英语基础知识.pdf

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1、一.基础语法(与阅读和写作相关)：基本句子结构英语句子分为简单句(simple sentence)和多而句(multiple sentence)所谓的简单句就是一个句子中只包含一个主谓结构的句子。多重句包含两种基本情况，一种是两个或者两个以上的简单分句形成并列关系，这样的句子叫做并列句(compound sentence)；另一种是两个或两个以上的简单分句构成主从关系，这样的句子叫做复杂句(complex sentence)。下面我们分别对这三种情况加以分析。1、简单句不管是我们阅读还是写作，构造和理解简单句都是最基本的技能。在这个技能中，记 住 点是十分重要的。也就是说：在英语简单句中，只能

2、有而且(一般情况下)必须有一个谓语部分。英语的简单句只有五种基本句型，所有的英语句子都不能离开这五种基本句型，所以我们把它们谙熟于心是非常重要而且大有裨益的。这五种句型是：SV,SVC,SVO,SVOC(AtellsB to do something.),SVOiOd(A gives B something./He bought a coat for me.)。其中 S=Subject,也就是主语；V=Verbal phrase,也就是谓语部分：C Complement,表示跟在系动词之后的补语：0 =O bject,也就是句子的宾语，在最后一种句型中包括间接宾语和直接宾语。这五种句型的形成依

3、靠的是谓语部分的动词的用法，动词的用法又是和它的意义不可分的。比如hit这个词必须有一个执行者，就是主语。同时它还少不了一个受事者，也就是宾语，不然就产生不了完整的意义。而 smile就不同了，它可以只有一个主语，而没有宾语。从这些简单的例子中我们可以看出谓语部分在句子中的极端重要性。我们在阅读句子的时候，第一个任务就是要找到谓语在什么地方。在阅读实践中，由于英语的很多单词都可以有不止一种词性，所以往往给辨认谓语动词带来一定的困难。英语句子有五种基本结构。1.S住)+Vi(不及物动词)(谓)(Astay/stays/did)Time flies.You should study hard.In

4、 1847,Chinese student Rong Hong and others came to the United States as the first group ofChinese students to study here.(1847年，中国最早的一批留美学生容闵等人赴美求学。)l)S+V+adverbial(状语)Birds sing beautifully.2)S+Vi+prep Phrase(介词短语)He went on holiday.3）S+Vi+Infinitive（不定式）We stopped to have a rest.4）S+Vi+Participle（

5、分词）Ill go swimming.2.S（主）+Vt（及物动词）（谓）+O（宾）A does B.We like English.These traditions have exerted a profound impact on the values and way of life of the Chinesepeople,and on Chinas road of development to d ay.（这些传统，对今天中国人的价值观念、生活方式和中国的发展道路，具有深刻的影响。）l）S+VT+N/PronI like music.I like her.2）S+VT+infiniti

6、ve（不定式）I want to help him.常用于这句型的动词有：attempt,dare,decide,desire,expect,hope,intend,learn,need,offer,pretend,promise,propose,purpose,refuse,want,wish 等。3）S+VT+Wh-Word+InfinitiveI dont know what to do.常用于这句型的动词有：ask,consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,guess,inquire,know,learn,observe,reme

7、mber,see,settle,tell,think,understand,wonder 等。4）S+VT+GerundI enjoy living here.常用于这句型的动词有：admit,advise,avoid,consider,defend,enjoy,excuse,finish,forbid,mind,miss,practise,risk,suggest,give up,cant help 等。5）S+VT+That-clauseI dont think（that）he is right.常用于这句型的动词有：Admit,believe,command,confess,declar

8、e,demand,deny,doubt,expect,explain,佗 el（觉得）,hear（听说）,hope,imagine,intend,know,mean,mind（当心）,notice,propose,request,report,say,see（看出），show,suggest,suppose,think,understand,wish,wonder（觉得奇怪）。3.S（主）+V（谓）（lv）（系动词）+P（表）AisB.Harvard is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students.（哈彳弗

9、是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学之一。）We are Chinese.除了 b e 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1）表感官的动词，feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem 等。2）表转变变化的动词，become,get,grow,turn,go,等。3）表延续的动词 remain,keep,seem,hold,stay,rest 等。4）表瞬时的动词 come,fall,set,cut,occur 等 5）其他动词 eat,lie,prove,ring,run,shine,sit,stand,continue,hang 等。l）S+Lv+N/Pr

