自学考试英语专题：英语语法考前冲刺4.pdf

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1、Chapter 1*build up a hierarchical structure.In grammatical terms,while a sentence is thelargest unit,a word is the smallest.(p2)Extended hierarchy of grammatical units(p2)HigherA text consists of one or more sentencesA sentence consists of one or more clausesA clause consists of one or more phrasesA

2、 phrases consists of one or more wordsA word consists of one or more morphemesA morphemeWhat are the semantic and functional differences between a prefix and a suffix?(p25,4)A prefix is attached before a base;a suffix after a base.The function of a prefix tends to be semantically oriented,that is,it

3、 adds newmeaning to a base.Suffixes are basically class-changing morphemes.Verb Phrase,/T h e simple verb phrase(without auxiliaries)The finite verb phrase、T n e complex verb phrase(with auxiliaries)(main verb/auxiliaries)助动词The non-finite verb phraseInfinitive(不定式)(to do)-ing participle-ed particip

4、leP16从 句-subordinate clausesSubordinate clauses mav function as:(Subordinate clauses may function as:nominalclause,relative clause,adverbial clause in thefinite form or non-finite form)(p21)1 1.Nominal clauses(名词性从句)2.Relative clauses(关系从句)3.Adverbial clauses(状语从句)4.Non-finite nominal clauses5.Non-f

5、inite relative clauses6.Non-finite adverbial clausesSimple sentence简单句Sentences None用于三者或三者以上，either neither用于两者之间。P83(职位前不加冠词a、an)*He was elected chairman of the committee.*As president of the United States,Bill Clinton is younger than any of hispredecessors.P86乐器前一定要加the，运动前不加the*play the piano/vi

6、olin/guitar*play basketball/tennis/volleyball/footballP87at dawnat daybreakat sunrisein the morningat noonin the afternoonat sunsetat duskin the eveningat nightat midnightList the types of Genitives(P90)1.possessive(e.g.Marys rose)2.3.of-phrase(e.g.the book of the class)double genitive(e.g.a friend

7、of my sisters)读作 apostrophe*固定用法背:p93at arms lengthin ones minds eyeat ones wits enda pounds wortha stones throwat swords pointsa hairs breadtha birds eye viewfor goodness sakefor conscience sakef o r s a k eP96*a friend o fd o c to rs (第一个名词前要泛指，第二个名词前要特指)*the friend of Bobs who was here last night

8、(后面是定语从句的就可用 the friendof)Chapter 5Explain the relationship between tense and aspect.P103Tense:refers to a systematic set of inflectional features that are related to time.There are 2 tenses:the present tense and the past tense.Aspect:reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experien

9、ced withrespect to time.There are 2 aspect forms:the progressive aspect and the perfectiveaspect.Tense points to temporal locations,and aspect marks the state of an action./present tense(现在时)Tense pa st tense(过去时)Aspect/progressive aspect(进行体)perfective aspect（完成体）虚拟语气(hypothetical)pl09条件从句主句与现在事实相反

10、过去式（be用were）Would(should,could,might)+动词原形与过去事实相反had+动词过去分词Would(should,could,might)+have+动词过去分词与将来事实相反过 去 式should+动词原形Were to+动词原形Would(should,could,might)+动词原形e.g.(P109)1.If you didnt love him,you wouldnt be so sad about the news.2.What would you do if you had v lot of money?3.He behaves as if he

11、owned the company.4.I wish I had strength like yours.5.Id rather you didnt act so foolishly.6.Its time we had a break.7.If only the stopped this constant complaining.见到下面几个词的时候要用现在 迸 彷 彷（P112）always,constantly,continually,continuously,forever,all the time+doing以下句子也用进行时，表暂时（p ll4）1.Dont you know you

12、/re being a nuisance?2.That vase is sitting dangerously over the edge of the balcony.3.John is resembling his father more and more as he grows older.4.The soup is tasting worse.考原题：（P120）A:Hold it!Take off your dirty shoes before you come in.What have you been doingin the garden?B:Pulling weeds,Mum.

