新概念1册语法精粹.pdf

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1、新概念1 册语法精粹1.名词按词汇意义，可分为普通名词和专有名词普通名词个体名词集体名词可数名词物质名词抽象名词不可数名词专有名词名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：（1）在单数名词词尾加 s。如：map maps,boy*boys,horses horses,table*tables.（2）s,o,x,sh,ch 结尾的词力口 es.如：classclasses,boxboxes,heroheroes,dishdishes,注:少数以o 结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photophotos,piano-pianos.（3）以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词，变 y 为 i,再加es。如：family f

2、amilies,city cities（4）以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词，变 f 或 fe 为 v,再加 es。如：shelf-shelves,wolf-wolves,life-lives,（5）妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌；躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。wife（妻子），knife（小刀），wolf（狼），thief（小偷），shelf（架子），self（自己），life（生命），half（一半），leaf（树叶）。这九个词变复数时,都是改-f（e）为 ve再加-s。一个有信仰的海湾首领叫农奴到屋顶拿手帕（belief、gulf、chief、serf、roof、handkerchief后

3、接 s）（6）”两人两菜一火山 （hero,negro,potato,tomato,volcano）（7）工作间里有架钢琴，钢琴上有台收音机，收音机旁有幅照片，照片里有动物园，动物园里有竹子。（studio、piano、radio、photo zoo、bamboo 后接 s）不规贝变化：manmen,womanwomen,sheepsheep,toothteeth,fish fish,child children,ox oxen,goose geese不可数名词一般没有复数形式，说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of rice-twobags of rice,a piece of

4、 paper three pieces of paper,a bottle of milk*five bottles of milk.2.名词所有格：名词所有格表示所属关系，相当于物主代词，在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加，s。如：ChildenTs Day（儿童节）,mysisters book（我姐姐的书）（2）以s 或 es结尾的复数名词。只 在 词 尾 加 如：TeachersDay（教师节）（3）有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词，也可在词尾加，s.如：todays newspaper（今天的报纸）,ten minut

5、es5 break（十分钟的课间休息），Chinas population（中国的人口）.（4）无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词，一般均可用介词o f 短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Party（党的好女儿）.注解:飞 还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺，如：my aunts（我阿姨家）,the doctors（诊所）两人共有某物时，可以采用A and B，s 的形式，如：Lucy and Lilys bedroom（露西和丽丽合住的卧室），表示各自所有关系，要在各个名词后加一s,如Marys and Bobs books“o计名词所有格/名词性物主代词”

6、，称为双重所有格，如：a friend of myfatheFs（我父亲的一位朋友）,a friend of mine（我的一位朋友）以/z/音结尾的人名，属格用s 或 均可，如 Jones、/Jones5,但以/s/音结尾的人名，属格用 s,如Rosss(5)在一些习语中只用飞属格At ones wits end 智穷力竭、a wolf in sheeps clothing 披着羊皮的狼/at ones fingers tips 精通某问题、at deaths door频于死亡、at a stoned throw 一箭之遥3.主谓一致三个原则：语法一致原则(Grammatical Agree

7、ment)；意义一致原则(Notional Agreement)；就近原则(Principle of Proximity)Both boys have their own merits.The government have asked the country to decide by a vote.Neither Julia nor I am going.(1)以结尾的名词作主语以-s结尾的疾病名称如 arthritis(关节炎)、mumps(腮腺炎)、diabetes(糖尿病)、bronchitis(支气管炎)，measles(麻疹)这类名词通常做单数用。Mumps is a kind o

8、f infectious disease.以-s结尾的地理名称若为国名,如 the United States,the Netherlands,作单数用。The United States is a country of people with varied origins.若不是国名，而是群岛、山脉、海峡等地理名称，通常作复数。The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life.集体名词作主语(collective noun)有些集体名词，如people,police,cattle,poultry,通常作复数，随

9、后的动词用复数。Domestic cattle provide us with milk,beef and hides.还有些集体名词，如audience,committee,class,family,public等，既可作单数，也可作复数The city council is meeting to set its agenda.That group of soldiers have the best ratings of individual performance.(3)并列结构作主语由and/both.and连接的并列结构若意义为复数，谓语动词用复数The fishing and the

10、 hunting in Arizona were good that year.若这种结构便是单数意义，则动词用单数Ham and eggs is a good breakfast./The secretary and treasurer is absent.由 or/nor/either.or/not only.but also 等连接的并列主语这类结构通常按照“就近原则”处理Either her father or her mother calls for her every afternoon.主语+as well as等当主语后面跟有as well as,in addition to,

