GRE英语阅读技巧全解析.pdf

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1、GRE阅读技巧全解析Islamic LawIslamic law is a particularly instructive example of sacred law/7 Islamic law is aphenomenon so different from all other forms of lawnotwithstanding；of course,a considerable andinevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positivee

2、nactments are concernedthat its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range ofpossible legal phenomena.Even the two other representatives of sacred law that are historically andgeographically nearest to it,Jewish law and Roman Catholic canon law,are perceptibly different.

3、Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.Though historically there is adiscernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora(thedispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel),the spirit of the legal matter in later parts o

4、f the OldTestament is very close to that of the Talmud,one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.Islam,on the other hand,represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it;Islamiclaw is the result of an examination,from a religious angle,of legal subject mat

5、ter that was far from uniform,comprising as it did the various components of the laws of Arabia and numerous legal elementstaken over from the|ion-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.All this was unified by being subjected to thesame kind of religious scrutiny,the impact of which varied greatl

6、y,being almost nonexistent in some fields,andin others originating novel institutions.This central duality of legal subject matter acd religious norm isadditional to the variety of legal,ethical,and ritual rules that is typical of sacred gw.In its relation to the secular state,Islamic law differed f

7、rom both Jewish and canon law.Jewish law was buttressed by the cohesion of the community,reinforced by pressure from outside;its rules arethe direct expression of this feeling of cohesion,tending toward the accommodation of dissent.Canon andIslamic law,on the contrary,were dominated by the dualism o

8、f religion and state,where the state was not,incontrast with Judaism,an alien power but the political expression of the same religion.But the conflict betweenstate and religion took different forms;in Christianity it appeared as the struggle for political power on the partof a tightly organized eccl

9、esiastical hierarchy,and canon law was one of its political weapons.Islamic law,onthe other hand,was never supported by an organized institution;consequently,there never developed an overttrial of strength.There merely existed discordance between Hllication of the sacred lavj and many of theregulati

10、ons framed by Islamic states;this antagonism varied according to place and time.20.The authors purpose in comparing Islamic law to Jewish law and canon law is most probably to(A)contend that traditional legal subject matter does not play a large role in Islamic law(B)support his argument that Islami

11、c law is a unique kind of legal phenomenon(C)emphasize the variety of forms that can all be considered sacred law(D)provide an example of how he believes comparative institutional study should be undertaken(E)argue that geographical and historical proximity does not necessarily lead to parallelinsti

12、tutional development21.The passage provides information to answer which of the following questions?(A)Does Islamic law depend on sources other than|krab legal principles?(B)What|ecular practices of Islamic states conflicted with Islamic law?(C)Are Jewish law and canon law the most typical examples o

13、f sacred law?(D)Is Jewish lawuniform than canon law?(E)What Arab law of the pre-Islamic era?22.According to the passage,which of the following statements about sacred law is correct?(A)The various systems of sacred law originated in a limited geographical area.(B)The various systems of sacred law ha

14、ve had marked influence on one another.(C)Systems of sacred law usually rely on a wide variety of precedents.H Systems of sacred law generally contain prescriDtions governing diverse aspects of humanactivity(E)Systems of sacred law function most effectively in communities with relatively smallpopula

15、tions.23.It can be inferred from the passage that the Ipplicaiion of Islaniic law m Islamic has(A)systematically been opposed by groups who believe it is contrary to their interests(B)suffered irreparably from the lack of firm institutional backing(C)frequently been at odds with the legal activity o

16、f government institutions(D)remained unaffected by the political forces operating alongside it(E)benefited from the fact that it never experienced a direct confrontation with the state24.Which of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?(A)A universal principle is adva

17、nced and then discussed in relation to a particular historicalphenomenon.(B)A methodological innovation is suggested and then examples of its efficacy are provided.(C)A traditional interpretation is questioned and then modified to include new data.(D)A general opinion is expressed and then supportiv

18、e illustrations are advanced.(E)A controversial viewpoint is presented and then both supportive evidence and contradictoryevidence are cited.25.The passage implies that the relationship of Islamic,Jewish,and canon law is correctlydescribed by which of the following statements?I.Because each constitu

