人教版中考英语语法之句法.pdf

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1、人教版中考语法复习之句法一、主 要 句 式()知识概要陈述句中有肯定句与否定句之分。其中可以分为以下五种：主语+不及物动词。如:I arrived at six last night.(2)主语+及物动词+宾语，如：I bought a goodEnglish Chinese Dictionary yesterday.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语，如：Please tell me a story before I go to bed.这样可加双宾语的句子有 buy,tell,give,ask,pass,teach.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语，如：I found it impossi

2、ble todo it.Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.主语+系动词+表语，如：Tom is anAmerican boy.The grass turned green in spring.在初中常见的句型中有 There be句型，表示存在某种事物，如：There is a map on the wall be动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后，也要保持be 动词，不要换用 have,如：There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.构中要注意主谓一致的问题，即句子的主语

3、与谓语动词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点：用 and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数，但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式，如：A singer and dancer is coming to our party,a singer anddancer既歌唱又可舞的演员。而 a singer and a dancer则要译为：一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。有些以s 结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数，如：The news is good(news为不可数名词)。有量词时应按量词的数量计算；如：This pair of glassesis good My glasses are broken.有些形单却意为复数的

4、名词，如：People arecoming here 这样的词还有P olice,如果要讲一个警察时，应 讲 a policemano两个警察为 two policemeno 又如 a policewoman,two policewomen 所有不定代词 each,either,neither,one,the other,nobody,nothing,anyone,anything,someone,something 要作为单数如：Someone is waiting for youand not only,but also,neither nor,either or My sister an

5、d my parents are going to the cinema0 表示转折关系的并列连词有：but 和 y e t,如：She is a good student,but she didntpass the final exam.又如：I think the news is strange,yet it is true 表示选择关系的连词有：or,either o r,如：Hurry up,or you will be late for school 表示因果关系的并列连词有：for,so 如：They studied very hard,so they allpassed the

6、exam(名词性从句)两种，而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述，为了使同学阅读文章方便，我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语，如：I knew the m an,而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语，如：I knew that he was a good man 这时宾语从句的连接词有that,(that只在从句中起联接作用，不在句中充当语法成分，既不是主语也不是宾语，所以在 口语中常常被省略。如：I am sure(that)she has passed the exam if,whether它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用，不起语法作用，当

7、作是否讲。从句中有 or not 结构时，要用 whether,如：I ask him if(whether)he has had his lunchI asks him whether he has had his lunch or not what 它在宾语从句中除了作连接词外，还要作主语或宾语成份，如：I dont understand what you said(what 作 said 的宾语)。又如：I asked him what made him sick(what 在宾语从句中作主语)。w ho,它也和what一样，在句中除作连接词外，可以充当句中的成份，如：I know wh

8、o she is looking for?whose 如：I want to knowwhose book this is?which 如：Do you know which book is mine?中还有4 个常用的连接副词，how 它的应用最广，如：how much,how many,how long,how soon,how old。如：How much does it cost?when 它只是连接时间状语，如：Please tell me when the meeting will begin?where 它连接地点状语，如：Where are you from?w hy它要连接的

9、是原因状语从句，如：The teacher asked why Tom didn*t come to school.在考试中常见至lj 的考点是：一主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的时态可以是任何所需要的时态，如：I know he didnt come.我知道他没来。I know he will come tomorrow 我知道他明天来。I know he hasgone to London 我知道他已去伦敦了。主句中的谓语动词若是过去时，宾语从句也要用过去时态中的某一种。比如：一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时，不能用现在时态。如：I

10、wanted to know when he would come The teacher told me the earth movesaround the sun 接词有：after,before,when,as,as soon as,until(till),while,since,byuntil(till)直到，在 用 until表达时间状语的句子中，主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词，它要用肯定句，如：I studiedhard until 12 oclock last night.如果动词是瞬间截止性动词，则要用否定句，如：He didnt go to bed unt

