上海市高考英语阅读理解训练.pdf

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1、上海市高考英语阅读理解专题训练Q uestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Oceanography has been defined as“The application of all sciencesto the study of the sea”.Before the nineteenth century,scientists with an interest in thesea were few and far between.Certainly Newton considered sometheoretical aspe

2、cts of it in his writings,but he was reluctant to go tosea to further his work.F or most people the sea was remote,and with the exception of earlyintercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea,there was little reason to ask many questions about it,let alone to askwhat lay bene

3、ath the surface.The first time that the question“What isat the bottom of the oceans?”had to be answered with any commercialconsequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe toAmerica was proposed.The engineers had to know the depth profile（起伏形状）of the route to estimate the length of c

4、able that had to bemanufactured.I t was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Companyturned,in 1853,for information on this matter.I n the 1840s,Maury hadbeen responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings（测深）were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pa

5、cificOceans.Later,some of his findings aroused much popular interest in hisbook The Physical Geography of the Sea.The cable was laid,but not until 1866 was the connection madepermanent and reliable.At the early attempts,the cable failed and whenit was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered

6、 in livinggrowths,a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that therewas no life in the deeper parts of the sea.Within a few years oceanography was under way.I n 1872 Thomson led ascientific expedition(考察)，which lasted for four years and brought home thousands ofsamples from the sea.Their

7、 classification and analysis occupiedscientists for years and led to a five-volume report,the last volumebeing published in 1895.21.The proposal to lay a telegraph cable from Europe to Americamade oceanographic studies take on _.A)an academic aspect C)a business aspect B)a military aspect D)an inter

8、national aspect22.I t was _ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.A)the American NavyB)some early intercontinental travelersC)those who earned a living from the seaD)the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable23.The aim of the voyages Maury was responsible for in the 1840swas.A)

9、to make some sounding experiments in the oceansB)to collect samples of sea plants and animalsC)to estimate the length of cable that was neededD)to measure the depths of the two oceans24.“Defied“in the 5th paragraph probably means”.第 1 页 共 5 0 页A)doubted C)chailenged B)gave proof to D)agreed to25.Thi

10、s passage is mainly about _.A)the beginnings of oceanographyB)the laying of the first undersea cableC)the investigation of ocean depthsD)the early intercontinental communications根据以下文章回答21到 25题。(25)海洋学被定义为“运用所有学科的知识对海洋进行研究。”在 19世纪之前，对海洋感兴趣的科学家寥寥无几。当然，牛顿在他的写作中对海洋进行了一些理论上的探讨，但是他不愿意亲自去海上进一步深入他的研究。对大多数人

11、们来说，大海是遥远的。除了早期的洲际旅行者和在海上谋生的人，没有多少人会提出关于海洋的诸多问题，更不用说会有人问及在大海的表面下有什么东西了。(21)人们第一次必须从商业角度回答“大海的底部有什么，”这个问题是在人们提议铺设欧洲和美洲之间电缆的时候。工程师们必须知道铺设电缆路线的深度变化，来估计需要生产的电缆长度。(22)1853年大西洋电报公司向美国海军的Maury求助以获得这方面的信息。(23)19世纪40年代，Maury曾经负责旨在鼓励人们对北大西洋和太平洋的深度进行探测的航海活动。后来，他的一些研究结果被收录在他的 海洋自然地理学一书中，并引起了广泛的兴趣。电缆被铺设起来，但是直到1

12、8 6 6 年才被永久性接通并开始稳定使用。（2 4）在早期的多次尝试中，电缆出现了故障，而当人们把它取出来修理时，才发现上面覆盖着活的生物体，这一事实，对同时代的认为海洋的深处没有生命存在的科学理论提出了挑战。（2 5）海洋学在随后的几年之内开始发展起来。1 8 7 2 年 T h oms on领导了一次为期四年的科学考察并从海洋中带回了数以千计的标本。科学家们花了很多年的时间对这些标本进行分类和分析并写出了一份长达五卷的报告，最后一卷于1 8 9 5 年发表。2 1 （铺设欧洲和美洲之间电缆的提议使海洋学研究具有 o A）学术的特征0 商业的特征B）军事的特征D）国际化的特征2 2（在海洋

