考研阅读基础班讲义.pdf

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1、考研英语阅读理解电子教材教材说明：本电子教材w ord文档下面的页码跟教材完全一样，学员只需根据老师说的多少页找到相应的页面学习即可。请提前预习、认真学习、及时复习，祝广大考研学子考研成功!阅读理解全真试题（19942004年）UnitlPassage 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise,market-orientedeconomy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spendi

2、ng their money in themarketplace for those goods and services that they want most.Private businessmen,striving to makeprofits,produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen;and the profit motive,operating under competitive pressures,largely determines how these goods and serv

3、ices are produced.Thus,in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers,coupled with thedesire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes,thattogether determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An

4、important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demandscan be expressed and responded to by producers.In the American economy,this mechanism is providedby a price system,a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumersand supplies

5、offered by sellerproducers.If the product is in short supply relative to the demand,the pricewill be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market.If,on the other hand,producingmore of a commodity results in reducing its cost,this will tend to increase the supply offered byseller-prod

6、ucers,which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.Thus,price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to ownproductive resources(private property),and they are

7、permitted to hire labor,gain control over naturalresources,and produce goods and services for sale at a profit.In the American economy,the concept ofprivate property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights,including the right to deteiTnine the price of a produ

8、ct or to make a free contract with another privateindividual.51.In Line 7,Para.1,the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes me ans.A Americans are never satisfied with their incomesB Americans tend to overstate their incomesC Americans want to have their incomes increasedDI Americans want t

9、o increase the purchasing power of their incomes52.The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that.(AJ producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized productionfB consumers can express their demands through producersC producers decide the prices of productsD supply and demand regulat

10、e prices53.According to the passage,a private-enterprise economy is characterized by.Al private property and rights concernedB manpower and natural resources controlC ownership of productive resourcesD free contracts and prices54.The passage is mainly about.A how American goods are producedB how Ame

11、rican consumers buy their goodsC how American economic system worksDI how American businessmen make their profitsPassage 2One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card.They theirowners automatic credit in stores,restaurants,and hotels,at home,across the country

12、,and even abroad,and they make many banking services available as well.More and more of these credit cards can be readautomatically,making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations,whether or not thelocal branch bank is open.For many of us the“cashless society is not on the hor

13、izon its alreadyhere.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers,they have many advantages for sellers too.Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales.They can keep a wide range ofrecords,including who sold what,when,and to whom.This information allows businessmen

14、to keeptrack of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving.Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made.At the same time these computersrecord which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient,allowing personnel andst

15、affing assignments to be made accordingly.And they also identify preferred customers for promotionalcampaigns.Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons.Computer-analyzed marketingreports can help to decide which products to emphasize now,which to develop for the future,and whichto

16、 drop.Computers keep track of goods in stock,of raw materials on hand,and even of the productionprocess itself.Numerous other commerical enterprises,from theaters to magazine publishers,from gas andelectric utilities to milk processors,bring better and more efficient services to consumers through th

17、e useof computers.55.According to the passage,the credit card enables its owner to.A withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishesB obtain more convenient services than other people doC enjoy greater trust from the storekeeperD cash money wherever he wishes to56.From the last sentence of the fir

18、st paragraph we learn that.A in the future all the Americans will use credit cardsB credit cards are mainly used in the United States todayC nowadays many Americans do not pay in cashDI it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before57.The phrase ring up sales(Line 2,Para.2)most probably m

19、eans”AJ make an order of goodsB record sales on a cash registerCl call the sales managerD keep track of the goods in stock58.What is this passage mainly about?A Approaches to the commercial use of computers.B conveniences brought about by computers in business.C Significance of automation in commerc

20、ial enterprises.(DJ Advantages of credit cards in business.Passage 3Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age.For thesechildren to develop to their full adult potential,their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of

21、 exceptional children,we find ourselves describing theirenvironment as well.While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention,we are aware of theimportance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.Both the family and the society inwhich exceptional children live are oft

22、en the key to their growth and development.And it is in the publicschools that we find the full expression of societys understanding 一 the knowledge,hopes,and fearsthat are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a miiTor of that society.In that mirror we can see the strengths,t

23、heweaknesses,the hopes,the prejudices,and the central values of the culture itself.The great interest inexceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling inour society that all citizens,whatever their special conditions,deserve the opportunity to

24、 fully developtheir capabilities.All men are created equal.*Weve heard it many times,but it still has important meaning foreducation in a democratic society.Although the phrase was used by this countrys founders to denoteequality before the law,it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opport

25、unity.That concept implieseducational opportunity for all children the right of each child to receive help in learning to thelimits of his or her capacity,whether that capacity be small or great.Recent court decisions haveconfirmed the right of all children disabled or not to an appropriate educatio