11、with,along with,except等引导的词组时，其后的动词形式也取决于主语本身的形式。The father,as well as his sons,is going to enroll.No one except two girls was late for dinner.(4)表示数量概念的名词作主语主语是由“manya+名词”或morethanone+名词”。其意义虽为复数，但随后的动词遵循“语法一致”原则，用单数。Many a man has done his duty./More than one game is lost.(5)存在句中的主谓一致在存在句中，谓语动词的单数

12、，复数形式取决于随后的“实义主语”的形式。There are three routes you can take.There is a note left on the desk.4 .陈述句、否定句用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。（1）陈述句的肯定式:He is a middle school student.（他是个中学生）/1 have a hammer inmy hand（我手上有把锤子）/She teaches us geography（她教我们地理）英语五大基本句型：主+谓主+谓+宾主+谓+宾+宾主+谓+宾+补 主+系+表（2）陈述句的否定式：非实义动词

13、：谓语动词如果是to b e、助动词、情态动词时，在它们的后 面 加“not”。如：My brother is not a teacher.（我的弟弟不是教师）/He does not have a cousin.（他没有堂兄弟）/I will not go there tomorrow.（明天我不去那儿）/You must not make such mistakes again.（你不该再犯类似错误了）/We havent discussed the question yet.实义动词：谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时，须借助一个助动词来完成否定。如：I dont know anyt

14、hing about it.（此事我一无所知）/Li Ming does not feed pigs in thecountryside.（李明不在农村养猪）/We didnt expect to meet her right here.（我们没指望着在这里见到她）注意:句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等词时，用not 一般构成部分否定，如果要完全否定，则通常使用 none、neither、not-at all 等；AH of them went there.None ofthem went there.（他们全都去了那里他们全都没去那里）句子中含有 little、f

15、ew too（太）、hardly never neither、nor、seldom 等词时，则视为否定句。如：Few people live there because life there is very hard.（几乎没有人生活在那里因为那里的生活太艰难了）5.疑问句疑问句可分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句（1）一般疑问句用来询问一件事情或一个情况是否属实，其答语通常是yes或no,因此这类问句又叫做“是非问句”。其基本结构为：be,have或助动词+主语+谓语。1）Are you tired?Yes,I am./No,I am not.2）Does she do th

16、e cleaning?Yes,she does./No,she doesnt.3）Can you swim?Yes,I can,/No,I cannot.如果提问人对于答案带有肯定的意向，即期待肯定的回答时，则在疑问句中用肯定词。在招待客人或向人表示乐意提供某种帮助时，通常在一般疑问句中用肯定词。Would you like some more soup?May I make you some coffee?Is there something wrong with the machine?Did someone phone last night?一般疑问句的缩略否定形式可表示对美好事物的赞叹

17、。Isnt it a beautiful lake!Isnt your daughter an intelligent girl!特殊疑问句特殊疑问句是对句中某一特殊部分提出疑问，通常以who,whose,what,which,where,when,why,how等疑问词开首，因此又叫“wh.问句”。特殊疑问句分为正常词序和倒装词序两种结构。正常词序（陈述句的语序）如：Who phoned last night?/What happened last night?/Which areyours?倒装词序的特殊疑问句如：Who are you talking about?/Where is he

18、 living?/When did they live?特殊疑问句也可以表达惊讶、愤怒等感情，通过在疑问词后面加添表示惊讶、诅咒的词语。What on earth could it mean?What in the world is the matter with you?What the hell do you want?Where the devil did I put my pen?（3）选择疑问句选择疑问句有两种形式：一般疑问句为基础和特殊疑问句为基础Shall I give you a hand,or cam you manage?Would you rather wait or c

19、ome later?Which do you like better,tea or coffee?How shall we go there?By bus or by train?（4）反 意 疑 问 句（附加疑问句）反意疑问句是一种常用于口语的疑问句式，主 要 由“陈述句+疑问尾句”构成。反意疑问句形式上具有如下特点：前肯后否，前否后肯；还有三个一致（前后主语一致、时态一致、助动词一致）。1）I am的疑问尾句是arent I?Im late,arent I?2）祈使句在祈使句后wont you?来邀请人们做什么事；用will/would/can/can，t/could you?用来告诉或要

