考研语法——长难句分析策略及答案翻译.pdf

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1、考研语法一长难句分析策略总论一、考研语法在各题型直接命题点的体现：1.阅读：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句一一现在分词、过去分词、比较结构-一主语从句。2.完形：定语从句、宾语从句、状 语 从 句-现 在 分 词、过去分词-主语从句、比较结构、同位语从句。3.翻译：定语从句一一状语从句、宾语从句、现在分词-过去分词比较结构、倒装一一同位语从句、表语从句。二、英语句法规则：一个句子中有且只能有一个核心动词。分 号和并列连词可以连接多个独立的句子，构成并列句；多个句子之间是平等关系；多句的动词共同构成句子的核心动词。复合句分为主句和从句两部分，由从属连词连接；主句的动语是核心动词；主从句之间属于上下

2、级关系。三、长难句分析六步走1.（2010Text4）These（changes）gave banks more freedom to use modelsto value illiquid assets（非流动资产）and more flexibility in recognizinglosses on long-term assets in their income statements（损益计算）.2.（2001 完形）The government is to ban payments to witnesses bynewspapers seeking to buy up people

3、involved in prominent cases such asthe trial of Rosemary West.3.(2005Text 1)Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independentlyin monkeys and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestorthat the species had 35 million years ago,is,as yet,an unansweredquestion.(2005-25)What can we infer fro

4、m the last paragraph?A Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.4.(2008Text2)The Internet一and pressure from funding agen

5、cies,whoare questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment-funded research by restricting access to it一is making accessto scientific results a reality.四、基本知识补充1.句子成分：主干成分主语、谓语/系词、宾语/表语修饰成分定语、状语和补语例：When it comes to English test,he,who is a college student,considersgrammar most

6、 important.2.由词到句的扩展：除谓语和补语外，任何其他句子成分都可以用句子代替单词或短语构成从句。例：Last year,the hard-working student considered the NETEM mostimportant.(词)In 2011,most of college students,a group of hard-working people,considered passing the NETEM most important.(短语)When it was 2011,what was considered to be the most import

7、ant formost of college students,who were hard-working people,was passing theNETEM.(句)3.简单句基本句型：(1)主语+及物动词+宾 语 I like English.(2)主语+系动词+表 语 He looks twisted.(3)主语+不及物动词I fainted.(4)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语He told me a story.(5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 We call this kind pseudo-girls.启示：“”部分为句子的谓语部分，只有有动词才成句，通过动词与连词区

8、分简单句、并列句、复合句。第二章名词性语法内容一、名词：1.语法功能：充当句子中主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语等成分。例：The reasons are clear now.Why he murdered hiswife is clear now.He has made clear the facts.He has made clear whatthey had done yesterday.It is the question.It is whether I should disgracefidlysurvive or smartly disappear.We found out th

9、e fact,the murder.We found out the factthat he was killed.Americans elected Barack Obama their president.二、名词性结构：动名词与不定式1.动名词与不定式做主语例：5.（2006 完形）Finding ways to assist this growing homeless populationhas become increasingly difficult.6.（2005.49）Creating a European Identity that respects the differen

10、tcultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric（组织）of the Old Continent（欧洲大陆）is no easy task and demands a strategicchoice.7.To err（犯错）is human;to forgive,divine（神圣的）.2.动名词与不定式做宾语例：8.（1994 语法）1 appreciate the opportunity to studyabroad two years ago.A.having been given B.having gi

11、ven C.to have been given D.to havegiven9.(2003Text 1)The latest revolution isn t simply a matter of gentlemenreading other gentlemen s e-mail.3.动名词与不定式检测题10.(2004Textl)With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet,finding promising openings(空 缺)can be time-consuming andinefficient.Working w

12、ith a personal search agent means havinganother set of eyes looking out for you.11.(2004 完形)All these conditions tend to increase the probability of achild committing a criminal act.12.(2001Text5)I have discovered,as perhaps Kelsey will after hermuch-publicized resignation from the editorship of She

13、 after a build-up ofstress,that abandoning the doctrine of-juggling your life,and makingthe alternative move into-downshifting brings with it far greaterrewards than financial success and social status.13.(1998Text4)Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nationdeveloping more and more reg

14、ional competition,as population growth inthe Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.三、名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句。注：用从句代替名词充当句子成分，称之为名词性从句。1.主语从句:that引导(陈述句)、whether、what等疑问词引导(what疑问句)。14.(2006Text3)That these seas are being overfished has been known foryears.15.(1993.74)And it is imagined

