给人以清晰、明快的感觉。空格：文章的每段的首行一定要有统一的空格。三、大小写方面的错误在考研文章的评改过程中，有关大小写方面的错误层出不穷，这是考生的一个弱点。一般来说，大写规则有以下几条：(1)大写每句话的第一个字母和直接引语的第一字母，如：He said is going to Shanghainext week”.大写专有名词，或用作专有名词的部分普通名词，通常是

3、缩略形式。如:Dr G.G.East(3)大 写 缩 写 字 母。如：MPA,MBA,BBC(4)文章标题要大写。头衔在专有名词前要大写，在专有名词后就小写。例如：Captain Smith.Smith,the captain；UncleGeorge.George,my uncle三、标点符号错误及分析考生在写文章时，一定要注意正确使用标点符号，切忌从头到尾只用逗号的现象。一定要熟练掌握常用标点符号的基本用法，尤其要正确使用逗号和分号。作文部分是考研英语试卷中最难的主观题，也是考生得分率较低的题型。从历年考试来看，考生在写作部分大量失分的原因是考生在写作中存在一些具有代表性的普遍问题。以下是一

4、些从考生作文中摘抄下来的例子。(1)Today,students who take part insocial practice become more andmore.(2)Light will be more powerful whenthe circumstances is more dark.(3)As a university student,we canstudy hard science knowledge.(4)In remote country,some childrencant go to school because no money.(5)If we help othe

5、rs without thinkingwhether others need,it perhapsdecrease others confidence.(6)I think the best way to show loveis our suitable help when others arefacing with difficulty and need ourhelps.(7)In the picture below,in the darkfull situation,a little of sparkenlightens the dark.(8)We offer love,more im

6、portant,we need love(9)But for my roommates help Icouldnt live up not only in physicsbut also in spirits.(10)Lets hold our hands to buildour country filled in love hearts.上面的例子代表了考研作文中存在的一些普遍问题。这些问题概括起来主要表现在以下几个方面：审题不清，致使文章内容偏离主题。如 在2002年考试中，有些考生将作文的主题定位为“中国的民族服装为何受西方人喜爱”，偏离了“文化融合”这一主题。我们知道，依据作文的评分原

7、则，若文章内容不切题，则不管语言如何规范、用词如何准确，都会被判为零分。内 容空洞，言之无物，东拉西扯，无明显主题。汉语思维，逐字翻译，中式英语。很多考生在写英语作文时，习惯于先用汉语进行构思，然后再将汉语译成英 语。结果文章中出现很多中式英语，令人难以理解。大家最熟悉的一个典型例子是：Good good study,dayday up（好好学习，天天向上）。词汇量小，用词不准确，词不达意。如 do some contribution 中的 do 就属于用词不准确，应该用makeo语 法错误较多，主要表现为主谓不一致，第三人称单数不加S,以及时态语态、名词单复数、句子完整性方面的错误。这些错误

8、在考生看来可能无关紧要，但直接影响着作文的整体质量。句子单调，句型单一，句式缺少变化。不 会使用起承上启下作用的过渡词语，文章缺乏连贯性。总之，一篇优秀的英语作文在内容和语言两方面应是一个统一体，任何一方面的欠缺都会直接影响到作文的质量。然而，很多考生在写作中或者由于粗心大意，或者由于基本功不扎实而经常出现一些语法、词汇、逻辑、语篇等方面的错误。这些错误如果得不到及时的解决，将直接影响作文得高分。下面对这几方面的错误分别予以分析和说明。1)词汇错误词汇方面的错误主要表现在拼写不正确、词形相近而词义不同的词的混用、名词单复数不清、搭配不当等。(1)拼写错误拼写是考生应该具备的起码的基本功，但在考

9、生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。拼写错误虽然未被列入扣分标准，但大量拼写错误的存在不仅体现出语言基本功差，同时也直接影响内容的表达。以下例子中，划线部分为拼写不正确的单词。从中可以看出，有些拼写错误影响了整个句子的意思。.flower cuircling her head andChinese Changming lock in herchest.In its long history it bearedexcellent culture,.In the past,we are stranged tosee a person in other countriescostume while