26、n,and have orderedthat public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education.In response,schools are modifyingtheir programs,adapting instruction to children who are exceptional,to those who cannot profitsubstantially from regular programs.59.In paragrah 2.the author cites the example of

27、 the leading actor on the stage to show that.A the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the societyB exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children areC exceptional children are the key interest of the family and societyD the needs of t

28、he society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children60.The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that.IAJ they are expected to be leaders of the societyB they might become a burden of the societyIC they should fully develop their potentialsD

29、 disabled children deserve special consideration61.This passage mainly deals wi t h.A the differences of children in their learning capabilitiesB the definition of exceptional children in modern societyC the special educational programs for exceptional childrenD the necessity of adapting education t

30、o exceptional children62.From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional c h i l d r e n.(AJ is now enjoying legal supportB disagrees with the tradition of the countryC was clearly stated by the countrys foundersD will exert great influence over court decisionsPassage 4HI hav

31、e great confidence that by the end of the decade well know in vast detail how cancer cellsarise,says microbiologist Robert Weinberg,an expert on cancer.But,he cautions,Hsome people havethe idea that once one understands the causes,the cure will rapidly follow.Consider Pasteur,hediscovered the causes

32、 of many kinds of infections,but it was fifty or sixty years before cures wereavailable.This year,50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years.In the year 2000,the National Cancer Institute estimates,that figure will be 75 percent.For some skincancers,the

33、five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent.But other survival statistics are stilldiscouraging-13 percent for lung cancer,and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.With as many as 120 varieties in existence,discovering how cancer works is not easy.Theresearchers made great progress in the early

34、 1970s,when they discovered that oncogenes,which arecancer-causing genes,are inactive in normal cells.Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet mayactivate a dormant oncogene,but how remains unknown.If several oncogenes are driven into action,thecell,unable to turn them off,becomes cancerous.Th

35、e exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious,but the likelihood that many cancers areinitiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.Changes are a normal partof the evolutionary process,1 says oncologist William Hayward,Environmental factors can never betotally el

36、iminated;as Hayward points out,*We cant prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.The prospects for cure,though still distant,are brighter.First,we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself,Second,we have to determinewhether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are al-ways re

37、sponsible for at least part of thetrouble.If we can understand how cancer works,we can counteract its action.63.The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to.A predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decadeB indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are brightCJ prove that ca

38、ncer will be cured in fifty to sixty yearsD warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered64.The author implies that by the year 2000,.A there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patientsB 90 percent of he skin-cancer patients today will sti

39、ll be livingC the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancersD there won t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients65.Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes.A that are always in operation in a healthy personB which remain unharmful so long as they are

40、 not activatedC that can be driven out of normal cellsIDJ which normal cell can*t turn off66.The word dormant in the third paragraph most probably me ans.A dead B ever-present C inactive D potentialPassage 5Discoveries in science and technology are thought by untaught minds to come in blinding flash

41、eror as the result of dramatic accidents.Sir Alexander Fleming did not,as legend would have it,look at themold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.He experimented withantibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery.Inventions and innovations almos

42、talways come out of laborious trial and error.Innovation is like soccer;even the best players miss thegoal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.They point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal一andso it goes with innovation in

43、 any field of activity.The prime difference between innovators and others isone of approach.Everybody gets ideas,but innovators work consciously on theirs,and they follow themthrough until they prove practicable or otherwise.What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions,professional innovators s

44、ee as solid possibilities.Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that theres no particular virtue in doing thingsthe way they have always been done,wrote Rudolph Flesch,a language authority.This accounts for ourreaction so seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcas

45、es on wheels that makelife more convenient:How come nobody thought of that before?The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears.Innovators will notaccept that there is only one way to do anything.Faced with getting from A to B,the average person willautomatically se

46、t out on the best-known and apparently simplest route.The innovator will search foralternate courses,which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting andchallenging even if they lead to dead ends.Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.67.What do

47、es the author probably mean by untaught mind in the first paragraph?A A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.B A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.C A person who has had no education.DI An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.68.Accor

48、ding to the author,what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?AJ The variety of ideas they have.B The intelligence they possess.C The way they deal with problems.D The way they present their findings.69.The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 b e c a u s e.A Rudolph Flesch is the best

49、-known expert in the study of human creativityB the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doingthingsCJ the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch*s point of viewD the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented70.The phrase march to

50、 a different drummer1(the last line of the passage)suggests that highly creativeindividuals are.IAJ diligent in pursuing their goalsB reluctant to follow common ways of doing thingsIC devoted to the progress of scienceD concerned about the advance of societyUnit 2Passage 1Money spent on advertising