11、il his mother came back since,for,by,before来引导的时间状语从句。since引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间，如：I have studied English since 而 由 b y 引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间，如：I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term 而 before则多用于完成时，ago则多用于一般过去时，如：He had finished his work beforetwelve yesterday I left my hometown two years ago

12、 在状语从句 中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时，如：If it rains,they wont go to the park on Sunday 也可以主句是一般过去时，从句用一般过去进行时，如：He said if it rained the next day he would notgo to the park 考试中常见的考点有：要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句，因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态，如：I want to know if hewill come here tomorrow 在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系，

13、如：Iwant to know if it rains he will come here tomorrowbecause,应译为“因为。它表达的因果关系最强，如：He didnt pass the exambecause he didnt study hard since 应译为“既然，如：Since you were illyesterday I left some notes on your desk(3)as 应译为 由于“，如：As it istoo hot we*d better go swimming since 与 as 所表达的因果关系远比 because弱得多。而 fo r

14、表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首，如：He studies hard,forhe wants to go to college as,as,如：Thisbook is as good as that one 要注意的有两点：as a s 中间要用原级而不是比较级。用形容词还是副词，如：Mary writes as carefully as Tom 而其否定句为 not as(so)as,如：They didnt work so hard as we did,而不同级比较用比较级加than,如：He is younger than I am 要注意的是表示“越来越 这一概念时有两个句型：比较级

15、+and+比较级，如：The days are gettinglonger and longer The little girl is becoming more and more beautiful 定冠词 the+比较级+the+比较级，如：The harder you study,the more youcan learn(连词)与 like(介词)的区别。as 作为连词其后接从句，如：Please do it as I did it 但后面的句子常作省略，如：Pleasedo it as I 而 like是介词，其后要接的是宾语，如：Please do it like me结果和目的状

16、语从句主要有so that,so that,in order that等几种用法。so that so+形容词+a+名词+th a t,如：She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her 或用 such+a+形容词+名词+that,如：She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her 在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用su c h,如：It is such good weather we want togo fbr a picnic 又如：They are such good play

17、ers that they should win the game.(3)在 much,many,few,little 之前只能用 so,如：I have so little moneythat I canrt buy it so th a t之间只有形容词时，则不能用s u c h,如：Itis so good that I want to buy so that 其后接从句，如：I got up earlier so thatI could catch the first bus（二）正误辨析 误 The stories in that book was written many year

18、s ago 正 The stories in that book were written many years ago.析 作主语的名词、代词或不定式、动名词，它们往往要带有修饰词，这些词可能是形容词，也可能是短语，但谓语动词还是要取决于这个主语的数，要记住的是一个名词不可能在同一句中作两个不同的语法成份，如：b o o k作了 of 误 To read many books are good for you 正 To read many books is good for you 析 不定式作主语应该看作单数主语。误 What he said are right 正 What he sai

19、d is right 析 从句作主语一定要按单数主语看待。正 The rich is not always happy 误 The rich are not always happy 析形容词+定冠词表示一类人，谓语动词应用复数，如：The young are veryinterested in study and sports 误 The school master and writer are coming 正 The school master and writer is coming 析本句应译为：校长兼作家就要来了。而The school master and the writer

20、arecoming 则要译为：校长和一个作家要来了。在英语表达法中确实有The girland boy are playing on the grass 这应译为：一个女孩，一个男孩在操场上玩。因为不可能这样两个概念作用在一个人身上。又如：the husband and wife 夫 误 You or she go to get some water for us 正 You or she goes to get some water for us 析 由o r连接的两个主语应以离谓语动词近的那一个计算其数。这样的用法还有eitheror,neithernor,not o n ly but a

21、 ls o也有人称作”就近原则“误 The teacher with a lot of students come into the classroom 正 The teacher with a lot of students comes into the classroom 析 真正的主语是the teacher,而 with短语是伴随状态，不影响主语的数。误 My glasses is broken 正 My glasses are broken 误 This pair of glasses are good 正 This pair of glasses is good 误 These k

