2023年高考英语语法精讲：虚拟语气.pdf

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1、2023年高考英语语法精讲：虚拟语气虚拟语气是英语中的一个难点，因为虚拟语气的用法和句型较多，动词的变化比较复杂。在学习的时候要逐个过关。同 时，也要善于发现虚拟语气的规律。根据动词的变化，大致可以把虚拟语气分为三种：一种是动词用过去式，过去分词式，或过去将来式，这主要是用if.,wish,suppose 的情况;一种是动词用should+动词原形(should可以省略)，这主要用于表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词或名词后面所接的从句，以及Itis important(necessary)that 后面所接的从句;一种是动词用过去式,如It is(high)time(that)和I would

2、rather后面的从句。同学们还可以自己总结适合自己的规律，如把虚拟语气句型可以分为用于简单句、条件状语从句、宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、定语从句、同位语从句等。(-)虚拟语气用于表示假设的条件状语从句，状语从句相当于汉语的 假如 要 是 等。1、对现在的虚拟，表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were.而主句中的谓语动词用would(should,could,might)+动词原形。见下表：条件状语从句的动词形式主句的动词形式If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式were.在口语等非正式场合中J,he,she,it等后面也可用was.但在If I we

3、re you中，一定要用were,不能用was.I(we)should+动词原形主语+would(might,could)十动词原形1、例 句：If I were you,I should study English.If he had time,he would attend the meeting.If this were the case,it would be very awkward.2、对过去的虚拟，表示与过去的事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句的谓语动词用would(should,could,might)+过去分词。见下表：条件状语从司的动词形式主句的动词

4、形式If+主语+had+过去分词i(we)should+have+过去分词主语+could(might,could)+have+过去分词例 句：If you had taken my advice,you wouldnz t have failed in theexamination.I would have checked my paper again if I had had more timeat yesterday7 s examination.You didn,t let me drive.If we had driven in turn,you wouldn,t have got

5、so tired.3、表示与将来事实相反的假设，对将来表示怀疑，或将来的动作不太可能实现时，条件状语从句和主句的谓语动词有以下形式：(见 表)条件状语从句的动词形式(三种)主句的动词形式(l)if十主语+动词过去式(be的过去式用were),通常要与一个表示将来的时间状语连用.(2)开+主语(任何人称和数)+should+动词原形if+主语(任何人称和数)+were to+动词原形I(we)should+动词原形主语+would(might,could)+动词原形请看以下句子：1)If it rains tomorrow,our picnic will be put off.(说明:Thewe

6、ather has been very changeable these days.)条件状语从句的谓语动词用现在时，表示说话人认为下雨的可能性很大。2)If it rained tomorrow,our picnic would be put off.(说 明:The weather has been very good these days.)条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去时，表示说话人认为下雨的可能性不大。3)If it should rain tomorrow,our picnic would be put off.(Jj一 明 天 下 雨，我们的野餐就推迟)。条件状语从句的谓语动词用S

7、hould+动 词 原 形，说明下雨的可能性很小或没有可能，如 果 下 雨，那将是出乎意料的。4)If it were to rain tomorrow,our picnic would be put off.这句话与上一句意思几乎一模一样。If I saw him tomorrow,I would pass your note to him.If she were to miss the train tomorrow,she might come backand start off again the day after tomorrow.4、当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的

8、时间不一 致 时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。这与以上三种情况不 同，虚拟语气的谓语动词形式没有遵循以上规律。For example:If you had worked hard,you would be very tired.(从句说的是过 去，主句指的是现在。)If he had followed the doctor s advice,he would be quite allright now.If I were you,I would have gone home.5.以上句型可以转换成以下形式：1）条件状语从句省略if：在书面语中，如果条件状语从句的谓语中有were,ha

9、d或should,就可以省略if,并将were,had或should放到句首，谓语主语之前，用Were/Had/Should+主语 的形式。这种虚拟语气在意义上与带i f的条件状语从句相同。当 然，如果从句没有were,had,或should,就不能省略if.If I were to do it,F d do it some other way.Were I to do it,F d do it some other way.If you should fail,try again.Should you fail,try again.If you had been here earlier,y

10、ou would have seen him.Had you been here earlier,you would have seen him.但 是,If you came tomorrow,we would have the meeting.ix句话if就不能省略。而 且，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略了 if的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可以说:Were it not for the expense,I would go to Italy.但不能说：Werenf t it for the expense,I would go to Italy.2）含蓄性虚拟语气：Withou

11、t air,there would be no living things.But for your help,I couldnz t have done it.Without electricity human life would be quite differenttoday.6、虚拟语气省略条件从句或主句表示虚拟语气的条件句的主句或从句有时可以省略，而省略部分的含义仍有所体现。1）省略条件从句，如：It would be very nice.You could have done it yourself.（省略 If you had wanted to.上下文可以看出 You dici

