备战2023年高考英语考点全国通用微专题17阅读理解之人与社会.pdf

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1、考向1 7间读理解之人与社会真题典例Passagel（2022全国高考真题）A s w e age,even if w e re heal t hy,t he heart just isn t as effi ci ent i nprocessi ng oxygen as i t used t o be.In m ost peopl e t he fi rst si gns show up i n t hei r 50s or earl y 60s.A nd am ongpeopl e w ho don t exerci se,t he changes can st art even soon

2、er.“T hi nk of a rubber band.In t he begi nni ng,i t i s fl exi bl e,but put i t i n a draw er for 20 years and i t w i l l becom edry and easi l y broken,says D r.Ben Levi ne,a heart speci al i st at t he U ni versi t y of T exas.T hafs w hat happens t ot he heart.Fort unat el y for t hose i n m i

3、dl i fe,Levi ne i s fi ndi ng t hat even if you haven t been an ent husi ast i c exerci ser,get t i ng i n shape now m ay hel p i m prove your agi ng heart.Levi ne and hi s research t eam sel ect ed vol unt eers aged bet w een 45 and 64 w ho di d not exerci se m uch butw ere ot herw i se heal t hy.P

4、art i ci pant s w ere random l y di vi ded i nt o t w o groups.T he fi rst group part i ci pat ed i n aprogram of nonaerobi c（无氧）exerci se-bal ance t rai ni ng and w ei ght t rai ni ngt hree t i m es a w eek.T he secondgroup di d hi gh-i nt ensi t y aerobi c exerci se under t he gui dance of a t rai

5、 ner for four or m ore days a w eek.A ft er t w oyears,t he second group saw rem arkabl e i m provem ent s i n heart heal t h.“W e t ook t hese 50-year-ol d heart s and t urned t he cl ock back t o 30-or 35-year-ol d heart s,v says Levi ne.A ndt he reason t hey got so m uch st ronger and fi t t er w

6、 as t hat t hei r heart s coul d now fi l l a l ot bet t er and pum p（泵送）al ot m ore bl ood duri ng exerci se.But t he heart s of t hose w ho part i ci pat ed i n l ess i nt ense exerci se didn t change,hesays.“T he sw eet spot i n l i fe t o st art exerci si ng,if you haven t al ready,i s i n l at

7、e m i ddl e age w hen t he heart st i l l hasflexibility,Levine says.W e put heal t hy 70-year-ol ds t hrough a yearl ong exerci se t rai ni ng program,and not hi nghappened t o t hem at al l.”D r.N i eca G ol dberg,a spokesw om an for t he A m eri can H eart A ssoci at i on,says Levine s fi ndi ngs

8、 are a greatst art.But t he st udy w as sm al l and needs t o be repeat ed w i t h far l arger groups of peopl e t o det erm i ne exact l y w hi chaspect s of an exerci se rout i ne m ake t he bi ggest di fference.1.W hat does Levi ne w ant t o expl ai n by m ent i oni ng t he rubber band?A.T he ri

9、ght w ay of exerci si ng.B.T he causes of a heart at t ack.C.T he di ffi cul t y of keepi ng fi t.D.T he agi ng process of t he heart.2.In w hi ch aspect w ere t he t w o groups di fferent i n t erm s of research desi gn?A.D i et pl an.B.Professi onal background.C.Exerci se t ype.D.Previ ous physi c

10、al condi t i on.3.W hat does Levi ne s research fi nd?A.M i ddl e-aged heart s get younger w i t h aerobi c exerci se.B.H i gh-i nt ensi t y exerci se i s m ore sui t abl e for t he young.C.It i s never t oo l at e fbr peopl e t o st art t aki ng exerci se.D.T he m ore exerci se w e do,t he st ronge

11、r our heart s get.4.W hat does D r.N i eca G ol dberg suggest?A.M aki ng use of t he fi ndi ngs.B.Int ervi ew i ng t he st udy part i ci pant s.C.Conduct i ng furt her research.D.Cl ari fyi ng t he purpose of t he st udy.【答案】1.D 2.C 3.A 4,C【解析】本文是篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。1.推理判断题。根据第二段的“T hi nk of a rubbe

12、r band.In t he begi nni ng,i t i s fl exi bl e,but put i t i n a draw er for20 years and i t w i l l becom e dry and easi l y broken,says D r.Ben Levi ne,a heart speci al i st at t he U ni versi t y ofT exas.T hat s w hat happens t o t he heart.（“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专