22、inds of butter is good.正 These kinds of butter are good 析 英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如：glasses眼镜，shorts短裤等。如没有量词在前时，要用复数谓语动词，但有了量词之后则要按量词的单复数计算。误 One of the boys are going to take part in the match 正 One of the boys is going to take part in the match 析 One o f 结构应以one来计算主语的数。误 Half of the work are done 正 Half of

23、 the work is done 误 Half of the books is read 正 Half of the books are read 析 在小于1 的数量词作主语时，如：2 3,8 0%,0.3 5-+of+名词，这时主语的数应按o f 后面的名词计算。如果名词是不可数名词或可数 误 Each sides are full of trees 正 Each side is full of trees 误 Both side is full of trees 正 Both sides are full of trees 析each,either其后都要加单数名词，而 both后要加

24、复数名词。如：each,either,another,little,a little,much等作主语时，谓语动词全部要用单数形 误 The boys each has an apple 正 The boys each have an apple 析 each 误 Everyone of us has a ticket for the concert 正 Every one of us has a ticket for the concert 析 everyone,someone,everybody 在作主语时都不能加o f 结构。误 Girls like dancing very much,

25、but few likes playing football 正 Girls like dancing very much,but few like playing football 析 few 虽然含意上是“几乎没有”误 The number of the workers in that factory are two hundred 正 The number of the workers in that factory is two hundred 析 the number of 意为：某某的数字是 如：the number of students 学生人数，the number of p

26、layers运动员人数。不论数字如何都应看作单数。而 anumber o f 与 many意思相同，其后加可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式。如：A number of students are playing on the grass 误 The rest of the students is here 正 The rest of the students are here 误 The rest of the work are done 正 The rest of the work is done 析 the rest o f 的用法与2/3,一半，8 0%+o f 的结构一致，o f 后面为

27、可数名词复数时用复数谓语动词，为不可数名词或可数名词单数时用单数谓语动词。这样用法还有lots of,a lot of,plenty of 误 The news in todays newspaper are not bad 正 The news in todays newspaper is not bad 析 有 些 以s结尾的名词要用作不可数名词，它们是：news,physics,mathematics,thanks,误 The Chinese is kind and friendly 正 The Chinese are kind and friendly 析 Chinese作为中文来讲是

28、单数名词，但作为中国人讲是单复同形的名词。如：one Chinese,two Chinese 而 The Chinese=The people of China 要用复数谓语动词。误 This dictionary is too expensive for me Ten dollars are a big sum for me 正 This dictionary is too expensive for me Ten dollars is a big sum for me 析 误 Who are going to take part in our football match?正 Who is

29、 going to take part in our football match?析 用 Who提问时，习惯上用单数谓语动词，但 which则要视其情况而定，如：which are better these shoeses or those shoes?又如：which is better this one orthat one?误 What a hot weather it is!误 How hot the weather it is!正 What hot weather it is!正 How hot the weather is!析 感叹句是用来表达说话人的喜怒哀乐的感情。它 由 w

30、hat与 how 作句子的开始，判定是用what还是用how 的最好办法是将它们换为陈述句，比如：What the hot weather it is!应转换为：It is the hot weather 那么句子的起点是单 词 i t o 再来看感叹句中i t 前有不可数名词w eather,则只能用what。再看第二句 How hot the weather is!转为陈述句时为：The weather is hot子的开始单词为the w eather,再来看感叹句在the weather前只有形容词，所以应用h o w o 至于是用what a 还 是 what要看名词的具体情况而定，

31、单数可数名词加what a 其余的加用what 误 We have to sing this,have we?误 We have to sing this,havent we?正 We have to sing this,dont we?析 在反意疑问句中除了标准的一些常规外，有一些例外：Lets go home,shall we?Let us go home,will you?She had to leave,didnt she?Do your homework at once,will you?There is not much good news in todays newspaper,