10、on（名词/代词）He is a boy.This is mine.2）S+Lv+Adj（形容词）She is beautiful.3）S+Lv+Adv（副词）Class is over.4）S+Lv+Prep PhraseHe is in good health.5）S+Lv+Participle（分词）He is excited.The film is interesting.4.S（主）+VT（谓）+InO（间接宾语）+DO （直接宾语）A gives B something.My visit to IBM,AT&T and the Bell laboratory yesterday g

11、ave me some first-hand knowledge ofthe latest successes in modern science and technology.（昨天，我参观了国际商用机器公司、美国电话电报公司和贝尔实验室，领略了当代科技发展的前沿成就。）I give you help.l）S+VT+N/Pron+NI sent him a book.I bought May a book.2）S+VT+N/Pron+To/for-phraseHe sent a book to me.He bought a coat for me.间接宾语前需要加 to 的常用动词有：all

12、ow,bring,deny,do（带5）,give,grant,hand,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,permit,promise,read,refuse,render,restore,sell,send,show,teach,tell wish,write 等。间接宾语前需要加 for 的常用动词有：bring,buy,cash,choose,fetch,get,leave,make,order,paint,play（源 ）,save,sing,spare 等。5.S（主）+VT（谓）+O（宾）+O C（宾补）A tells B to do something

13、.Today,the Chinese people who are struggling to achieve modernization have made the opening-upa basic state policy.（今天，正在为实现现代化而奋斗的中国人民，把对外开放作为一项基本国策。）I make you clear.DS+VT+N/Pron+NWe named our baby Tom.常用 于这句型的动词有：appoint,call,choose,elect,entitle,find,make,name,nominate（解；）o2）S+VT+N/Pron+AdjHe pa

14、inted the wall white.常用于这句型的动词有：beat,boil,cut,drive,find,get,hold,keep,leave,like,make,paint,see,set,turn,want,wash,wipe,wish 等。3）S+VT+N/Pron+Prep PhraseShe always keeps everything in good order.4）S+VT+N/Pron+InfinitiveI wish you to stay.I made him work常用于这句型的动词有：a)不定式带to的词：advice,allow,ask,beg,caus

15、e,choose,command,decide,encourage,expect,force,get,hate,invite,know,leave,like,love,order,permit,persuade,prefer,remain,request,teach,tell,want,warn,wish 等。b)不定式不带 to 的词：feel,have,hear,know,let,listen to,look at,make,notice,see,watch 等。5)S+V T+N/Pron+Participle(分词)I heard my name called.I feel somet

16、hing moving.常用于这句型的动词有：catch,feel,find,get,have,hear,imagine,keep,leave,listen to,look at,notice,observe,perceive,see,set,smell,start,watch 等。6)S+VT+N/Pron+Wh-word+InfinitiveHe show me how to do it.常用于这句型的动词有：advise,ask,inform,show,teach,tell 等。7)S+VT+N/Pron+That-clauseHe told me that the film was g

17、reat.常用于这句型的动词有：assure,inform,promise,remind,teach,tell,warm 等。8)S+V T +N/Pron+Wh-ClauseHe asked me what he should do.常用于这句型的动词有：advise,ask,inform,show,teach,tell句子是指定某事物并说明它。句子可分为“主语部分+谓语部分”。指定某事物的部分是主语，说明主语的部分为谓语部分。下面我们着重谈一谈主语+谓语动词这种结构。谓语部分可以由“动词+宾语4方式状语+地点状语+时间状语”构成。如：The birds chirp tF E:p.The b

18、irds chirp beautifully.The birds chirp beautifully in the woods.The birds chirp beautifully in the woods every morning.The little birds chirp beautifully in the woods every morning.句子一指的是鸟，说明的是鸟在歌唱。这是最简单的句子。句子二添加了副词beautifully,修饰谓语动词ch irp,表示行为的方式，是方式状语。句子三添加了介词短语in the w oods,说明chirp发生的地点，是地点状语。句子四

19、添加了名词短语every m orning,说明chirp发生的时间，是时间状语。句子五添加了形容词little,修饰主语b ird s,作定语2、并歹峋(compound sentence)英语的并列句一般情况下引不起巨大的阅读障碍，因为在分句之间往往有固定的连接词说明前后分句的关系。这样的连接词有以and为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词、以 o r为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词、以 but为代表的表示转折的并列连词和表示原因的for四个类型。第一种包括 and,not only.but(also).,neither(nor)o 第二种包括 or,either.o r.；对此我们分别举一个例句

20、说明问题：(l)As is reported,a trade agreement was signed and a cultural exchange was arranged.(2)Not only is he himself interested in the subject but all his students are beginning to show aninterest in it.(3)Dr.Fisher neither loves the environment,nor is he accustomed to the weather.(4)The children can