10、now we are veryfamiliar with this.What I accomplished todayparty attribute to all of them givingme a hand to my school work.With the development ofsaciety,.enviroment pollution,We could do anything happyly.If we have a family fulling ofpeople who love you,.（2）近形异义词（词组）混用英语中有很多单词（词组）词形非常相似，但词义却相差甚远，使

11、用起来往往容易混淆。这是考研英语作文中另一词汇方面的常见错误。这些词（词组）的混用或误用经常会引起歧义，有时甚至会产生相反的意思。如 contribute to 和 attribute to 意思就完全相反，但考生常将二者混淆；其他容易混淆的词还有：confirm（确 认）-conform（使适合）economic（经 济 的）-economical（节约的）courage（勇 气）-encourage（鼓励）transmit（传 送）-transform（转换）liter（升、公升）-litter（乱丢、乱扔）consist of（由.组 成）-consist in（存在于.）belong

12、to（属于）-belong in（应归入）（3）搭配不当英语中有大量的习惯用语和固定搭配，这些搭配主要有名词、动词、形容词与介词或副词的搭配。有些考生由于对此掌握得不够牢固，经常在这方面出错，从而影响了对作文的理解。误：to solve the question正：to solve the problem(or:toanswer the question)误：pay attention onIE：pay attention to误：Many changes have happened.正：Many changes have taken place.误：on my opinion正：in my

13、opinion(4)用词不当许多考生由于词汇量有限，或单词掌握得不够牢固，因此不能正确使用已学过和已经记住的单词，出现用词不当、词不达意等问题。例如：thenaive spark,enlighten the dark,ahappy home,calm gulf,healthknowledge 等。常 见27种句法错误任何一个句子，尤其是书面语的句子，首先要做到合乎语法规范，如主谓结构完整、主谓一致、正确的时态、语态等。今天我们就把句子中最常见的语法错误罗列出来，供大家参考借鉴。1.A series of debates between thetwo lecturers were schedul

14、ed forthe next weekend.主谓不一致的错误在写作中十分常见，尤其是当主语离谓语较远的时候。本句中的主语是series而不是debates或 lectures,因此谓语应为单数形式，也就是要把were改为was。2.There are many students playfootball on the sports ground.本句中的错误是句式杂糅，也就是所谓的“Run-on”句。两个句子糅合在一起，没有标点符号隔开或用错误的标点符号隔开被称为“Rim-on”句。改正的方法有四种：1）变成两个独立的分句。那么此句就 可 以 改 为：There are manystuden

15、ts on the sports ground.Theyare playing football.2）通过使用分号和连词变为并列句。此 句 可 改 为：There are manystudents on the sports ground;theyare playing football.或 There aremany students on the sports groundand they are playing football.3）将其中的一部分改为充当修饰成分的短语。比如这句话可以改为：There are many students playingfootball on the sp

16、orts ground.4）通过使用关联词if,when,who等将其中一个句子改为从句。那么此句可以改为：There are many studentswho are playing football on thesports ground.每一个句子都可以用不同的方式来表述，我们在写作时可以根据句子表达的需要选择最佳的句式。Barking dogs dont bite.吠狗不咬人。3.There is a teacher I shall alwaysremember.Because she has a sweetvoice and a pleasant smile.此处的错误是由于连词和标

17、点使用不当而造成片语（fragment）,也就是完整句子的一部分，它不能完整的表达句义。最常见的片语多数是由从属连词开头的，改正的方法就是将它跟主句合并。因此，这句话应该改为:There is a teacher I shall alwaysremember because she has a sweetvoice and a pleasant smile.4.It is important to exercise becauseeverybody seems to watch you if youfat and out of shape.此句的错误是缺少句子成分。英语中的形容词必须和系动词一

18、起构成系表结构才能作谓语。因此，本句可以改为：It is important to exercise,becauseeverybody seems to watch you if youare fat and out of shape.5.This great loss had killed Mrs.white,but actually this free her fromher husband.时态不一致。时态是英语中的难点之一，当用某一种时态的时候，我们感觉还不是特别难，但当两种或两种以上的时态混合使用的时候或许就会出现问题了。本句可改为：Thisgreat loss had killed