13、学研究中，是 向 M a u i y 求助。A）美国海军B）一些早期的洲际旅行者0 在海上谋生的人D）提议铺设欧洲和美洲之间电缆的公司2 3 （M a u r y 负 责 的 航 海 活 动 的 目 的 是 A）做一些海洋中的测深试验B）收集海洋动植物的样本0 估测所需要的电缆的长度第 2页 共 50页D）测量两大洋的深度2 4（第五段中的“d ef i ed”一词含义是“”。A）怀 疑 C）挑 战 B）为提供证据D）同意2 5 （这篇文章主要是关于 oA）海洋学的开端B）第一条海底电缆的铺设0海洋深度的调查D）早期的洲际通讯答案:CDDCAQ uestions 26 to 30 are ba

14、sed on the following passage:Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in orderto graduate,and each course which he attends gives him a credit whichhe may count towards a degree.I n many American universities the totalwork for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for

15、 onesemester.A typical course consists of three classes per week forfifteen weeks;while attending a university a student will probablyattend four or five courses during each semester.Normally a studentwould expect to take four years attending two semesters each year.I t ispossible to spread the peri

16、od of work for the degree over a longerperiod.I t is also possible for a student to move between one universityand another during his degree course,though this is not in fact done asa regular practice.F or every course that he follows a student is given a grade,whichis recorded,and the record is ava

17、ilable for the student to show toprospective employers.All this imposes a constant pressure and strainof work,but in spite of this some students still find time for greatactivity in student affairs.Elections to positions in studentorganizations arouse much enthusiasm.The effective work of maintainin

18、gdiscipline is usually performed by students who advise the academicauthorities.Any student who is thought to have broken the rules,forexample,by cheating has to appear before a student court.With theenormous numbers of students,the operation of the system does involve acertain amount of activity.A

19、student who has held one of thesepositions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit tohim later in his career.26.Normally a student would at least attend classes each week.A)36 C)12 B)20 D)1527.According to the first paragraph an American student is allowedA)to live in a different un

20、iversityB)to take a particular course in a different universityC)to live at home and drive to classesD)to get two degrees from two different universities28.American university students are usually under pressure of workbecause _.A)their academic performance will affect their future careers第 3 页 共 5

21、0 页B)they are heavily involved in student affairsC)they have to observe university disciplineD)they want to run for positions of authority29.Some students are enthusiastic for positions in studentorganizations probably b e c a u s e.A)they hate the constantpressure and strain of their studyB)they wi

22、ll then be able to stay longer in the universityC)such positions help them get better jobsD)such positions are usually well paid30.The student organizations seem to be effective in _.A)dealing with the academic affairs of the universityB)ensuring that the students observe university regulationsC)eva

23、luating students performance by bringing them before a courtD)keeping up the students,enthusiasm for social activities根据以下文章回答26到 30题。通常为了毕业，学生必须上够一定数量的课程，他所上的每门课程都会给他一定的学分，这些学分可以累加，从而获得学位。在很多美国的大学里，要获得学位总共需要学习三十六门课程，每门课程持续一个学期。(26)一门典型的课程包括每周三节课，共持续十五周，并且大学生每学期大概会上四到五门课程。一般情况下，学生要在大学里上四年，每年两个学期。攻读学

24、位的学生可能将学习的时间延长。(27)也可能在学习过程中转到另一所大学，然而，这种现象并不常见。(28)学生上的每门课程都会得到一个成绩，这个成绩会被记录下来，学生可以向未来的雇主出示这一成绩。所有这些都会给学生带来持久的压力和紧张的学业，尽管这样，有些学生仍然有时间从事学生社团的活动。(30)被选举担任学生社团的职务会激发学生的极大热情。给学校当局提供建议的学生往往能够卓有成效地承担起维持学校纪律的任务。任何被认为违反学校规则的学生，比如说作弊的学生，将会被交给学生法庭处理。由于学生人数众多，这样的组织的运行确实会涉及大量的工作。（2 9）在这些组织中担任重要职务的学生很受尊敬并且这种经历对