21、go with us,or they can stay at home.(5)You can either go it by yourself,or you can ask someone else to do it.(6)The young man has often been praised,but he is never conceited.另外我们还应该把并列分句和并列结构(coordinate construction)区分开来。并列结构是由并列连词或者其他并列手段例如标点符号连接起来的语法结构序列，它包括并列分句，也包括并列的词或者词组。3、从属句构成从属关系的复杂句包括名词性分句

22、(Nominal C auses)(可.以作主语、宾语、同位语、主语补语)、关系分句(Relative Clauses)、状语分句(Adverbial Clauses)。对于它们的连接词，在相应的语法书上都不难找到，这里就不再多讲了。需要提醒读者的是，在判定句子的类型之后，最主要的工作就是分析简单句的成分，找到主句的谓语，真正抓住句子的纲领。下面请作练习二，首先辨认多重分句的类型，然后找出主句和从属分句的谓语。Laboratory scientists accustomed to noticing subtle changes in the properties of substancesth

23、ey are investigating are doubtless better than you or I at certain sorts of observations.这里的主语是Laboratory scientists,但是后面跟了一个过去分词定语，其中分词中的介词又跟了一个-ing形式，-ing形式后又接了一个宾语和一个带有定语的状语。本句的谓语是aredoubtless better than o小结:简单句和复合句简单句(SIMPLESENTENCE)1.主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P)2.主语+不及物动词(S+Vi)3.主语+及物动词+宾 语(S+Vt+O)4.主语+及

24、物动词+|诃接宾语+直接宾语(S+Vt+IO+DO)5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(S+Vt+0+C)并歹峋(COMPOUND SENTENCE)通常由and,but等词连接。I turned on the TV and we sat down and watched it.I bought my sister a present,but she did not like it.复合句1.名词性从句(1)主语从句(2)宾语从句(3)表语从句(4)同位语从句2.定语从句3.状语从句(时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、结果、比较、方式等)二.英语短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式每组句式

25、的功能相同或相似，可根据自己的情况选择其中的1-2个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。1.表示原因l)There are three reasons for this.2)The reasons for this are as follows.3)The reason for this is obvious.4)The reason for this is not far to seek.5)The reason for this is that.6)We have good reason to believe that.例如：There are three reasons for the ch

26、anges that have taken place in our life.Firstly,peoplesliving standard has been greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid,and they canafford what they need or like.Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modemlife.注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes havetaken place i

27、n our life.There are three reasons for this.这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。新四六级2表示好处l)It has the following advantages.2)It does us a lot of good.3)It benefits us quite a lot.4)It is beneficial to us.5)It is of great benefit to us.例如：Books are like friends.They ca n help us know the world better,and they can open o

28、ur mindsand widen our horizons.Therefbre,reading extensively is of great benefit to us.3.表示坏处l)It has more disadvantages than advantages.2)It does us much harm.3)It is harmful Ito us.例如：However,everything dividesinto two.Television can also be harmful to us.lt can do harm toour health and make us la

29、zy if we spend too much time watching televi-sion.4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能l)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient,possible)for sb.to do sth.2)We think it necessary to do sth.3)It plays an important role in our life.例如：Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or

30、 inbusiness.Soon,computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say thatcomputers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into theComputer Age.5.表示措施l)We should take some effective measures.2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficul

31、ties.3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and moreserious.Therefbre,we must take some effective measures to solve it.6,表示变化l)Some changes have taken place in the pas

32、t five years.2)A great change will certainly be produced in the worlds communications.3)The computer has brought about many changes in education.例如：Some changes have taken place in peoples diet in the past five years.The major reasons forthese changes are not far to seek.Nowadays,more and more peopl

33、e are switching from grain tomeat for protein,and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.7.表示事实、现状l)We cannot ignore the fact that.2)No one can deny the fact that.3)There is no denying the fact that.4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.5)However,thats not the case.例如：We c

34、annot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.Tosolve these problems,we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.Thegovernment on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.8.表示比较l)Compared with A,B.2)1 p

35、refer to read rather than watch TV.3)There is a striking contrast between them.例如：Compared with cars,bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable.Firstly,theydo not consume natural resources of petroleum.Secondly,they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least,they contribute

36、 to peoples health by giving them due physical exercise.新四六9.表示数量l)It has increased(decreased)from.to.2)The population in this city has now increased(decreased)to 800,000.3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15%compared with that of January.例如：With the improvement of the living standard