13、家本莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。）“可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。2.推理判断题。根据第三段的“T he fi rst group part i ci pat ed i n a program of nonaerobi c exerci se-bal ancet rai ni ng and w ei ght t rai ni ngt hree t i m es a w eek.T he second group di d hi gh-i nt ensi t y aerobi c exerci se under t hegui dance of a trai ner

14、for four or m ore days a w eek.（第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动-平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4 天或更多的高强度有氧运动。户可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。3.细节理解题。根据第三段的“T he second group di d hi gh-i nt ensi t y aerobi c exerci se under t he gui dance of at rai ner for four or m ore days a w eek.A ft er t w o years,t he second group saw

15、rem arkabl e i m provem ent s i n heartheal t h.（第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4 天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。户和第四段的“W e t ook t hese 50-year-ol d heart s and t urned t he cl ock back t o 30-or 35-year-ol dheart s-says Levi ne.（莱文说:“我们把这些5 0 岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或 35 岁的心脏。可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。4.推理判断题。根据最后一

16、段的“But t he st udy w as sm al l and needs t o be repeat ed w i t h far l arger groups ofpeopl e t o det erm i ne exact l y w hi ch aspect s of an exerci se rout i ne m ake t he bi ggest difference.（但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。户可知，妮卡戈德堡博上建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。Passage2（2022全国高考真题）O ver t he

17、 l ast seven years,m ost st at es have banned t ext i ng by dri vers,and publ i cservi ce cam pai gns have t ri ed a w i de range of m et hods t o persuade peopl e t o put dow n t hei r phones w hen t hey arebehi nd t he w heel.Yet t he probl em,by just about any m easure,appears t o be get t i ng w

18、 orse.A m eri cans are st i l l t ext i ng w hi l edri vi ng,as w el l as usi ng soci al net w orks and t aki ng phot os.Road acci dent s,w hi ch had fal l en for years,are nowri si ng sharpl y.T hat i s part l y because peopl e are dri vi ng m ore,but M ark Roseki nd,t he chief of t he N at i onal

19、H i ghw ay T raffi cSafet y A dm i ni st rat i on,sai d di st ract ed（分心）dri vi ng w as onl y i ncreasi ng,unfort unat el y.Bi g change requi res bi g i deas.he sai d i n a speech l ast m ont h,referri ng broadl y t o t he need t o i m prove roadsafet y.So t o t ry t o change a di st i nct l y m ode

20、m behavi or,l aw m akers and publ i c heal t h expert s are reachi ng back t oan ol d approach:T hey w ant t o t reat di st ract ed dri vi ng l i ke drunk dri vi ng.A n i dea from l aw m akers i n N ew Y ork i s t o gi ve pol i ce offi cers a new devi ce cal l ed t he T ext al yzer.It w oul dw ork l

21、 i ke t hi s:A n offi cer arri vi ng at t he scene of a crash coul d ask for t he phones of t he dri vers and use t heT ext al yzer t o check i n t he operat i ng syst em for recent act i vi t y.T he t echnol ogy coul d det erm i ne w het her a dri verhad just t ext ed,em ai l ed or done anyt hi ng

22、el se t hat i s not al l ow ed under N ew Y ork s hands-free dri vi ng l aw s.W e need som et hi ng on t he books t hat can change peopl e s behavior,said Fel i x W.O rt i z,w ho pushed fbrt he st at e s 2001 ban on hand-hel d devi ces by dri vers.If t he T ext al yzer bi l l becom es l aw,he sai d,

23、peopl e are goi ngt o be m ore afrai d t o put t hei r hands on t he cel l phone.n5.W hi ch of t he fol l ow i ng best descri bes t he ban on dri vers t ext i ng i n t he U S?A.Ineffect i ve.B.U nnecessary.C.Inconsi st ent.D.U nfai r.6.W hat can t he T ext al yzer hel p a pol i ce offi cer fi nd out

24、?A.W here a dri ver cam e from.B.W het her a dri ver used t hei r phone.C.H ow fast a dri ver w as goi ng.D.W hen a dri ver arri ved at t he scene.7.W hat does t he underl i ned w ord som et hi ng i n t he l ast paragraph refer t o?A.A dvi ce.B.Data.C.T est s.D.Law s.8.W hat i s a sui t abl e t i t

25、l e for t he t ext?A.T o D ri ve or N ot t o D ri ve?T hi nk Before You St artB.T ext i ng and D ri vi ng?W at ch O ut for t he T ext al yzerC.N ew Y ork Banni ng H and-H el d D evi ces by D ri vers.D.T he N ext G enerat i on Cel l Phone:T he T ext al yzer-【答案】5.A 6.B 7.D 8.B【解析】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手