13、A:Im sure shes been crying again.B:Yes,youre right.Her eyes are red.只要题干中的动词可延续，则 一 定 优 选have/has/had been doing,而不选have/has/had done例句：（看到下列词的时候，可用现在完成时，P120）1.I havent read the book yet.2.Have you read the book yet?3.The train has just arrived.4.Ive completed my work now.5.They have arrived there

14、by now,Km sure.6.Have you seen her recently?7.Ive never seen her before.8.How many stamps have you collected so far?9.I havent heard from her up to now.10.Shes been to Britain three times.11.Weve been friends for a long time.12.She hasnt called since she left.*见到just n o w时要用过去式*since从句后不可跟否定句（pl22）

15、*表示第几次时要用完成时（P122）e.g.1.It/s the first time I have been here.2.Itll be the first time I have been here.3.It was the first time I had been there.*b y 可以加过去的+have done,也可以加将来的+will have done.*有 by 就要用 have/has/had done.(pl23)e.g.1,Bv the end of the last term,they had competed all their course work.2.I

16、 had done all the work bv the time I went to bed.3.Ill have done all the work bv the time I go to bed.*It is time that+动词过去式*It is high time that+动词过去式是虚拟语气(pl34)e.g.Its hih time you started to think about your chances of landing a good job aftergraduation.be ggjgg to(P127,例句中只能用be going to,有背景用be g

17、oing t o,没背景用will/shall)e.g.1.Look at the dark clouds.Its going to rain.2.I told you to come earlier.Youre going to have trouble.Will/Shall(D127)例句中只能用 will/shalle.g.1,The earth will explode in the distant future.2.There will be a day when all computers in the world break down.Will/shall be doing st

18、h(pl30),表持续的事儿e.g.1.Ill be waiting for you at the station when you arrive2.What will you be doing at this time tomorrow?be about to do sth(pl30)表正在这时,例句是不可替换的e.g.1.1 was about to leave when she came.2.He was about to tell the truth when they killed him.be to do sth(p131)表未来的安排，例句是不可替换的e.g.1,You are

19、to finish your homework before you can watch TV.2.You are to turn in your papers on Friday.3.The mayor is to visit our school tomorrow.Chapter 6P138简答There are four categories with finite form:tense,aspect,voice,and mood;Two voice forms:the unmarked active voice,marked passive voice;Three mood forms

20、:indicative,imperative,subjunctivetenseaspect unmarked active voice(主动语态)voice dare to do dare doe.g.He dare not say that(优选)He doesnt dare to say that he doesn/t dare say that*can/couId/may/might/must+have done表示对过去发生的事进行判断或推测Chapter 8There are three types of Non-finite verbs:(简答，P190)Infinitive(to

21、-infinitive,bare-infinitive);-ing participle;-ed participle.固定用法：P192Cannot but doCould not help but doWould rather do=would sooner doWould rather do.than doWould as soon doWould as soon do.as doJust as well doMay as well do宁愿的用法：e.g.1.They ca-rrot but accept our terms.2.She could not he/p but weep

22、at the sad news.3.I would rather do it on my own.4.I would caMer ride this old bicycle than buy a new one and have it stolen.5.John told me hed sooner stay at home.6.These Deoole wou/d sooner work than play.7.I would as soon aive her a crIL8.I would just as 500 qive her a call as-ay her a visit.9.Wh

23、at a fine day!We mi-ht just as we walk.10.Theres nothing to do,so I may as well ao to bed.省去to的不定式(P193)1.I saw him enter the building.2.We can hear her p/oy the violin upstairs every evening.3.I hate my roommate whenever I smell her snvay cheap perfume in the bathroom.4.I feelsomethina crawl up my

24、back.5.You need to have a lot of patience to listen to him talk.6.I noticed Peter ta/k to Mary in the bookstore this morning.Rather than do sthSooner than do sth*Sooner than只能用在句首。(P194)why not do sth why do sth P195used to do sth 过去常常做某事be used to doin sth 习惯于做某事，以下这些词后面都跟to do.（P196.197,看看就行）agree