12、n t want to.）（Fact:You didnz t do thework yourself because you didn t want to.）I wouldn,t smoke.（省略If I were you.）俵面上说我，实际上说你。这是一种委婉的表达法。（Fact:You smoke very often.I adviseyou not to smoke any more.）2）省略主句：在强调条件从句时，常省略主句，这种句子常表示一种 已不能实现”的愿望，主要用于If only引导的感叹句中。For example:If only he were here!If only

13、 I knew more!If only he had stayed with us!（二）虚拟语气的其他句型和用法L用 在wish+宾语从句 中，表示很难实现或不能实现的愿望，可 以 翻 译 为 但 愿，悔不该”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语动词用过去式；表示将来的愿望，从句的谓语动词用would（could）+动 词 原 形 ；对过去的事情表示愿望，从句的谓语动词用had+过 去 分 词 或could+have+过去分词。W ish后面的宾语从句必须用虚拟语气，不管这个愿望是否能实现。如：I wish it were Spring all the year round.I wish

14、 you could go with us.We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.注 意：w ish与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。Wish表示很难或不大可能实现的愿望，宾语从句用虚拟语气。请比较：We hope we will succeed.(We donz t know if we willsucceed.)We wish we would succeed.(We know we can hardlysucceed.)2、用在 as if/as though,或 even if/e

15、ven though 引导的从句中:这 时，如果从句中表示的动作发生在过去，则谓语动词用had+过去分词形式；如果指的时现在的状况，则用过去式(be用were);指将来则用would(should,could)+动词原形。这里只看从句动作发生的时间，与主句的时态没有关系。For example:Some metals look at first sight as though they were gold.He looked as if he were an artist.He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in

16、the U.S.He always sounds as if he would help you.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it looks as if itwere broken.Even if he were here,he could not solve the problem.She looks as if/though she were ill.He walks as if he were a king.He acted as if nothing had happened.He would not resign even

17、 if the heaven should collapse.3、在It is（high）time（that）句型中,后面的从句的谓语动词常用过去式（be的过去式用were）,或用should+动词原形（should不能省略）来表示。这句话的意思是（现 在）该。For example:It is time we left/should leave.It is high time that you got married.It is time that I bought a car.It is high time that I should lose some weight.It is time

18、 that I bought an apartment.It is time that we took a rest.4、在I would rather(that)句型中，后面的从句的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were)o这 句 话 的 意 思 是 我 宁 可，表示说话人的意愿。F d rather I were in the rain now.F d rather you did not tell him.5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中，从句的谓语动词变化与as if后面的动词变化规律相同，用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式。意思是 假如，但suppose是动词，不是连词。如：S

19、uppose the boss walked in.What should I do?Suppose Saddam had not been captured.What would theU.S.do?Suppose Chen Shui-bian should declare Taiwanindependent.What would China do?6、用在for fear that或lest引导的从句中，表示 怕 万一等意思。从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可以省略。如：She closed the windows for fear that she(should)ca

20、tch cold.The officer forbade the use of artillery lest the citys industrybe damaged.Lest the wall should collapse,they evacuated from thebuilding.7.在表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词，如arrange,command,demand,desire,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest,beg,move(提 议)后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形，should可以省略，而引导宾语从句的

21、that不能省略。例 如：We suggested that we(should)have a meeting.We insisted that they(should)go with us.The doctor ordered that she(should)stay in bed for a fewdays.He demanded that we(should)start right away.The commander ordered that the bridge(should)bebombed.The villagers requested that the old building

22、 not be pulleddown.注 意：suggest表 示 暗 示 时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。Insist后面强调的是事实时，宾语从句也不用虚拟语气。如：The neighbor suggested that his wife was having an affair.He insisted that he was right.Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.8、使用上述表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词派生的名词，或在这些动词用作名词时，名词之后的从句用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形，should可以省

23、略。从句的引导词that不能省略。这与上述第7项类似。如：He made a request that he(should)be allowed to take 3days off.=He requested that he be allowed to take 3 days off.Our suggestion is that education not be industrialized.=Wesuggest that education not be industrialized.9、上述动词在 It is suggested that.,It is required that.,Itz

24、 srequested that.,If s ordered that.,Its arranged that.句型中,that之后的从句用虚拟语气即谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可以省略，但引导词that不能省略。如：It was suggested that he attend the conference.It was requested that the trial be openly reported.10、在 If s important(imperative,necessary,essential,vital,desirable,advisable,better)t

25、hat.句型中，that 引导的从句用虚拟语 气，即谓语动词用Should+动词原形,should可以省略。这个句型表示说话人的意见、要求等。It is essential that there should be enough food and clothingfor the winter.It is desirable that your wedding be postponed until nextJuly.另 外，在一些习惯用语中也有虚拟语气的形式。但最好把这些习惯用语作为一种句型来记住。如：May you succeed!Long live the People*s Republic of China!Everybody leave the room!You had better not resign.I would rather not tell you.