26、机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用T ext al yzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。5.推理判断题。根据第一段中“O ver t he l ast seven years,m ost st at es have banned t ext i ng by dri vers,and publ i cservi ce cam pai gns have t ri ed a w i de range of m et hods t o persuade peopl e t o put dow n t hei r phones w hen t he

27、y arebehi nd t he w heel.（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yet t he probl em,by just about any m easure,appears t o beget t i ng w orse.（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A 选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。6.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“T he t

28、echnol ogy coul d det erm i ne w het her a dri ver had just t ext ed,em ai l ed ordone anyt hi ng el se t hat i s not al l ow ed under N ew Y ork s hands-free dri vi ng l aw s.”（这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，T extalyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此相符，故选B。7.词

29、义猜测题。根据句中的“W e need som et hi ng on t he books t hat can change peopl e s behavior.（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，som ething是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If t he T ext al yzerbi l l becom es l aw,he sai d,peopl e are goi ng t o be m ore afrai d t o put thei r hands on the cel l phone.（他说，如果T extalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手

30、机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当T extalyzer法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故 som ething指代的是法律。故选D。8.主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放卜手机。可是问题却越来越严重第三段中“T hat i s part l y because peopl e are dri vi ng m ore.”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用T extalyzer技术，来监

31、控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。故 B 选项T ext i ng and D ri vi ng?W at ch O ut for t he T ext al yzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。Passages（2022全国高考真题）W e j ournali st s l i ve i n a new age of st oryt el l i ng,w i t h m any new m ul t i m edi a t ool s.M any young peopl

32、e don t even real i ze it s new,For t hem,it?s just norm al.T hi s hi t hom e for m e as I w as si t t i ng w i t h m y 2-year-ol d grandson on a sofa over t he Spri ng Fest i val hol i day.I had brought a chi ldren s book t o read.It had si m pl e w ords and col orful pi ct ures-a perfect m at ch f

33、or hi s age.Pi ct ure t hi s:m y grandson si t t i ng on m y l ap as I hol d t he book i n front so he can see t he pi ct ures.A s I read,hereaches out and pokes（戳）t he page w i t h hi s fi nger.W hat s up w i t h t hat?H e just l i kes t he pi ct ures,I t hought.T hen I turned t he page and cont i

34、nued.H e poked t hepage even harder.I nearl y dropped t he book.I w as confused:Is t here som et hi ng w rong w i t h t hi s ki d?T hen I real i zed w hat w as happeni ng.H e w as act ual l y a st ranger t o books.H i s fat her frequent l y am used t heboy w i t h a t abl et com put er w hi ch w as

35、l oaded w i t h col orful pi ct ures t hat com e al i ve w hen you poke t hem.Het hought m y st orybook w as l i ke t hat.Sorry,ki d.T hi s book i s not part of your hi gh-t ech w orl d.It s an out dat ed,l i fel ess t hi ng.A n ant i que,l i ke yourgrandfat her.W el l,I m ay be ol d,but I m not hop

36、el essl y chal l enged,di gi t al l y speaki ng.I edi t vi deo and produceaudi o.I use m obi l e paym ent.T ve even bui l t w ebsi t es.T here5s one not abl e gap i n m y new-m edi a experi ence,how ever:T ve spent l i t t l e t i m e i n front of a cam era,si nce I have a face m ade for radi o.But

37、t hat didn t st op Chi na D ai l y from aski ng m e l ast w eek t o share a personalst ory for a vi deo proj ect about t he i nt egrat i on of Bei j i ng,T i anj i n and H ebei provi nce.A nyw ay,grandpa i s now an i nt ernet st ar t w o m i nut es of fam e!I prom i se not t o l et i t go t o m y he

38、ad.But Iw i l l m ake sure m y 2-year-ol d grandson sees i t on hi s t abl et.9.W hat do t he underl i ned w ords“hi t hom e for m e”m ean i n paragraph 2?A.Provi ded shel t er for m e.B.Becam e very cl ear t o m e.C.T ook t he pressure off m e.D.W orked qui t e w el l on m e.10.W hy di d t he ki d

39、poke t he st orybook?A.H e t ook i t for a t abl et com put er.B.H e di sl i ked t he col orful pi ct ures.C.H e w as angry w i t h hi s grandpa.D.H e w ant ed t o read i t by hi m sel f.11.W hat does t he aut hor t hi nk of hi m sel f?A.Soci al l y am bi t i ous.B.Physi cal l y at t ract i ve.C.Fi