25、,aim,apply,arrange,attempt,bother,care,choose,claim,、condescend,consent,decide,demand,desire,determine,endeavour,fail,guarantee,hesitate,hope,learn,manage,+to doneglect,offer,plan,pledge,prepare,pretend,proceed,promise,prove,refuse,resolve,seek,sear,threaten,undertake,venture,volunteer;vow Advise,al

26、low,ask,believe,bribe,command,compel,consider,declare,discover,encourage,feel,find,forbid,force,get,have,hear;imagine,induce,judge,let,make,order,permit,persuade,+sb to doprove,recommend,rely on,remind,require,see,suppose,tell,think,understand,urge,watchadvise,allow,encourage,permit,recommend+sb to

27、do sthadvise,allow,encourage,permit,recommend+doing sth（后面不接宾语时用doing）（P197+206）e.g.She doesnt allow her husband to smoke in the house.She doesnt allow smoking in the house.the first person、the only personthe best waythe last play,e.g.惨考）+to do（此处只能用to d o,不能用doing）（P199）Columbus was believed to be

28、the first person to set foot on the American continent.Im afraid he is thn only person to consult about your illness.The best wav to deal with him is not to give an inch.This was the last plnv to be performed that year.以下这些词后面都跟doing.（P201,看看就行）Admit,acknowledge,anticipate,advocate,appreciate,avoid,

29、consider,contemplate,defer,delay,deny,detest,dislike,dread,ensure,enjoy,escape,excuse,evade,facilitate,fancy,favour,finish,give up,imagine,include,involve,keep(on),loathe,miss,pardon,postpone,practice,prevent,propose,put off,recollect,resent,report,risk,stop,suggest,understand+doingDeserve,need,requ

30、ire,want+P205doingto be doneWhats the function of-ed participle?(P208)1.-ed participle as a premodifier2.-ed participle as a complement系动词(appear,be,become,feel,get,go,日 row,keep,look,remain,seem)Sb be(系动词)+Ved/Ving(优选 Ved)Sth be(系动词)+Vinge.g.(P210)1.His technique was becoming increasingly specializ

31、ed.2.The food is getting rotten fast in such hot weather.3.As agriculture grew increasingly mechanized,more and more farmers moved tothe cities to look for jobs in factories.4.I dont think it a bad thing that he remained drunk when he was taken hostage.have,get,keep,leave,make+sth done(P211)P206try

32、to do 尝试做某事(to attempt)try doing 试着做某事(to test)point doing sth做某事无意义p212Chapter 9见资料PIOThe semantic classification of adjective.P221224)1.Stative adjectives/Dynamic adjectives2.Gradable adjectives/Non-gradable adjectives3.Inherent adjectives/Non-inherent adjectives4.Restrictive adjectives/Non-restri

33、ctive adjectives5.Marked adjectives/Unmarked adjectives读例句(p234)1.Susan is as intelligent as her husband.2.Susan is as intelligent as she is beautiful.3.Susan is as beautiful as her husband is intelligent.改错/选择(p235)as manv/much/little/few copies asI can give you as many copies of this book as you w

34、ant.(X)I can give you copies of this book as many as you want.You may have as much fresh water as you like from here.*He likes to order more food than he can eat.(P236)We need fewer people than there are here.be+much of+n(职业/职位)(p235)He is as much ofc fool as his predecessor.He is not so much of c p

35、olitician as his father.He is more of a fool than his predecessor.(P236)He is lees of a politician than his father.*Mr.White is a professor much more learned than his students.There are a lot of women more intelliieot than John.far/by far/far and away可以修饰最高级表示程度的累加(P237)e.g.This is far/by far/far an

36、d away the best school in the region.superior/inferior(好于/劣于 )senior/junioranterior/posterior(在 前/在 后)prior(在 之前)+(to)P239(用介词 to)Chapter 11Coordinators:(P261)and,or,but,both.and,either.or,not.orz not nor,neithernor,more than,not only.but also,nor;so,yet,aswell as,as much as,rather than,not.but*both