15、by many that the operations of thecommon mind can be by no means compared with these processes(thescientists4 mind processes),and that they have to be acquired by a sort ofspecial training.16.(2000.72)It is obvious that the strength of a country4s economy isdirectly bound up with the efficiency of i

16、ts agriculture and industry,andthat this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of allkinds.17.(2008.46)It may be said that the measure of the worth of any socialinstitution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience.18.(1994.75)Whether the Government should increase

17、 the financing ofpure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends onthe issue of which is seen as the driving force.2.宾语从句：that引导(可省一陈述句)、whether等疑问词引导(疑问句)。19.(2005Text2)Do you remember all those years when scientist argued(that)smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted t

18、hat we didn tknow for sure?20.(2004.61)The Greeks assumed that the structure of language hadsome connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europelong before people realized how diverse languages could be.21.(1997Text4)The test of any democratic society,he wrote in a WallStreet Journa

19、l column,lies not in how well it can control expression butin whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possiblelatitude.3.表语从句：that引导和as/as if弓 I导(陈述句)、because/why what等疑问词引导(疑问句)。22.(1997Text2)A report consistently brought back by visitors to the USis how friendly,courteous,and

20、 helpflil most Americans were to them.23.(2006Text3)The notion is that people have failed to detect themassive changes which have happened in the ocean because they havebeen looking back only a relatively short time into the past.4.同位语从句：that引导(陈述句)、疑问词引导(疑问句)。a.名词+同位语从句24.(2005Text3)A century ago,F

21、reud formulated his revolutionary theoiythat dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and住 ars.25.(2011.46)Allens contribution was to take an assumption we all share一that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts一andreveals its erroneous nature.26.(2009Textl)The

22、 conventional view that education should be one ofthe very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development inpoor countries is wrong.(3)名词性从句检测题：27.What he wanted to convey was that he was innocent,but the publicconsidered that the fact that the affair had a strong influence on thefemale

23、 stars was the prominent evidence fbr his fault.28.(2012Textl)But in her new book,Join the Club,Tina Rosenbergcontends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what shecalls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power ofgroup dynamics to help individuals improve

24、 their lives and possibly theworld.29.(2012Text2)Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation,and that only thefederal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.30.(2010Text2)The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating thatt

25、he case(Bilski)would be heard by all 12 of the court s judges,ratherthan a typical panel of three,and that one issue it wants to evaluate iswhether it should reconsider its State Street Bank ruling.(2010-27)Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?A.Its ruling complies with the court decisi

26、ons.B.It involves a very big business transaction.C.It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.D.It may change the legal practices in the U.S.第三章形容词性语法内容一、语法功能：定语、表语、补语、状语。例：She is beautiful.We find the exam interesting.The girl stood there,full of confidence.He is a handsome boy.He is a boy who i

27、s handsome.We should know the culture past and present.二、形容词性从句：定语从句-限定性定语从句(that可)、非限定性定语从句(that否)o例：31.(2005.47)Multi-media groups have been increasingly successful:groups which bring together television,radio,newspapers,magazines andpublishing houses that work in relation to one another.32.(1999T

28、ext2)Some companies are limiting the risk by conductingonline transactions only with established business partners who are givenaccess to the company s private intranet.33.He studied hard at school when he was young,which contributed a lotto his success in his career.1.关系代词引导的定语从句：that引导(做连词可省)、whic

29、h引导、who引导、whom引导、whose引导。例：34.Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standardtemplates(模式)into which they plug(嵌入，套入)each day s events.35.(2012Textl)But in her new book,Join the Club,Tina Rosenbergcontends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what shecalls the so

30、cial cure,in which organizations and officials use the power ofgroup dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly theworld.2.关系副词引导的定语从句：when引导、where引导、why引导、whereby 弓 I 导。例：36.Television is one of the means whereby these feelings are created andconveyed.37.(1998cloze)By contrast,th

31、ey saw in the preceding hundred yearsfrom 1659 to 1750,when England was still a completely agriculturalcountry,a period of abundance and prosperity.38.(2005Text3)Of all the components of a good night s sleep,dreamsseem to be least within our control.In dreams,a window opens into aworld where logic i

32、s suspended and dead people speak.3.as引导的定语从句:a.引导限定性定语从句：固定搭配的必须必suchas，the same3as(that),as as；例：39.(2001Text4)The most important forces behind the massive(巨大的)M&A(并购)wave are the same that underlie(弓 I起)the globalizationprocess.40.The sun gives us as much energy every minute as mankind uses in ay

33、ear.b.引导非限定性定语从句：代替which出现在主句之前。例：41.(2006Text2)Stratford-on-Avon,as we all know,has only one industry一William Shakespeare一but there are two distinctively separate andincreasingly hostile branches.42.(2006Translation)This description even fits the majority eminentscholars.Being learned in some branc