32、is there?Neither of them are right,are they?I think he will come to the party wont he?think后的宾语从句，与其他宾语从句不一样，在初中只有这样一个较特殊的词。这样的句子的反意疑问句的主语要用宾语从句中的主语，其助动词要用宾语从句的助动词，而肯定还是否定要看主句谓语动词而定，如：I donl think he is comingto our party,is he?误 I want to know where does he live 正 I want to know where he lives 析 宾语

33、从句 误 -1 havent got a ticket fbr the football match-Nor I have 正 -1 havent got a ticket fbr the football match-Nor(Neither)have I 析 nor,neither用在简答否定句中时要采用倒装语序。在肯定句的简答句中则要用 so,如：I do my homework very quickly,So does Mary 误 Look!Here the bus comes!正 Look!Here comes the bus!误 Look!Here comes he!正 Look!

34、Here he comes 析 在 there,here打头的句子中，如果主语是名词，则要采用倒装语序;误 Do you want Mary to go to the cinema with us?No,I dont hope so 正 Do you want Mary to go to the cinema with us?No,I hope not 析我不这样想，可 用 I dont think so 但 hope的否定简答句只能用I hopenot 这是习惯用法。但这两个词的肯定简答句形是一样的，如：I think so.Ihope so 误 That is difficult for

35、us to learn English well 正 It is difficult for us to learn English well 析 I t 这里的语法作用是形式主语，而真正的主语是后面的不定式。形式主语和形式宾语都要用i t 而不能用t h a t,如：I think it difficult to learn Englishwell i t 在这句中是think（三）例题解析1 There a pencil box on the deskA.is B.are C.has D.have 答案 A.析There b e 句形中的b e 动词要看其后面离它最近的名词而定，如：The

36、reare two books and a pencil on the desk 但去丁可以讲 There is a pencil and twobooks on the desk2 Could you tell me?A Mrs King where lives B where does Mrs King liveC where Mrs King lives D Mrs King lives where 答案 C.析3 Your brother came to see you,?A does he B doesnt he C did he D didnt he 答案 D.析 前句是肯定句，后

37、面反意疑问句要用否定句，同时came为过去时态,所以应用didnrt he4 Ifs getting cloudy,?A does1 it B doesnt it C is it D isnt it 答案 D.析 要区分s 是 has还 是 i s,这里由getting得出s 是 is5 keep me waiting so longA Not B Won*t C Dont D Not to 答案 C.析 Dont+6 Mr Green hasnt been to Beijing,?A has he B hasnt he C did he D didnt he 答案 A.析 此 句 has7

38、You have your lunch at school,?A have you B havent you C do you D dont you 答案 D.析 这里的have是实意动词“吃”8 sunny day!Lets go out for a walkA How a B How C What a D What 答案 C.析 这个感叹句是个省略句，其真实的句子应为What a sunny day it is!9-Can you tell me?-Sure Shes a nurseA where is your sister B where your sister isC what is

39、 your sister D what your sister is 答案 D.析 who 问的是姓名，如：Who is he?He is Smith 或 He is my fatherWhat 问的是职业,如：What is he?He is a teacher10 John likes listening to the radio,?A does he B doesnt he C doesnt John D does Johe 答案 B.析11 Neither you nor I on the teamA are B were C am D is 答案 c.析 由 neither n o

40、r 作连接词作主语时，其谓语动词要与相临近的那12 delicious food!Id like some moreA what a B How a C What D How 答案 c.析 因 food13 there a cat under the chair?A Are B Is C Has D Have 答案 B.析 这 是 there be14 Could you tell me?A when the train will arrive B when the train arrivedC when did the train arrive D when does the train a

