实用医学英语.pdf

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1、成 者3医 篌 院CHENGDU MEDICAL COLLEGEPRACTICAL MEDICAL ENGLISH任梦梅王凤鸣王学成人文信息管理学院外语教研室ContentsUnit 1 Human Body.3Section A Formation of Medical Terminology.3Section B Human Body.4Section C Anatomical Terminology.8Section D Parts of Human Body and English Idioms.11Unit 2 Skeletal System.16Section A Formatio

2、n of Medical terminology.16Section B Listening:A Bone Will Never Say.17Section C Terminology.18Section D Reading Passages.19Unit 3 Brain and Nervous System.25Section A Terminology.25Section B Reading passages.27Section C Expressions of Medical Conditions.34Unit 4 Endocrine System.37Section A Termino

3、logy.37Section B Reading Passages.38Unit 5 Heart and Circulatory System.45Section A Terminology.45Section B Listening.46Section C Reading Passages.48Unit 6 Lungs and Respiratory System.52Section A Terminology.52Section B Dialogue.52Section C Reading Passages.53Unit 7 Digestive System.58Section A Ter

4、minology.58Section B Dialogue.59Section C Reading Passages.61Unit 8 Miscellanies.68Section A Reading Passages.68Section B Prescription Abbreviations.71Section C Various hospitals,Hospital departments.71UnitlHuman BodySection A Formation of Medical TerminologyHow many medical words are there in a med

5、ium-sized medical dictionary?The answer is around100,000,which is a conservative estimate.Moreover,like the jargon in all forward-moving fields,the number is expanding so constantly and quickly that it defies any memorization!There are tools,however,that can aid in learning and remembering medical t

6、erms and even help inmaking informed guesses as to the meaning of unfamiliar words.Furthermore,their numbers arelimited,about 400 to 500 or so（the most active ones）,but the combinations derived from areenormous.So to learn how to use these tools is much more efficient and meaningful than to try tome

7、morize every medical term.The tools you are going to learn to use are these Greek and Latin parts of words,which are calledthe root,prefix,suffix,combining vowels and combining forms.The root（词根/干）is the foundation of the word and all medical terms have one or moreroots.The prefix（前 缀）is the beginni

8、ng of the word.Not all medical terms contain prefixes,but the prefix can have an important influence on meaning.The suffix（后 缀）is the ending of the word and all medical terms have a suffix.The combining vowel（元 音）is the vowel that links the root to the suffix or the root toanother root.The combining

9、 form is the combination of the root and the combing vowel.For example,consider the word:endocrinology endo is the prefix,meaning within/inner crin is the root,meaning secrete.o is the combing vowel serving as a link.crino is the combing form.logy is the suffix,meaning the study of.So by analyzing t

10、he parts of the word,the meaning of endocrinology has beenunlocked:it mans the study of the human inner secretion form glands（thehormones）Vocabulary 93 J 3Ad5）壬6为terminology ta:m i nDlodj.n.the special words or terms used in a science,art,business etc.jargon vd5：gon n.the language of a special group

11、 or profession.prefix|*pri:fiks n.前 缀vt.加 作为前缀，置于前面suffix sAfiks n.后缀vowel aual n.母 音，元音Section B Human BodyPreview questionsWhat do you know about human body?How many structural layers can human body be divided into?How many organ systems are there?What subjects have you learned which deal with hum

12、an body?Part 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:-Four basic structural layers of human body-Classification of organ systems Structure and function of each organ system Associated(相关的)medical termsTo understand the human body,it is necessary to understand how its parts are put togetherand how

13、 they function.The study of the bodys structure is called anatomy;the study of the bodysfunction is known as physiology.Other studies of human body include biology,cytology,embryology,histology,endocrinology,hematology,immunology,psychology etc.CellsCell(biology),basic unit of life.Cells are the sma

14、llest structures capable of basic life processes,such as taking in nutrients,expelling waste,and reproducing.All living things are composed of cells.Some microscopic organisms,such as bacteria and protozoa,are unicellular,meaning they consistof a single cell.Plants,animals,and fungi are multicellula

15、r;that is,they are composed of a greatmany cells working in concert.But whether it makes up an entire bacterium or is just one oftrillions in a human being,the cell is a marvel of design and efficiency.Cells carry out thousands ofbiochemical reactions each minute and reproduce new cells that perpetu

16、ate life.In multicellular organisms,shape is typically tailored to the cells job.For example,flat skin cellspack tightly into a layer that protects the underlying tissues from invasion by bacteria.Long,thinmuscle cells contract readily to move bones.The numerous extensions from a nerve cell enable i