20、求人们做什么事。.Give me a hand,will you?Do sit down,wont you?Shut up,cant you?在祈使句的否定结构后用will you?Dont forget,will you?3）Lefs 之后用 shall we?Lets have a party,shall we?4）There在疑问尾句中，there可以作主语Theres something wrong,isnt there?5）在含有never,no,nobody,hardly,scarcely,little等否定词的后面，用肯定的疑问尾句。You never say what your

21、e thinking,do you?Ifs no good,is it?Its hardly rained at all this summer,has it?There9s little we can do about it,is there?6）在含有nothing,nobody,somebody的句子中，在疑问尾句中用it代 替nothing和everything.用 they 代替 nobody,somebody,everybody,no one.Nothing can happen,can it?Nobody phoned,did they?Somebody wanted a dri

22、nk,didnt they?7）当陈述句部分是一个带有that-分句的主从结构时，疑问尾句应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。You think she is funny,dont you?He thinks that she is going to become a doctor,doesnt he?但是，当陈述句部分的主句是I think,I suppose,I believe,I imagine等结构时,疑问尾句往往与 that-分句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移。I think that hes serious,isnt he?I dont think that

23、she cares,does she?8）陈述部分带有情态动词used to时，疑问尾句部分可用used to 形式或did形式。The Allens used to live in the country,usednt they?He used to smoke fifty cigarettes a day,didnt he?5.人称代词主格宾格形容性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词1memyminemyselfweusouroursourselvesyouyouyouryoursyourselfyouyouyouryoursyourselveshehimhishishimselfsheher

24、herhersherselftheythemtheirtheirsthemselvesitititsitsitself 我 的 my,你的your,他 的 his、她的her.它的是its;我们的our;你们的是your他们（它们，她们）的是their这些人称代词形式称为人称代词所属格，也叫形容词性物主代词。通常用在名词前面表示所属关系。口诀：1.人称代词并列观，注意顺序礼貌见。一二三、二三一，第一人称最谦虚。若把错误责任但，第一人称最当先。2.物主代词分两家，形、名词性各一霸；His,its无变化，my,mine记牢它；其余变形规律化，形容词（性）后加尾巴（-S）。3.反身代词表自身，句中可

25、作两成分，表示强调同位语，宾语动作回自身。6.情 态动词（1）情态动词和其他动词连用，可表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达能力和可能、许可和不许、义务和必然、预见和推测。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，情态动词+动词原形常用的情态动词有：can,could,may,might,must,shall,should,will,would 这九大情态动词；其他的还有ought to,need,dare等。（2）情态动词用于推测情态动词的基本用法有两个：表示情态含义；表示推测这里我们主要介绍情态动词用于推测1)对于现在和将来的推测must/cant+动词原形 表示肯定的推测may/might+动词原形 表示

26、不太肯定的推测2)用于对过去发生事情的推测Jmust/cant+have done表示肯定的推测may/might+have done表示不太肯定的推测It must have rained last night.(Because the ground is wet.)It may have rained last night,but I am not sure.7.动词(1)及物动词、不及物动词、联系动词1)及物动词之后须带宾语：I put the book on the shelf.2)不及物动词之后不须带宾语：The sun rises.3)联系动词之后须带主语补足语(表语)：The f

27、ish smells awful.(2)实义动词与非实义动词1)实义动词的否定和疑问形式需要借助于一个助动词来完成。I like music./1 dont like music./Do you like music?2)非实义动词的否定和疑问形式不需要借助于一个助动词来完成，只靠自身就可以。非实义动词：情态助动词、时态助动词、be动词I can swim./1 cannot swim./Can you swim?I will go there./1 will not go there./Will you go there?(3)动态动词动态动词可分为三类：1)持续性动词：drink,eat,

28、fly,play,rain,read,run,sit,stand,sleep,work2)转移动词：arrive,become,change,come,get,grow,leave,reach,turn 转移动词的进行时态表示将来。3)短暂性动词：hit,jump,shut,kick,open,knock,这类动词用进行体则表示短暂动作的不断重复。Who is knocking at the door?短暂性动词不与段时间连用。(4)静态动词静态动词表示存在的一种状态，不用于进行体，主要包括四类：1)Be动词和haveJim is a teacher,but 20 years ago he w

29、as a soldier.We have friends all over the world.2)含有静态动词be和 have意义的动词，如belong to,cost,weigh,fit,hold,lack等This house belongs to my brogher.3)表示感觉的动词，如feel,hear,smell,taste等。The roses smell fragrant.I cannot taste pepper in the soup.4)表示心理或情感状态的动词，如 believe,think,hate,hope,know,love,mind,understand,w