25、他将来的职业生涯也大有裨益。2 6（通常，一个学生每周要上_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 次课。A）3 6 C）1 2 B）2 0 D）1 52 7（根据第一段，一 个 美 国 学 生 被 允 许。A）住在另一个大学里B）在另一所大学上某一门的课程0住在家里，开车上学D）从两个不同的大学获得两个学位2 8（美国的大学生们通常面临着很大的学业压力是因为 oA）他们的学习成绩将会影响到他们未来的职业生涯第 4页 共 50页B）他们较多地参与学生社团的活动0他们必须遵守大学的纪律D）他们想竞选一些重要的职位2 9（一些学生对于学生社团的一些职位很感兴趣可能是因为A）他们痛恨持久的压力和紧张的学业

26、B）他们将会能够在大学里面呆更长的时间0这样的职位将有助于他们找到更好的工作D）这样的职位通常收入颇丰3 0（学生社团在 卓有成效。A）处理大学的学术事务B）确保学生遵守大学的纪律0通过把学生带上法庭来评估学生的表现D）保持学生对于社会活动的热情题目答案：BBACBQ uestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Nursing at Beth I srael H ospital produces the best patient carepossible.I f we are to solve the nursing shortag

27、e（不足），hospitaladministration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow BethI sraeT s example.At Beth I srael each patient is assigned to a primary nurse whovisits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale healthaccount that covers everything from his medical history to his emotiona

28、lstate.Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient，s illness butwhich also includes everything else that is necessary.The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization,keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from hisdoctor.I f a patient at Beth I srael i

29、s not responding to treatment,itis not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor.What the doctor at Beth I srael has in the primary nurse is a truecolleague.Nursing at Beth I srael also involves a decentralized（分散的）nursing administration;every floor;every unit is a self-contai

30、ned organization.There are nursemanagers instead of head nurses;in addition to their medical dutiesthey do all their own hiring and dismissing,employee advising,and theymake salary recommendations.Each unit，s nurses decide among themselveswho will work what shifts and when.Beth I sraeT s nurse-in-ch

31、ief ranks as an equal with other vicepresidents of the hospital.She also is a member of the MedicalExecutive Committee,which in most hospitals includes only doctors.21.Which of the following best characterizes the main feature ofthe nursing system at Beth I srael H ospital?第 5 页 共 5 0 页A)The doctor

32、gets more active professional support from the primarynurse.B)Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.C)The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.D)The primary nurse keeps records of the patients healthconditions every day.22.I t can be inferred from the passage th

33、at.A)compared with other hospitals nurse at Beth I srael H ospital aremore patient B)in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from theprofessional point of view C)in most hospital nurse get low salariesD)compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours atBeth I srael H ospital23.A

34、primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatmentwhen ,A)the present one is refused by the patientB)the patient complains about the present oneC)the present one proves to be ineffectiveD)the patient is found unwilling to cooperate24.The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nu

35、rse isthat the former.A)is a member of the Medical Executive Committeeof the hospitalB)has to arrange the work shifts of the units nursesC)can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patientD)has full responsibility in the administration of the unitsnurses25.The authors attitude towards

36、 the nurse system at Beth I sraelH ospital is _.A)negative C)neutral B)critical D)positive根据以下文章回答21到 25题。(25)Bcth I srael医院的护理工作给病人提供了他们所需要的最好的护理。(22)如果我们要解决护理不足的问题，每个地方的医院管理部门和医生们都可以仿效Beth I srael医院的范例。在 Beth I srael医院，每个病人都被指定一个主管护士负责，她详尽地和病人聊天并建立一个全面的健康档案，该档案包括从病人的病史到病人的情绪状态等各个方面。然后，主管护士将会写一份以病人

37、病情为核心内容的护理报告，当然这份报告也包括其它必要的一切情况。主管护士在病人住院期间和病人呆在一起，记录病情发展状况并从医生那里寻求建议。(21)(23)在 Beth I srael医院，如果一种治疗方法对病人不起作用，病人的主管护士常常会向医生提议采纳另一种治疗方法。在 Beth I srael医院，医生和主管护士之间是真正的同事关系。Beth I srael医院的护理还包括一个分散的护理管理体系，每层楼、每个病房都是一个独立的组织。(24)护理经理代替了护士长，她们除了完成自己的护理任务外，还负责聘用、解聘以及对薪酬提出建议。每个病房的护士们自行决定谁在何时值什么班。第 6 页 共 5