19、 Mrs.White,butactually this freed her from herhusband.What is done by night appearsby day.若要人不知，除非已莫为。6.1 did not know what was happenedin the classroom.此处的错误是不及物动词的错误使用。汉语中的动词没有及物和不及物之分，因而中国的学生常常忽略这个问题。请大家注意不及物动词不能直接跟宾语，也没有被动语态。这句话应改为：I did not know what had happenedin the classroom.7.While celebra

20、te their 20thanniversary in the restaurant,thewine glass broke and damaged Mr.Whites finger.这个句子中的问题出在分词作状语上。正确使用现在分词作状语能使句子结构多样化，但也不可以滥用。如果用错了的话，还不如不用。此句可以改为：While Mr.White celebrating their20th anniversary in the restaurant,the wine glass broke and damagedhis finger.When Mr.White celebrated their2

21、0th anniversary in the restaurant,the wine glass broke and damagedhis finger.8.The average life span in the 19809swas much longer than 18805s.比较对象不一致。在使用形容词和副词的比较级时我们往往容易受汉语的影响，忽略比较对象应该一致的问题。此句应改为：The average lifespan in the 1980s was much longerthan that in the 18809s.9.Writing a essay is difficult

22、 forstudents who English is a secondlanguage.这个句子中有两处错误。一个是不定冠词使用不当，元音因素前应该使用an而不是ao这不是一个难点，但考试中经常会有马虎的考生犯这类小错误。二是定语从句的关联词使用错误，应该把who改为whose o10.The man had reproached by hisdaughter who was angry that he haddeserted her mother for twentyyears.被动语态使用错误。请大家一定记住被动语态的基本结构是：be动词加上动词的过去分词，而其时态的变化是由b e 动词

23、来体现的。在这个句子中，应把had改为was。11.In my opinion think the companyshould pay for the victims injuries.此句是典型的中国式英语。有许多人写作时受汉语的影响太多，甚至习惯对照每个字把汉语生硬地翻译成英语。这样就会造成一些滑稽的错误。最典型的莫过于“good good study,day day up”了。此 句 中think 一词是多余的，去掉就可以了。12.When I was in university,mypsychology class had more than 500students,often for

24、cing me to sit onthe floor.在汉语中“有”既可以表示存在，也可以表示拥有。但在英语中，却需要用不同的方式来表达。表示存在时应该用 there be句型，而表示拥有时则需要用 have/has。When I was inuniversity,there were more than 500students in my psychology class,often forcing me to sit on the floor.13.I enjoy reading forecasts of thefuture,but you wonder which willturn ou

25、t to be correct.人称不一致。在一句或一段话中，如果人称不一致会让读者感觉不知所云。在这个句子中，我们只需要将 you改为I 就可以了。Its never too late to mend.改过不嫌晚。14.1 told my friends that I was goingto major in geology,which annoyedmy parents.这个句子是歧义句。它既可以理解为我告诉朋友让父母不高兴，也可以理解为我选择了地质学让父母生气。这句话可以改为：I told my friends thatI was going to major in geology,an

26、dmy parents were annoyed by mychoice.15.If your English is not good,yourgoing to have trouble with all thesubject.这句话中有三处显然是由于马虎造成的错误。1）人称代词your不可以做主语应改为youo 2）表示将来的be going t o结构不完整，应在going前加上are。3）subject是可数名词，应该用复数形式subjects o可别小看了这些小错误，记住“小石头也能绊倒人！”16.The judge ordered that thesuspect was detain

27、ed immediately.没 有 正 确 使 用 虚 拟 语 气。在order,suggest等表示命令和建议的动词的宾语从句中应该使用should加动词原型，should可以省略。这句话应改为：The judge ordered thatthe suspect(should)be detainedimmediately.17.Not only I wrote him a letter,butI also phoned him twice.特殊句型使用错误。在英语中有许多特殊句型，我们必须熟记它们的意思和使用形式。常常会出错的有：the more.the more.,not only.bu

28、t also.,too.to.,used to do,beused to doing,would rather.than.,so.that.,.so that.,had better等。not only but also 结构可以用来连接两个并列的成分，并有加强语气的作用。这句话应改为：I not onlywrote him a letter,but also phonedhim twice.此外，not only放于句首时需用倒装句型，所以也可改为Notonly did I write him a letter,but alsophoned him twice.18.Computer tec