30、antI believe we have met before.Jim knows Chinese.8.一般现在时(1)表示客观真理、格言、科学事实A rolling stone gathers no moss.The Earth goes round the Sun.Light travels faster than sound.(2)表习惯性的动作Father doesnt smoke.He always sleeps with his windows open.这种用法常与频章副词连用，如always,ever,never,seldom等。(3)表示将来的时间在时间状语从句和条件状语从句

31、中用一般现在时表示将来。If it is fine tomorrow,we will go to the countryside.按照时间表进行的事情用一般现在可以表达将来，句子中可以有将来时间。如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8:00 in the morning.(4)人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达，常见动词有：like,love,hate,dislike,want,wish,hope,think(认为understand,remember,forget,mean,need,hear,feel,see.如：I think it

32、is going to snow.I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(5)动词变三单的规则1)一般直接在此为加s -s在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音或元音后读/z/,ds读/dz/,ts读/ts如help helps/s/know knows/z/get gets/s/read reads/z/2)以字母s,x,ch,sh或有些以o 结尾的动词加-es,-es读/iz/,如guess guesses fix fixes teach teaches wash washes注意：go goes/z/do does/z/3)辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先

33、变y 为 i,再加-es,-ies读/iz/Carry-carries fly-flies注意：在 playplays,say-says中，字母y 前为元音字母，第三人称单数形式直接在动词后加-s9.现在进行时现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作。构成：现在进行时由am/is/are+V-ingw(1)现在进行时的时间状语有：now,this,these等，但经常不用。如：What are you doing up in the tree?(你在树上干什么？)/I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在写一本长篇小说

34、)(2)表示即将发生的动作，一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有：come,go,stay,leave,spend,do 等。如：Fm coming now.(我就来)/What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)(3)表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作，常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about itsome time later.(他老是向我借钱，过一些时候就忘得一

35、干二净)(4)动词变现在分词的规则1)一般情况直接加 i ng,如 looklooking gogoing visit-visiting2)以不发音 e 结尾的，去 e 再 力 口 ing,如 come-coming make-making write-writing3)以重读闭音节结尾并且只有一个辅音字母的，双写该辅音字母，再加i ng,如run-running stop-stopping get-getting swim-swimming begin-beginning4)以辅音字母加y 结尾的，直接加i ng,如study-studying carry-carrying fly-flyi

36、ng cry-crying5)以ie结尾H 重度开音节动词，先变ie为y,再加i ng,如die-dying tie-tying lie-lying10.一般将来时一般将来时表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。(1)一般将来时的时间状语有：tomorrow,this(afternoon),next(year),one day,now,soon,someday,sometime,in the future,when 弓 I 导的从句等。(2)用 w ill构成的将来时，表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。shall”用于第一人称，“will”用于所有人称。如：I will graduate from

37、 this school soon.(我很快就要从这所中学毕业了)/You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一个人过了)(3)“am/is/are going to+动词原形”表示打算或准备要做的事情，或者主观判断即将要发生的事情，如：A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby./Ifs going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)(4)现在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态)(5)shall和w ill在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态

38、动词。Shall 一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我们下周六去动物园好吗？)/Will you please open the door fdrme?(替我把门打开好吗？)(6)“be to+动词原形”表示按照计划将要发生的事情。如：An angel came to tell herthat she was to have this special boy.11.形容词和副词(1)形容词的排列顺序：县官行令射国材(限定词+观点词+形状+年龄+颜色+国籍+材料)(2)副词的分类：时间副词、地点副词、方式副

39、词、频率副词、程度副词时间：yesterday/last week/recently/soon/now地点：here/away/outside/left/west频率：always/never/often/seldom/sometimes程度：very/pretty/too/quite/rather/so方式：slowly/warmly/carefully/quickly(3)副词的位置1)频率副词在助动词和be动词之后，在其他动词之前。I have never seen a whale.You can always come and stay with us if you want to.I

40、t sometimes gets very windy here.Usually,often,sometimes也可用于句首或句末。Always,ever,seldom,never 一般不用于句首或句末。Sometimes I think Id like to live somewhere else.Usually I get up early.2)用于句末的副词顺序一般是方式副词、地点副词、时间副词。I worked hard yesterday.She sang beautifully in the town hall last night.(4)形容词比较级构成1)单音节词尾加-er 和