17、t toconnect to several other nerve cells in order to send and receive messages rapidly and efficiently.There are many different types of cells in the human body.None of these cells function well onthere own,they are part of the larger organism that is called-you.TissuesCells group together in the bo

18、dy to form tissues-a collection of similar cells that grouptogether to perform a specialized function.There are 4 primary tissue types in the human body:epithelial tissue,connective tissue,muscle tissue and nerve tissue1.Epithelial TissueThe cells of epithelial tissue pack tightly together and form

19、continuous sheets that serve as linings indifferent parts of the body.Epithelial tissue serves as membranes lining organs and helping to keepthe bodys organs separate,in place and protected.Some examples of epithelial tissue are the outerlayer of the skin,the inside of the mouth and stomach,and the

20、tissue surrounding the body*s organs.2.Connective TissueThere are many types of connective tissue in the body.Generally speaking,connective tissue addssupport and structure to the body.Most types of connective tissue contain fibrous strands of theprotein collagen that add strength to connective tiss

21、ue.Some examples of connective tissueinclude the inner layers of skin,tendons（）,ligaments,cartilage,bone and fat tissue.3.Muscle TissueMuscle tissue is a specialized tissue that can contract.Muscle tissue contains the specializedproteins actin（肌动蛋白）and myosin（肌浆球蛋白）that slide past one another and al

22、lowmovement.Examples of muscle tissue are contained in the muscles throughout your body.4.Nerve TissueNerve tissue contains two types of cells:neurons and glial cells.Nerve tissue has the ability togenerate and conduct electrical signals in the body.These electrical messages are managed bynerve tiss

23、ue in the brain and transmitted（传递）down the spinal cord to the body.OrgansOrgans are the next level of organization in the body.An organ is a structure that contains at leasttwo different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose.There are many differentorgans in the body:the liver,k

24、idneys,heart,even your skin is an organ.In fact,the skin is thelargest organ in the human bodyOrgan SystemsOrgan systems are composed of two or more different organs that work together to provide acommon function.Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems,that is,the skeleta

25、l system the muscular system,the circulatory system the respiratory system,the digestive system the urinary system,the endocrine system the nervous system,the reproductive system and the skin.Detailed discussions on the body systems will be provided in the following learning units.Vocabulary ODJ3Adj

26、ttfij0Xclassification klaesifi keijs n n.分类，种类,类别anatomy QZ ntemi n.解剖学physiology fizi niadSJ n.生理学cytology sai til。的 n.细胞学embryology embri Dldj n.胚胎学histology his tDlcl-n.Z且织学endocrinology endeucri nDlctj n.内分泌学hematology hi:me n,血液学immunology immju:rOladj.n.免疫学psychology sai kDlad5_ n.心理学reproduce

27、 ripre d ju:s v.繁殖，生殖microscopic maikra skDpik a,用显微镜的；极微小的bacteria baek tierie n.细菌protozoa preuteu zsue n.原虫，原生动物unicellular juni seijule a,单细胞的fungi fAggai n.(pl of fungus)真菌multicellular multi sei jule a.多细胞的bacterium bk tisriem n.pl 细菌perpetuate pa petjueit v.继续，保存epithelial epi 0i:liel a.上皮的co

28、llagen kaeledn n.胶原质ligaments ligemant n.韧带cartilage ka:tilid n,软骨skeletal skelitl a.骨骼的muscular msk jule a.肌肉的neuron n juerDn n.神经细月包，神经元glial glaiel adj.神经胶质的circulatory se:k juleteri a.循环的respiratory ris praierateri a,呼吸的digestive dai d5stiv a.消化的，消化道的urinary juerinori a.泌尿的endocrine endeukrain n

29、.内 分 泌a 内分泌的,激素的reproductive ripre dAktiv a.生殖的，生殖系统的ExerciseI.Discuss the following questions1.What functions can cell perform?2.Can you name some cell types?3.What are the functions of the 4 main tissue types?4.What are the main functions of body systems?IL Analyze the following sentences1.To unde

30、rstand the human body,it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together andhow they function.2.Cells are the smallest structures capable of basic life processes,such as.3.They are composed of a great many cells working in concert.4.Epithelial tissue serves as membranes lining organs and h

31、elping to keep the bodys organsseparate.III.Make stenteces with the phrases given belowmake up be made of consist of be composed of constitutePart 2 Life ProcessAll living organisms have certain characteristics that distinguish themfrom non-living forms.The basic processes of life include organizati