19、tes an example of sacred law,they necessarily share some features.IL They each developed in reaction to the interference of secular political institutions.III.The differences among them result partly from their differing emphasis on purely ethicalrules.(A)I only(B)III only(C)I and II only(D)II and I

20、II only(E)I,II,and III26.The passage suggests that canon law differs from Islamic law in that only canon law(A)contains prescriptions that nonsacred legal systems might regard as properly legal(B)concerns itself with the duties of a person in regard to the community as a whole(C)was affected by the

21、tension of the conflict between religion and state(D)developed in a political environment that did not challenge its fundamental existence(E)played a role in the direct confrontation between institutions vying for power27.All of the following statements about the development of Islamic law are impli

22、ed in the passageEXCEPT:(A)Pre-Islamic legal principles were incorporated into Islamic law with widely differingdegrees of change.(B)Diverse legal elements were joined together through the application of a purely religiouscriterion.(C)Although some of the sources of Islamic law were pagan,its integr

23、ity as a sacred law wasnot compromised by their incorporation.(D)There was a fundamental shared characteristic in all pre-Islamic legal matter taken over byIslamic law.(E)Although Islam emerged among the Arabs,Islamic law was influenced by ethnically diverseelements.1990 年 04 月 SECTION BScholars oft

24、en fail to see that music played an important role in the preservation of African culture in theUnited States.They correctly note that slavery stripped some cultural elements from Black peopletheirpolitical and economic systemsbut they underestimate the significance of music in sustaining other Afri

25、cancultural values.African music,|H the music of some other cultures,was based on a total vision of life inwhich music was not an isolated social domain.In African culture music was pervasive,serving not only religion,but all phases of life,including birth,death,work,and play.The methods that a comm

26、unity devises toperpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives asessential.Music,like art in general,was so inextricably a part of African culture that it became a crucial meansof preserving the culture during and after the dislocations of

27、slavery.17.The primary purpose of the passage is to(A)analyze the impact that slavery had on African political and economic systems(B)review the attempt o f recent scholarship to study the influence o f African music on othermusic(C)coiTect the failure o f some scholars to appreciate the significanc

28、e o f music in African culture(D)survey the ways by which people attempt to preserve their culture against the effects ofoppression(E)compare the relative importance o f music with that o f other art forms in culture18.In line 9,the phrase isolated social domain,9 refers to(A)African music in relati

29、on to contemporary culture as a whole(B)music as it may be perceived in non-African cultures(C)a feature o f African music that aided in transmitting African cultural values(D)an aspect o f the African cultural legacy(E)the influence o f music on contemporary culture19.Which o f the following statem

30、ents concerning the function o f African music can be inferredfrom the passage?(A)It preserved cultural values because it was thoroughly integrated into the lives o f the people.(B)It was more important in the development of African religious life than in other areas ofculture.(C)It was developed in

31、 response to the loss of political and economic systems.(D)Its pervasiveness in African culture hindered its effectiveness in minimizing the impact ofslavery.(E)Its isolation from the economic domains of life enabled it to survive the destructive impactof slavery.20.According to the author,scholars

32、would err in drawing which of the following conclusions?I.Slavery stripped the slaves of their political and economic systems.IL African music was similar to all other traditions of music in that it originated in a totalvision of life.III.Music was a crucial part of the African cultural legacy.(A)I

33、only(B)II only(C)I and II only(D)II and III only(E)I,II,and III一、写作方式 PRESENTATION&ARGUl.Presentation(2-l)1991 年 04 月 SECTION A。日 Nino杨继说的presentat沁 n 型文章(未解)The recent,apparently successful,prediction by mathematical models of an appearance of El Ninothewarm ocean current that periodically develops

34、 along the Pacific coast of South Americahas excitedresearchers.Jacob Bjerknes pointed out over 20 years ago how winds might create either abnormally warm orabnormally cold water in the eastern equatorial Pacific.Nonetheless,until the development of the models noone could explain why conditions shou