41、-est:great greater-greatest2)单音节词以-e 结尾，只 加 和st:fine finer-finest/brave braver-bravest3)闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写辅音字母，再加-er和estbig-bigger biggest/hot hotter-hottest4)以辅音字母加y 结尾 的,变 y 为I,再加-er和-est:happy-happier-happiest5)多音节词在前面加 more 和 the most:difficult more difficult-the most difficult6)副词的比较级与形容词大致相

42、同，但以后缀-ly结尾的副词需用more和 mostquickly more quickly-the most quickly7)形容词、副词比较级和最高级的不规则形式Bad-worse worst/good/well-better-best/old older/elder-oldest/eldestfar-further/farther furthest/farthestmuch/many more-most(5)最高级的三个标志1)in+土 也 点：John is the tallest boy in the class.2)oft 范 围：Of all three students,Jo

43、hn is the tallest one.3)that I have ever done:It is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.(6)比较级的句型 asas/not asa s同级比较He is as tall as I.It is not as hot in Beijing as in Wuhan.She is as good a cook as her mother.I have never been so beautiful a place as Guilin.more-than 比较级He is taller th

44、an I.less than不如I am less lucky than you are.(7)倍数表达法This room is three times as large as that one.This room is three times larger than that one.The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous one.(8)not more than有两种用法：1)后接名词(=at most)作”不超过、至多 解。There are not more than five books i

45、n the case.箱子里至多有五本书。He has learned not more than 100 words.他学会的词不超过100个。2)后接从句 往往为 not more.than”形式，作 还比不上 解。本句型侧重点往往在后一个分句，译成汉语时，仍按原来的语序。I am not more mad than you.我哪里像你那么疯。Thisbook is not more interesting than that one.这本书不如那本书有趣。(9)no more than=not any more than的使用比较复杂,其情况如下:1)后接名词(=only)彳 乍”不过，

46、仅仅督。He is no more than a puppet.他不过是个傀儡。2)后接从句作”同 一样不“解，相当于 not.just as not”。本句型侧重点往往在前一个分句，译成汉语时通常要把分句的次序颠倒,才能表达出重点来。The whale is no more a fishthan the dog is.=The whale is not a fish just as the dog is not a fish.如同狗一样,鲸也不是鱼。You can no more swim than I can fly.=You can not swim just as I can not

47、fly.你不能游泳正如我不能飞行一样。尤其要注意no more.than和 not more.than的区别:no more.than含有消极，否定的意味，译为，A 与 B 都不，不也不”等。not more.than含有积极，肯定的意味，表示程度上的差异。比较:He is no more diligent than you.你不勤奋，他也不勤奋。(两人都不勤奋)He is not more diligent than you.他没有你那么勤奋。(意指两个人都勤奋，但你更勤奋)12.一般过去时一般过去时表示在特定过去时间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态。We visited a factory

48、 last Friday.He left ten minutes ago.也可表示过去的习惯动作。In those days they sowed wheat by hand.He worked in a bank all his life.一般过去时所表示的过去时间都与现在时间不发生关系。因此，用一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现在不复存在。(1)Be动词的一般过去时在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词，am i s 的过去式为was;are的过去式为were肯定句式：主 语+be(was,were)+其它.否定句式：主 语+be(was,were)+not+其它.一般疑问句：Be(w

49、as,were)+主 语+其它？注：在这种构成中，be动词有人称和数的变化，即要根据主语选用was/were。Be动词分为单数和复数，was是表示单数，were是表示复数。(2)实义动词的一般过去时态肯定句要使用动词的过去式，否定句和疑问句要使用助动词do和 does的过去式did.肯定句式：主 语+动词(过去式)+其它否定句式：主 语+didnt+动词(原形)+其 它【did not=didnt】一般疑问句：D id+主语+动词(原形)+其 它【do,does的过去时均为did】?注：did和 didnt是构成一般过去时的助动词，其特点是要在其后跟动词的原形。(3)情态动词的一般过去时态含有

50、情态动词的一般过去时与含有Be动词的一般过去时，是十分相似，请注意观察。肯定句式：主 语+情态动词+其它.否定句式：主 语+情态动词+not+其它.一般疑问句：情态动词+主 语+其它？注：情态动词的过去式：can-*could,may-*might,must-*must。(4)表示过去的时间Last、yesterday、ago 系 歹 ij yesterday,the day befbre yesterday,last+时 间,时间+ago,just now,a moment ago,in+过去的时间,this morning(5)在 Ifs time.,I wish.,Id rather.,