29、hnology helps us domany things,but it also prevents usto do many others.词语搭配错误。英语中的动词后接宾语或宾补时，常有固定的搭配，大家要注意积累。此句应改为：Computer technology helps us domany things,but it also prevents usfrom doing many others.19.Never he will forget the terribletraffic accident.未使用倒装语序。如果句子以：Not only,Never,Hardly,No soo

30、ner,Only等开头，则句子应使用倒装语序。此句应改为：Never will he forget the terribletraffic accident.20.Because she does not have anyfriend in Paris,so she feels verylonely.由于受汉语影响，许多同学在作文中使 用：Because.so.和Although.but两个错误结构。改正的方法就选择because和so中的任意一个，或 although和 but中的任意一个。此句可以改为：Because shedoes not have any friend in Paris

31、,shefeels very lonely或 She does not haveany friend in Paris,so she feels verylonely或 she feels very lonely becauseshe does not have any friend in Paris.21.The speaker called attention tothe beginning and how it ended.名 词（短 语）平 行 结 构 误 用 Thespeaker called attention to thebeginning and end of the move

32、ment22.He was sympathetic,tolerant,and people respected him.形 容 词 平 行 结 构 误 用 He wassympathetic,tolerant,and respectedby people.23.The boys were running,shoutingand to laugh.分词平行结构误用The boys wererunning,shouting and laughing.24.Jane prefers singing to dance.动名词平行结构误用Jane preferssinging to dancing.25

33、.To know what is good and doingwhat is right is not the same thing动词不定式平行结构误用To knowwhat is good and to do what is rightis not the same thing26.The work is handsome andskillfully done.副 词 平 行 结 构 误 用 The work ishandsomely and skillfully done.27.Studies serve for delight,forornament,and being able.短语

34、平行结构误用Studies serve fordelight,for ornament,and for ability.请改正下面句子中的错误。1.Education is no longer free as ituse to be.Education is no longer free as it usedto be.2.For example,the computer that isused everywhere today to increaseefficiency and save the cost of labor.For example,the computer that isus

35、ed everywhere today increasesefficiency and saves the cost of labor.3.In our country we vote for ourgovernment,the next federal electionis coming again.In our country we vote for ourgovernment when the next federalelection is coming again.4.After they express their opinion,hedecided to reduce the op

36、erationalexpenses.After they expressed their opinion,he decided to reduce the operationalexpenses.5.Many people are dishonest withgovernment.Although they aremarried,but they dont want todeclare they are married.Many people are dishonest withgovernment.Although they aremarried,they dont want to decl

37、arethey are married.6.The closing down of hospitalscauses inconvenience for the growingnumber of patients in Ontario.The closing down of hospitals causesinconvenience for the increasingpatients in Ontario.7.How do you think of myboyfriend,Dad?”the girl ask.“How do you think of my boyfriend,Dad?”the

38、girl asked.8.Winter storms that bring ice,sleet,and snow they can cause trafficproblem.Winter storms that bring ice,sleet,and snow can cause traffic problem.或 Winter storms bring ice,sleet,andsnow which can cause trafficproblem.9.The cake was suppose to be tasty.The cake was supposed to be tasty.10.

39、The river will flood again nextyear unless we will build a betterdam.The river will flood again next yearunless we build a better dam.11.The runner looker as if he waswinded.The runner looked as if he waswinded.12.If I would have trained for therace,I might have won.If I had been trained for the rac

40、e,Iwould have won.13.The instructor divided the workbetween Sam and I.The instructor divided the workbetween Sam and me.14.Her mother told her she wasgoing to visit Alaska.Her mother told her she was going tovisit Alaska.15.Because our car was overheating,it came as no surprise that it brokedown jus

41、t as it began to rain.Because our car was overheating,itcame with no surprise that it brokedown just as it began to run.16.The moon,along with Venus,arevisible in the night sky.The moon,along with Venus,isvisible in the night sky.17.Three hundred dollars are whatwe must pay.Three hundred dollars is

42、what wemust pay.18.The candidate felt unusualenergetic.The candidate felt unusual energetic.19.The physicist Marie Curiediscovered radium,she won twoNobel Prizes.The physicist Marie Curiediscovered radium,so she won twoNobel Prizes.20.People feared that they would nolonger be able to happily live inpeace.People feared that they would nolonger be able to live in peacehappily.