41、rrives 答案 A.析 could用于现在时疑问句表达了 口气的委婉，并不是过去时态。且宾语15-bad weather!-Yes,But its going to be fine soon,I thinkA How B What a C What an D What 答案 D.析 weather16-Could you tell me?-Yes,They to the libraryA where are the twins,have beenB where were the twins,have beenC where the twins are,have goneD where th

42、e twins were,have gone 答案 C.析 have been to 是去过什么地方，而现在回来了。have gone t o 是到某地17 Go and the TV quickly The volleyball match will begin rightawayA turn off B turn down C turn up D turn on 答案 D,析 这是个祈使句，它 由 and连接两个动词。注意词组搭配的不同含义。18 Letrs go for some tea,?A shall we B will we C do we D dont we 答案 A.析 Let

43、s g o，shall we?Let us g o，will you?这是两个特殊的反意疑问句。19 Joans short,?A wasnt she B hasnt she C isnt she D doesnt she 答案 C.析 在此句中应视s为i s,而不是h as或 was20 I dont know to read the wordA which B what C whose D how 答案 D.析因不定式to read中的read是及物动词，已有自己的宾语the w o rd,所以应用疑问副词how21 He didnt go to school,he was illA fo

44、r B but C and D so 答案 A.析 这里是表示因果的关系，从句表示原因，所以用fo r,放于句尾，且常常前面有一个逗号。s o 引起的是结果状语从句，如：He was only twelve,so hecouldn*t join the army22 The young woman can hardly ride a bike,she?A doesnt B does C cant D can 答案 D.析 hardly为否定词，所以应视此句为否定句。其后的反意疑问句应用肯定23 Tom never goes to the cinema on Sundays,A does he

45、B doesnt he C isnt he D is he 答案 A.析 never24 Mother said to him,Dont on football.nA spend too much time B to spend too much timeC spend too many time D to spend too many time 答案 A.析 tim e作为叩寸间”讲为不可数名词，应 用 much来修饰。当作“次数”讲是可数名词，如 three times 三次，而 Dont 一25 Mr White,together with some Japanese friends,v

46、isit our schoolthis afternoonA are going to B is going to C have D has 答案 B.析 句子的主语是Mr W h ite,而 together w ith 是伴随状况，不影响26 There is little water in the glass,?A is it B is there C isnt it D isnt there 答案 B.析 这 是 there be27 Ampere was thinking about a maths problem,?A didnt he B wasnt he C did he D

47、is he 答案 B.析28 She had a good time yesterday,she?A wasnt B didnt C hasnt D isnt 答案 B.析 had这里是实意29 Well make for you in the front of the carA a room B room C rooms D some rooms 答案 B.析 room此处为不可数名词，意为 地方，空间30 Neither she nor I to the Great wall beforeA has gone B have gone C have been D has been 答案 C.

48、析 由 neither-nor连接两个主语时，其谓语动词应与相临近的那个主语31 Help me collect these books,?A are you B will you C do you D shall you 答案 B.析 祈使句的反意疑问句应用will y o u,而 Lets g o 例外，其反意疑问句为shall we?32 The number of deer,mountain lions and wild roseschange much if people leave things as they areA dont B doesnt C isnt D didnt 答

49、案 B.析 the number o f 为”的数量、数目，所以谓语动词用单数形式。而 anumber of33 Shes had breakfast,?A is she B isnt she C hasnt she D has she 答案 c.析 这里的s应视为has34 I wonderA whose bicycle is it B it is whose bicycleC is it whose bicycle D whose bicycle it is 答案 D.析 wonder35 It is good fbr us morning exercisesA do B to do C

50、did D done 答案 B.析 这里的i t 是形式主语，而真正的主语是不定式to do36 Peter has sports very often,?A does,Peter B doesnt he C doesnrt Peter D does he 答案 B.析 h as这里是实意动词，而主语为名词时其反意疑问句中的主语要用代词。37 Mr Black said,Jenny,dont be late tomorrow”Mr Black told JennyA don*t be late tomorrow B didnt be late tomorrowC not be late nex