34、hes of human knowledge is onething;living in-public and industrious thoughts,as Emersion wouldsay,is something else.作文常用句型：As is shown in the pictures,As is seen from the chart,Asis vividly betrayed in the cartoon above,4.定语从句和同位语从句区分：例：The conclusion that they have drawn is wrong.The conclusion tha

35、t they won t accept our conditions is wrong.5.定语从句检测题43.(2012Text3)In the idealized version of how science is done,factsabout the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objectiveresearchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.44.(2006 翻译)The definition also excludes the

36、majority of factors,despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method wherebymany intellectuals earn their living.45.(1994 完形 54)The words used by the speaker may stir upunfavorable reactions in the listener 45 interfere with his comprehension.A.who B.as C.which D.what46.(2006Text2)Hi

37、lton is building its own hotel there,which you may besure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars,the Lear Lounge,the Banquo Banqueting Room,and so forth,and will be very expensive.47.(2008Text4)They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence madeavailable in 1998,which almost certainly proved T

38、homas Jefferson hadfathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.48.(2008Text4)Washington,who had begun to believe that all men werecreated equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during theRevolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives togrant his slave

39、s their freedom in his will.(2008-40)Washington s decision to free slaves originated from hisA.moral considerationB.military experienceC.financial conditionsD.political stand49.(2010Textl)Of all the changes that have taken place inEnglish-language newspapers during the past quarter-century,perhaps t

40、hemost far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope andseriousness of their arts coverage.50.(2010Textl)It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the averagereader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality artscriticism could be found in most big-city newspapers

41、.三、分词：现在分词、过去分词-时态与主被动1.语法功能：定语、表语、宾语/主语补足语、状语。2.定语：a.We are often attracted by enchanting music.We must adapt(适应)our thinking to the changed conditions.b.The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.51.(2006Text4)After all,what is the one modem form of expressionalmost complete

42、ly dedicated(用于)to depicting happiness.c.分词作定语检测题:52.（1996 年语法）There was a very interesting remark in a book by anEnglishman that I read recently 4 what he thought was areason for this American characteristic.A.giving B.gave C.to give D.gives53.（1995 年语法）How many of us ,say,a meeting that isirreleva

43、nt to us would be interested in the discussion.A.attended B.attending C.to attend D.have attended54.（1999 年语法）I te a s y to blame the decline of conversation on thepace of modern life and on the vague（不明确的）changesplace in our ever-changing world.A.taking B.to take C.take D.Taken55.（2003.63）The empha

44、sis on data gathered first hand,combined with across-cultural perspective brought to analysis of cultures past and present,makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.56.（2010Textl）We are even farther removed from the unfocusednewspaper reviews published in England between the

45、turn of the 20thcentury and the eve of World War II,at a time when newsprint wasdirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to thepublications in which it appeared.（2010-22）Newspaper reviews in England before World War II werecharacterized byA.free themes B.casual stylesC.elabor

46、ate layout D.radical viewpoints3.表语：a.His argument is very convincing.b.分词作表语检测题：57.（2005Text3）In dreams,a window opens into a world where logic issuspended（暂停、终止）and dead people speak.4.补足语：主要看动作是谁发出的，宾语发出就是宾语补足语。a.While walking along the streets,we often hear someone singing forhis/her living.In t

47、he morning,people woke up and found the world outside their housecompletely changed.b.分词做补足语检测题：Teachers always speak loudly in order to make themselves heard.5.状语：注意分词的逻辑主语，由主被动关系决定分词选择（切记）。a.Changing from solid to liquid,water takes in heat from all substances（物质）near it.Seen in this light,economi

48、c crisis is not as serious as people generallysuppose.b.分词作状语检测题：58.（1998 语法）He wasn t asked to take on the chairmanship of thesociety,insufficiently（不够地）popular with all members.A.being considered B.considering C.to be considered D.havingconsidered59.(1992 语法)of the burden of ice,the balloon climbe

49、d upand drifted to the south.A.To be free B.Freeing C.To free D.Freed60.(1993 语法)All flights because of the snowstorm(暴风雪)，we decided to take the train.A.were canceled B.had been canceled C.having canceled D.havingbeen canceled61.(2012Text4)Politicians have repeatedly-backloaded public-sectorpay dea

50、ls,keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays andespecially pensions that are already generous.62.(1999Textl)Feeling threatened,companies responded by writingever-longer warning labels,trying to anticipate(预测)every possibleaccident.63.(2004.64)Being interested in the relationship of lan