The-age-of-Enlightment-(启蒙时期的英国文学).ppt

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1、The Age of EnlightmentvAfterthetempestouseventsofthe17thcentury,Englandenteredaperiodofacomparativelypeacefuldevelopment.vTheRevolutionof1688,whichbanishedthelastoftheStuartkingsandcalledWilliamofOrange(husbandofkingJamesIIdaughterMary)tothethrone,markstheendofthelongstruggleforpoliticalfreedominEng

2、land.HistoricalBackgroundHistoricalBackgroundvHostileparties:theliberalWhigs,theconservativeTories.vTherapiddevelopmentofsociallife.InthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturysomethreethousandpubliccoffeehousesandalargenumberofprivateclubsappearedinLondonalone;andthesociabilityoftheseclubswastypicalofallEn

3、glishcities.HistoricalBackgroundHistoricalBackgroundvTheinfluenceofthissociallifeonliteraturewasinevitable.Nearlyallwritersfrequentedthecoffeehouses,andthemattersdiscussedtherebecamesubjectsofliterature;hencetheenormousamountofeighteen-centurywritingdevotedtotransientaffairs,topolitics,fashions,goss

4、ip.HistoricalBackgroundHistoricalBackgroundvWiththeadventofthe18thcentury,inEngland,asinotherEuropeancountries,theresprangintolifeapublicmovementknownastheEnlightenment.TheEnlightenmentonthewhole,wasanexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Theenlightenersfoughtaga

5、instclassinequality,stagnation(停滞),prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.Theyattemptedtoplaceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankindbyconnectingthemwiththeactualdeedsandrequirementsofthepeople.HistoricalBackground-HistoricalBackground-EnlightenmentvEnglishenlightenersdifferedfromthoseofFrance.Whi

6、lethephilosophersandwritersofFrance“clearedthemindsofmenforthecomingrevolution,theEnglishenlightenerssetnorevolutionaryaimsbeforethem.HistoricalBackground-HistoricalBackground-EnlightenmentvThefirstrepresentativesoftheEnglishEnlightenmentwereJosephAddison(1672-1717),andRichardSteele(1672-1929),thepu

7、blishersofamoralisticjournalofTheSpectator,andthepoetAlexanderPope(1688-1744).HistoricalBackground-HistoricalBackground-EnlightenmentTheEnlightenmentEuropeanintellectualmovementreacheditshighpointinthe18thcentury.Enlightenmentthinkerswerebelieversinsocialprogressandintheliberatingpossibilitiesofrati

8、onalandscientificknowledge.Theywereoftencriticalofexistingsocietyandwerehostiletoreligion,whichtheysawaskeepingthehumanmindchaineddownbysuperstition.vTheAmericanandFrenchrevolutionswerejustifiedbyEnlightenmentprinciplesofhumannaturalrights.LeadingrepresentativesoftheEnlightenmentwereVoltaire(伏尔泰),Le

9、ssing（莱辛），andDenisDiderot（狄德罗）.HistoricalBackground-HistoricalBackground-EnlightenmentvThemiddleofthe18thcenturyinEnglandseestheinception(起初)ofanewliterarycurrent-thatofsentimentalism.vSentimentalismcameintobeingasaresultofabitterdiscontentonthepartofcertainenlightenersinsocialreality.vTherepresenta

10、tivesofsentimentalismcontinuedtostruggleagainstfeudalismbuttheyvaguelysensedatthesametimethecontradictionofbourgeoisprogressthatbroughtwithitenslavementandruintothepeople.Thephilosophyoftheenlighteners,thoughrationalandmaterialisticinitsessence,didnotexcludesenses,orsentiments,asameansofperceptionan

11、dlearning.HistoricalBackground-HistoricalBackground-Sentimentalism(感伤主义)vInfiction,itwasfirstfoundinPamela,anearlyEnglishrealisticnovelbySamuelRichardson.Byconcentrationthedistressesofthepoorunfortunateandvirtuouspeople,hewasactuallydemonstratingthateffusive(流出的)emotionwasevidenceofkindnessandgoodne

12、ss.Areadysympathyandaninwardpainforthemiseryofothersbecamepartofacceptedsocialmoralityandethics.Sentimentalism(感伤主义)vsomesentimentalworksworsenedintomereself-indulgentpicturesofgriefandpainandtearswereshedtooprofuselyandjustfor“theluxuryofgrief.vSomefamousnovelsofthekindareLaurenceSternesASentimenta

13、lJourneythroughFranceandItaly(1768),GoldsmithTheVicarofWakefield(1766).Sentimentalism(感伤主义)vTheEnglishrealisticnovelasaliterarygenrefloweredinthemiddledecadesofthe18thcentury.Inthelastdecades,however,itgraduallygavewaytoGothicnovel.GothicNovelvThe term Gothic derived from the frequent setting of the

14、 tales in the ruined,moss-covered castles of the Middle Ages,but it has been extended to any novel which exploits the possibilities of mystery and terror in gloomy,craggy(崎岖的，陡峭的)landscapes,decaying mansions with dark dungeons,secret passages,instruments of torture,ghostly visitations,ghostly music

15、or voices,ancient drapes（窗帘）and tapestries（挂毯）behind which lurks（潜伏）no one knows what,and often,as the central story,the persecution（迫害）of a beautiful maiden by an obsessed and haggard(形容枯槁)villain.GothicNovelvGothic novels,in rebellion against the increasing commercialism and rationalism,opened up