32、on,metabolism,responsiveness,movements,and reproduction.In humans,who represent the most complex form of life,there are additionalrequirements such as growth,differentiation,respiration,digestion,andexcretion.All of these processes are interrelated.No part of the body,from the smallest cell to a com

33、plete body system,works in isolation.Allfunction together,in fine-tuned balance,for the well being of theindividual and to maintain life.Disease such as cancer and deathrepresent a disruption of the balance in these processes.The following is abrief description of the life process:OrganizationAt all

34、 levels of the organizational scheme,there is a division of labor.Each component has its ownjob to perform in cooperation with others.Even a single cell,if it loses its integrity or organization,will die.MetabolismMetabolism is a broad term that includes all the chemical reactions that occur in the

35、body.Onephase of metabolism is catabolism in which complex substances are broken down into simplerbuilding blocks and energy is released.ResponsivenessResponsiveness or irritability is concerned with detecting changes in the internal or externalenvironments and reacting to that change.It is the act

36、of sensing a stimulus and responding to it.MovementThere are many types of movement within the body.On the cellular level,molecules move fromone place to another.Blood moves from one part of the body to another.The diaphragm moves withevery breath.The ability of muscle fibers to shorten and thus to

37、produce movement is calledcontractility.ReproductionFor most people,reproduction refers to the formation of a new person,the birth of a baby.In thisway,life is transmitted from one generation to the next through reproduction of the organism.In abroader sense,reproduction also refers to the formation

38、 of new cells for the replacement and repairof old cells as well as for growth.This is cellular reproduction.Both are essential to the survival ofthe human race.GrowthGrowth refers to an increase in size either through an increase in the number of cells or through anincrease in the size of each indi

39、vidual cell.In order for growth to occur,anabolic processes mustoccur at a faster rate than catabolic processes.DifferentiationDifferentiation is a developmental process by which unspecialized cells change into specializedcells with distinctive structural and functional characteristics.Through diffe

40、rentiation,cells developinto tissues and organs.RespirationRespiration refers to all the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxidebetween the cells and the external environment.It includes ventilation,the diffusion of oxygen andcarbon dioxide,and the transport of the gases in t

41、he blood.Cellular respiration deals with the celfsutilization of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide in its metabolism.DigestionDigestion is the process of breaking down complex ingested foods into simple molecules that canbe absorbed into the blood and utilized by the body.ExcretionExcretion is th

42、e process that removes the waste products of digestion and metabolism from the body.It gets rid of by-products that the body is unable to use,many of which are toxic and incompatiblewith life.The ten life processes described above are not enough to ensure the survival of the individual.Inaddition to

43、 these processes,life depends on certain physical factors from the environment.Theseinclude water,oxygen,nutrients,heat,and pressure.Section C Anatomical TerminologyBefore we get into the following learning units,which will provide more detailed discussion oftopics on different human body systems,it

44、 is necessary to learn some useful terms for describingbody structure.Knowing these terms will make it much easier for us to understand the content ofthe following learning units.Three groups of terms are introduced here:directional terms,termsdescribing planes of the body,and terms describing body

45、cavities.Directional TermsDirectional terms describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in thebody.Superior or cranialtoward the head end of the body;upper(example,the hand is part of the superior extremity).Inferior or caudalaway from the head;lower(example,the fo

46、ot is part of the inferior extremity).Anterior or ventralfront(example,the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg).Posterior or dorsalback(example,the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body).Medialtoward the midline of the body(example,the middle toe is located at

47、the medial side of the foot).Lateralaway from the midline of the body(example,the little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot).Proximaltoward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part(example,the proximal end of the femurjoins with the pelvic bone).Distalaway from or farthest f

48、rom the trunk or the point or origin of a part(example,the hand is located atthe distal end of the forearm).Planes of the Body Medical professionals often refer to sections of the body in terms of anatomicalplanes(flat surfaces).These planes are imaginary lines-vertical or horizontal-drawn through a

49、nupright body.The terms are used to describe a specific body part.Sagittal PlaneCoronal PlaneTransverse PlaneBody PlanesCoronal Plane(Frontal Plane)A vertical plane running from side to side;divides the body or any of its parts into anteriorand posterior portions.Sagittal Plane(Lateral Plane)A verti

50、cal plane running from front to back;divides the body or any of its parts into rightand left sides.Axial Plane(Transverse Plane)A horizontal plane;divides the body or any ofits parts into upper and lower parts.Median planeSagittal plane through the midline of the body;divides the body or any of its