35、ld regularly shift from one to the other;as happens in the periodicoscillations between appearances of the warm El Nino and the cold so-called anti-EI Nino.The answer;at leastif the current model that links the behavior of the ocean to that of the atmosphere is correct,is to be found inthe ocean.It

36、has long been known that during an El Nino,two conditions exist:(1)unusually warm water extendsalong the eastern Pacific,principally along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru,and(2)winds blow from the westinto the warmer air rising over the warm water in the east.These winds tend to create a feedback mec

37、hanismby driving the warmer surface water into a pile that blocks the normal upwelling of deepei;cold water in theeast and further warms the eastern water;thus strengthening the wind still more.The contribution of the modelis to show that the winds of an El Nino,which raise sea level in the east,sim

38、ultaneously send a signal to thewest lowering sea level.According to the model,that signal is generated as a negative Rossby wave,a wave ofdepressed,or negative,sea level,that moves westward parallel to the equator at 25 to 85 kilometers per day.Taking months to traverse the Pacific,Rossby waves mar

39、ch to the western boundary of the Pacific basin,whichis modeled as a smooth wall but in reality consists of quite irregular island chains,such as the Philippines andIndonesia.When the waves meet the western boundary,they are reflected,and the model predicts that Rossby waveswill be broken into numer

40、ous coastal Kelvin waves carrying the same negative sea-level signal.These eventuallyshoot toward the equator;and then head eastward along the equator propelled by the rotation of the Earth at aspeed of about 250 kilometers per day.When enough Kelvin waves of sufficient amplitude arrive from thewest

41、ern Pacific,their negative sea-level signal overcomes the feedback mechanism tending to raise the sealevel,and they begin to drive the system into the opposite cold mode.This produces a gradual shift in winds,one that will eventually send positive sea-level Rossby waves westward,waves that will even

42、tually return ascold cycle-ending positive Kelvin waves,beginning another warming cycle.21.The primary function of the passage as a whole is to(A)introduce a new explanation of a physical phenomenon(B)explain the difference between two related physical phenomena(C)illustrate the limitations of apply

43、ing mathematics to complicated physical phenomena(D)indicate the direction that research into a pailicular physical phenomenon should take(E)clarify the differences between an old explanation of a physical phenomenon and a newmodel of it22.Which of the following best describes the organization of th

44、e first paragraph?(A)A theory is presented and criticized.(B)A model is described and evaluated.(C)A result is reported and its importance explained.(D)A phenomenon is noted and its significance debated.(E)A hypothesis is introduced and contrary evidence presented.23.According to the passage,which o

45、f the following features is characteristic of an El Nino?(A)Cold coastal water near Peru(B)Winds blowing from the west(C)Random occurrence(D)Worldwide effects(E)Short duration24.According to the model presented in the passage,which of the following normally signals thedisappearance of an El Nino?(A)

46、The arrival in the eastern Pacific of negative sea-level Kelvin waves.(B)A shift in the direction of the winds produced by the start of an anti-El Nino elsewhere in thePacific.(C)The reflection of Kelvin waves after they reach the eastern boundary of the Pacific,alongEcuador and Peru.(D)An increase

47、in the speed at which negative Rossby waves cross the Pacific.(E)The creation of a reservoir of colder,deep ocean water trapped under the pile of warmer,surface ocean water.25.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would result fairly immediatelyfrom the cessation of the win

48、ds of an El Nino?I.Negative Rossby waves would cease to be generated in the eastern Pacific.IL The sea level in the eastern Pacific would fall.III.The surface water in the eastern Pacific would again be cooled by being mixed with deepwater.(A)I only(B)II only(C)I and II only(D)I and III only(E)I,II,

49、and III26.Which of the following,if true,would most seriously undermine the validity of the model of ElNino that is presented in the passage?(A)During some years El Nino extends significantly farther along the coasts of Ecuador andPeru than during other years.(B)During periods of unusually cool temp

50、eratures along the eastern Pacific,an El Nino is muchcolder than normal.(C)The normal upwelling of cold water in the eastern Pacific depends much more on the localcharacteristics of the ocean than on atmospheric conditions.(D)The variations in the time it takes Rossby waves to cross the Pacific depe