37、,the proportion of peoples income spent on foodhas dec reased while that spent on education has increased.再如：From the graph listed above,itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased froman average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000.注：“From the graph listed above

38、,it can be seen thal”见句式 12。考生将句式 9 和句式 12结合在一起，便可较好地写出2002年 6 月 CET-4、6 短文写作的第一段。10表示看法1)People have(take,adopt,assume)different attitudes towards sth.2)People have different opinions on this problem.3)People take different views of(on)the question.4)Some people believe that.Others argue that.例如:Pe

39、ople have different attitudes towards failure.Some believe that failure leads to success.Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewedendeavor.However,others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the categoryof losers.再如：Dolucky numbe

40、rs“really bring good luck?Different people have different views on it.注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。11.表不结论l)In short,it can be said that.2)It may be briefly summed up as follows.3)From what has been mentioned above,we can come to the conclusion that.例如：From what has been mentioned above,we can come

41、to the conclusion that examination isnecessary,however,its method should be improved.注：例 句 1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3 则多用文章结论段的第一句。12.套语well known to us that.2)As is known to us,.3)This is a topic that is being widely talked about.4)From the graph(table,chart)listed above,it can be seen that.5)As aproverb s

42、ays，”Where there is a will,there is a way.例如：As is well known to us,it is important for the students to know the world outside campus.The reason for this is obvious.Nowadays,the society is changing and developing rapidly,andthe campus is no longer an“ivory tower.A s college students,we must get in t

43、ouch with theworld outside the campus.Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after wegraduate.再如:Does it pay to be honest?This is a topic that is being widely talked about anddifferent people have different opinions on it.三.英语考试中3 5个高频动词的使用l.askA.问 1)vt.May I ask you a questi

44、on?I have something to ask you.Jack asked me how to start the machine.She asked what time it was.2)vi.I asked only out of curiosity.Tom went to ask about the train.If you don t understand,ask.B.要求；请求；征 求 vt.r m going to the workers to ask their advice.He asked Joe to get in touch with them.He was as

45、ked to see them off.C.邀 请 vt.They asked us over their dinner.They often ask him out to sea.D.习语ask about询问、打听ask after问候ask for请求、找某人、要求ask sth.of s b.向某人问2.breakv t.A.打破、打碎、打断Who broke the window into pieces?He fell and broke his leg.Try not to break the silence.B.违反He often breaks his promise/his

46、word/the law/the rule.C.习语break away突然离开break away from sb.脱离、离开、背弃break dow n中断、粉碎、发生故障、（身体）跨了、（机器）坏了break forth迸发、爆发、发泄break in 闯进、打断break in on sb.打断某人的谈话break inlo闯入、侵占breakinto pieces 打碎break off折断、突然中断break,open 撬开break out 爆发break through突破breakup开垦、破碎、解散、分解break with sb.与某人断交break sb s heart

47、使某人心碎3.bringA.v t.带来、拿 来（由远而近）Bring me the paper,please.He forgot to bring his umbrella.May I bring her to see you?Shall I bring the books upstairs?After we were seated,she brought out dishes.B.习语bring,about 造成、导致bring-down打 落（飞机、禽鸟等）、降 低（物价、温度等）bring forward 提出bringin 引进、介绍、收获bringinto being实现、使产生b

48、ringinto effect/practice 实行、贯彻bringout出版、发表bringto an end/a stop/a close 使终 上、结束bring to mind使想起、回忆起bringtogether集合；召集bringup养育、呕吐bringto victory使走向胜利bringto safety带到安全地带4.catchA.v t.抓住、逮住、挂住He caught my hand and held it tightly.We caught ten monkeys in all.The nail caught my coat.但是 vi.挂住 His coat

49、caught on a nail.The kite caught in a tree.B.赶上、搭上We 1 1 hurry and catch the 10:30 bus.C.听懂Pease repeat it.I didn t quite catch you.Do you catch my meaning?D.染上He caught a bad flu.E.（出其不意地）撞上、碰上She caught him smoking.Some boys were caught stealing flowers from the garden.F.给撞上、碰上The ship was caught

50、in a hurricane.One night we were caught in a thunderstorm.Hurry up and donr t get caught in a storm.G 习语catch at sth.想抓住、设法抓住catch sb.by surprise出其不意抓住catch/get/seize/take hold of-（突然）抓住、抓牢catch sb s attention/eye 吸引某人注意catch sight of看到、发现catch the point of抓住的要点catch up 赶上catch up with赶上 补上COME5.doA