40、nanci al l y i ndependent.D.D i gi t al l y com pet ent.12.W hat can w e l earn about t he aut hor as a j ournal i st?A.H e l acks experi ence i n hi s job.B.H e sel dom appears on t el evi si on.C.H e m anages a video depart m ent.D.H e oft en i nt ervi ew s i nt ernet st ars.【答案】9.BIO.A ll.D 12.B【

41、解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述 作者曾经是一名记者，在春节期间，作者给孙子拿了一本儿童读物，孙子却以为是平板电脑，不停地戳书。9.词句猜测题。根据第一段“W e j ournali st s l i ve i n a new age of st oryt el l i ng,w i t h m any new m ul t i m edi a t ool s.M any young peopl e don t even real i ze ifs new.For t hem,it s just norm al.”以及画线词后文”as I w as si t t i ng w i t hm

42、y 2-year-ol d grandson on a sofa over t he Spri ng Fest i val hol i day.“可知,作者是记者,生活在一个讲故事的新时代，有许多新的多媒体工具。许多年轻人甚至没有意识到它是新的。对他们来说，这很正常。而这在春节假期，作者和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上，尤其清楚认识到了这一点。故画线词意思是“我 很 清 楚 故 选 B。10.细节理解题。根据第五段中“H e w as act ual l y a st ranger t o books.H i s fat her frequent l y am used t he boy w i t h

43、a t abl et com put er w hi ch w as l oaded w i t h col orful pi ct ures t hat com e al i ve w hen you poke t hem.H e t hought m yst orybook w as l i ke t hat.（事实上，他对书本并不熟悉。他的父亲经常用一台装有彩色图片的平板电脑逗他开心，当你戳它们的时候，这些图片就会变得栩栩如生。他认为我的故事书就是那样的户可知，那孩子戳故事书是因为他把它当成了平板电脑。故选A。11.细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“W el l,I m ay be ol d

44、,but I m not hopel essl y chal l enged,di gi t al l y speaki ng.Iedi t vi deo and produce audi o.I use m obi l e paym ent.I ve even bui l t w ebsites.（我可能老了，但从数字角度来说，我还没有毫无希望的挑战。我编辑视频，制作音频。我用移动支付。我甚至建立了网站）“可知，作者认为自己懂数码技术。故选D。12.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“T here s one not abl e gap i n m y new-m edi a experi enc

45、e,how ever:I ve spentl i t t l e t i m e i n front of a cam era,si nce I have a face m ade for radio.（然而，在我的新媒体体验中有一个明显的差距：我很少在镜头前呆着，因为我的脸是为电台而生的）可知，作者作为记者他很少上电视。故选B。Passage4（2022全国高考真题）Li ke m ost of us,I t ry t o be m i ndful of food t hat goes t o w ast e.T he arugul a（芝麻菜）w as t o m ake a ni ce

46、green sal ad,roundi ng out a roast chi cken di nner.But I ended up w orki ng l at e.T hen fri endscal l ed w i t h a di nner i nvi t at i on.I st uck t he chi cken i n t he freezer.But as days passed,t he arugul a w ent bad.Evenw orse,I had unt hi nki ngl y bought w ay t oo m uch;I coul d have m ade

47、 si x sal ads w i t h w hat I t hrew out.In a w orl d w here nearl y 800 m i l l i on peopl e a year go hungry,food w ast e goes agai nst t he m oral grai n,asEl i zabet h Royt e w ri t es i n t hi s m ont h s cover st ory.ItJs jaw-dropping how m uch perfect l y good food i s t hrow naw ay from ugl

48、y”（but qui t e eat abl e）veget abl es rej ect ed by grocers t o l arge am ount s of uneat en di shes t hrow ni nt o rest aurant garbage cans.Produci ng food t hat no one eat s w ast es t he w at er,fuel,and ot her resources used t o grow i t.T hat m akes foodw ast e an envi ronm ent al probl em.In f

49、act,Royt e w ri t es,6if food w ast e w ere a count ry,i t w oul d be t he t hi rd l argestproducer of greenhouse gases i n t he w orl d.,If that s hard t o underst and,l et s keep i t as si m pl e as t he arugul a at t he back of m y refri gerat or.M i ke Curt i nsees m y arugul a st ory al l t he

50、t i m e-but for hi m,i t*s m ore l i ke 12 bones of donat ed st raw berri es neari ng t hei r l astdays.Curt i n i s CEO of D C Cent ral K i t chen i n W ashi ngt on,D.C.,w hi ch recovers food and t urns i t i nt o heal t hym eal s.Last year i t recovered m ore t han 807,500 pounds of food by t aki