37、.and谓语用复数*A as well as B 谓语跟 A 一致*Not only.but also,not.or,not.nor,neither.nor,either.or,or i胃语用就近原则背熟(考试可能考原题)P263Come and have tea with us.Ill go and see if shes OK.Lets wait and seeTry and get some coffee.Stay and have dinner with us,will you?We ought to stop and think.Hurry up and get dressed.*G

38、ive me five minutes or so and 1 1 1 finish the work.*Clean up the mess,or else*You may stay here for a day or two.*The tribe was called Milwaukee or something.but/yet/while/whereas 的区别(P265)but/yet不能放句首，while/whereas只能+从句e.g.They are poor but/yet proud.You like sports,while/whereas/but/yet Id rather

39、 read.Chapter 12改句型：(变成 relative clause)(P279)(P286)1.Mr.Brown did not keep his word though he had promised to support me._ Mr.Brown,who had promised to support me,did not keep his word.2.Although he has been in office for three terms,the Prime Minister is runningfor another term in the forthcoming

40、election.The Prime Minister,who has been in office for three terms,is running foranother term in the forthcoming election.3.She cycled from London to Gasgow and that is a marvelous job for a woman of75.a She cycled from London to Gasgow,which is a marvelous job for a womanof 75.4.We talked a long wh

41、ile about our boyhood days after that we had a gooddinner.We talked a long while about our boyhood days,after which we had a gooddinner.改句型：(变成 coordination/subordination)(P286)1.She dances well,which I dont.She dances well,but I dont dance well.2.They can choose their own jobs,which we cannot.a The

42、y can choose their own jobs,but we cannot choose our own jobs.*不定代词(eg all,everything,something,anything,nothing,none,little,few,much,any,some,every,no)作定语从句的先行词时选 th at,不选 which.(P280)e.g.Im not going to give her all that I have.There is something that I want you to do.(P290)*the best,the first,the

43、 second,the next,the last 及最高级后要迭 t/?at(P291)e.g.the only thing that interests me in the book is the beautiful photos.The first point that Id like to make is.一下句子是谚语，固定用法，要 熟 读（P281）1.He who plays with fire gets burnt.2.She always marries too soon who gets a bad husband,and she is never too latewho

44、gets a good one.3.Theres none so blind as they that wont see.4.You,who are so clever,will not believe his promises.5.Those who live in glasshouses should not throw stones.Explain anaphoric and cataphoric with example:(见资料 PA demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with

45、 anon-restrictive relative clause,one with cataphoric reference,which goes with arestrictive relative clause:e.g.1.Alaska is the largest state in the Union.That territory,which became a state in1959,was purchased from Russia in the 19th century,(anaphoric)2.Km enjoying this book I borrowed from the

46、library yesterday,(cataphoric)*填 空(P287)He feared lest people should think him impractical,which he was not.Nick is tall,which I will never be.(只能用 which)*选择题(P288)1.The woman about whom we talked has just given birth to quintupletssuccessfully.2.The project oa which they have been working for two y

47、ears is a total failure.以下句子填that/which/()都可以，但优选which(P289),说得都是一类人That was the kind of person which he was.She became a distinguished actress which her mother never was and wanted to beall her life.He is not the rogue which we thought him.P291*That is the place where(=in which/at which)they stayed

48、 for the night.*Ill never forget the Sunday when(=on which)he first arrived.P2921.Thats the restaurant he started a quarrel with a girl that ended up in a fight withher boyfriend in.(X)一 Thats the restaurant in which he started a quarrel with a girl that ened up ina fight with her boyfriend.2.I stil

49、l remember our holiday it rained from morning till evening during.(X)一*I still remember our holiday during which it rained from morning tillevening.3.Everybody wants to know the reason he killed his family and then himself for.(X)Everybody wants to know the reason for which he killed his family and

50、thenhimself.P2931.She is a very efficient secretary,which none of her predecessors was.2.Five years later she returned home as a mother of three children,which none ofher family had expected her to be.Chapter 13How many types of time adjuncts do we have?*(P329)when-adjunctsTime adjuncts duration-adj