38、0 页Beth Is ra e l的护理部主任和医院的副院长属于同一级别，同时她也是医疗执行委员会的成员，而在大多数的医院里，该委员会成员仅限于医生。21（下列哪一项陈述最好的描述了 Beth Is ra e l医院护理体系的主要特征，A）医生可以得到来自主管护士的更积极地专业支持。B）每一个病人都有一个主管护士日夜护理。0主管护士为每一个病人制订护理计划。D）主管护士记录每一个病人每天的健康状况。22（从本文中可以推断出 oA）和其他医院的护士相比，Beth Is ra e l医院的护士更加有耐心B）从专业的角度看，在大多数医院，对病人的护理都不足0在大多数医院，护士的工资都很低D）和其他医

39、院的护士相比，Beth Is ra e l医院的护士要工作更长的时间23（主管护士会向医生提议采纳另一种不同的治疗方法当 oA）当前的医疗方法被病人拒绝B）病人抱怨当前的医疗方法0当前的医疗方法被证明是无效的D）发现病人不愿意合作24（护 理 经 理 和 护 士 长 的 主 要 区 别 在 于 前 者。A）是医院执行委员会的成员B）必须安排病房护士的换班0可以做出关于病人治疗方法的决定D）全权负责病房护士的管理25（作者对于Beth I srael医 院 的 护 理 体 制 的 态 度 是.A）否 定 的C）批 判 的B）中 立 的D）肯定的题目答案：ABCDDQ uestions 26 to

40、 30 are based on the following passage.F or some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-andother creatures-learn to dothings because certain acts lead to rewards”;and there is noreason to doubt that this is true.But itused also to be widely believed that effective reward,at least inthe ea

41、rly stages,had to be directlyrelated to such basic physiological（生理的）”drives“as thirst orhunger.I n other words,a babywould learn if he got food or drink of some sort of physical comfort,not otherwise.I t is now clear that this is not so.Babies will learn to behave inways that produce results in the

42、world with no reward except the successful outcome.Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to“reward the babies and so teachthem to carry out some simple movements,such as turning the head toone side or the other.Then第7页 共5 0页he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink woul

43、d refuse themilk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signsof pleasure.So he began to study the children，s responses in situationswhere no milk was provided.H e quickly found that children as young asfour months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if themovement，

44、zswitched on a display of lightsand indeed that they werecapable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result,forinstance,two left or two right,or even to make as many as three turnsto one side.Papusek，s light display was placed directly in front of the babiesand he made the interestin

45、g observation that sometimes they would notturn back to watch the lights closely although they would smile andbubble when the display came on.Papousek concluded that it was notprimarily the sight of the lights which pleased them,it was the successthey were achieving in solving the problem,in masteri

46、ng the skill,andthat there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the worldand bring it under intentional control.26.According to the author,babies learn to do things which _.A)are directly related to pleasure C)will bring them a feeling ofsuccessB)will meet their physical needs D)will sat

47、isfy their curiosity27.Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby _.A)would make learned responses when it saw the milkB)would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drinkC)would continue the simple movements without being given milkD)would turn its head to right or left when it had enou

48、gh to drink28.I n Papousek，s experiment babies make learned movements of thehead in order to.A)have the lights turned on C)please their parentsB)be rewarded with milk D)be praised29.The babies would smile and bubble at the lights becauseA)the lights were directly related to some basic drives”B)the s

49、ight of the lights was interestingC)they need not turn back to watch the lightsD)they succeeded in switching on the lights30.According to Papousek,the pleasure babies get in achievingsomething is a reflection of _.A)a basic human desire to understand and control the worldB)the satisfaction of certai

50、n physiological needsC)their strong desire to solve complex problemsD)a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills根据以下文章回答26到 30题。在过去的一段时间里，人们普通认为婴儿一一以及其它动物一一学习做事情是因为某些行为第 8 页 共 5 0 页能带来“奖赏”，这种观点毫无疑问是正确的。但是过去还有一种普遍的观点，认为有效的奖赏，至少在早期阶段，是和一些诸如饥饿和口渴等基本的生理“需要”有着必然的直接的联系。换句话说，只有能得到食物、饮料或其他生理满足