16、to later fiction the dark,irrational side of human nature-the savage egoism,the perverse（不正当）impulses,and the nightmarish terror that lie beneath the controlled and ordered surface of the conscious mind.GothicNovelvfound the artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman

17、writers and tried to control literary creation by fixed laws and rules.vstretching from 1660 to 1784.Neoclassicists,on the one hand,modeled themselves on Greek and Latin authors;on the other hand,they kept to order,logic,restrained emotion and accuracy.They had also specific rules for almost every g

18、enre of literature.For example,in drama,they held that plays should be written in the heroic couplets,and that,as far as their content is concerned,they should stick to the unities of time,space and action.Neo-classicismAlexander Pope(1688-1744)vLifeandhisMajorAchievementsvPopesPositioninEnglishLite

19、raturevLifeandcareerBornintoaRomanCatholicfamilyIllhealthplaguedPopeLittleregularschoolingNouniversity,novoting,nopublicofficeforhimTurntopoetryinhisearlylifevPointsofviewBelievedintheeducationofsocialmorality,classiccultureandscientificknowledgeUsedsatiretofightagainstsocialcorruptionanddebasementU

20、pheldthesocialsystemasanidealone,saying“Whateveris,isright.”凡存在的都合理Itishisdutytocorrectandenlightenpeoplethroughpoetry.Advocateorder,reason,logic,restrainedemotion,accuracy,goodtasteanddecorum规范性Literaturehadthepowertoinfluenceandenrichlife,toeducateandcorrectpeople.vFeaturesofhisworksv(1)Atalentofw

21、it,sayingbrilliantandtruethingsinasparklingway,e.g.Forfoolsrushinwhereangelsfeartotread.智者避之,愚者趋之。Toerrishuman,toforgive,divine.人难免错误,宽恕别人是神圣的Alittlelearningisadangerousthing.一知半解,为害不浅NatureandNatureslawslayhidinnight:Godsaid,“LetNewtonbe!”andallwaslight.QuotationsfromPopev“Charmstrikesthesight,butm

22、eritwinsthesoul.”v美貌中看,美德感人vBlessed is he who expects nothing,for he shall never be disappointed.无所求的人是幸福的，因为他永远也不会失望。vAn honest man is the noblest work of God.诚实的人是上帝创造的最佳作品。v(2)AgreatversesatiristTheaimofhissatireistoburnawaythefalsityandcorruption,andtorevealthedangeroffalseprideinman,torepairthe

23、decayingworldandtorestorethesocietytoitsoriginalhealthyconditions.v(3)HeroiccoupletLinesofiambicpentameterrhymeinpairsPopecarriedthistoitslaststageofperfection.v(4)Masterlycraftsmanshipmarkedbycarefuldiction,aremarkablerhythmicalvarietyofpatterns,precisionofmeaning,harmonyoflanguageandstructure,afir

24、mcontroloftheformandflexibilityofstylesv4.MajorworksAnEssayonCriticism(1711)TheRapeoftheLock(1712-14)TheDunciad(1728-42)TheEssayonMan(1733-34)vOneTruthAllNatureisbutart,unknowntothee;Allchance,direction,whichthoucanstnotsee；Alldiscord,harmonynotunderstood;Allpartialevil,universalgood:And,spiteofprid

25、e,inerringreasonsspite,Onetruthisclear:Whateveris,isRIGHT.fromAnEssayonMan1 v整个自然都是艺术，不过你不领悟；一切偶然都是规定，只是你没有看清；一切不协，是你不理解的和谐；一切局部的祸，乃是全体的福。高傲可鄙，只因它不近情理。凡存在的都合理，这就是清楚的道理。Recommend289-304linesinRecommend289-304linesinAnEssayonCriticismAnEssayonCriticism“ConceitConceit”TruewitisNaturetoadvantagedressed,

26、Whatoftwasthought,butneersowellexpressed.自然巧描摹，始见文思奇；所思虽常见，妙笔则空前。CommentsonDefoeuSelectedReadingsDanielDefoeuDefoesLifeuDefoesWorksubornin1661,diedin1731usonofaLondonbutchernamedFoeuat40,addedthearistocraticprefixDe-uajack-of-all-tradesaswellasawriteruaradicalNonconformistinreligionuajournalistandap

27、amphleteeruknewprisonlife(forwritingthepamphletThe Shortest Way with Dissenters)Defoes Life(p171-172)Verses:Hymn to the Pillory 枷刑颂(1702)Fictions:Robinson Crusoe (1719)Captain Singleton辛格尔顿船长(1720)Duncan Campbell (1720)Memoirs of a Cavalier (1720)Colonel Jack (1722)Moll Flanders 摩尔弗兰德斯(1722)Journal

28、of the Plague Year 大疫年纪事(1722)The History of the Devil (1726)Defoes Works Comments on DefoeuAlongwithSamuelRichardson,DefoeisconsideredthefounderoftheEnglishnovel(beforehistimestorieswereusuallywrittenaslongpoemsordramas)uoftengiventhecreditforthediscoveryofthemodernnovel;butwhetherornothedeservesth

29、athonorisanopenquestion(Robinson Crusoeislargelyanadventurestoryratherthanthestudyofhumancharacter)RobinsonCrusoeAbout Robinson Crusoe The hero:Robinson CrusoeCrusoes Life on the IslandRelated AnalysisSaving Friday Building a fenced-in inhabitation每每个个成成长长中中的的青青少少年年，尤尤其其是是男男孩孩子子都都应应该该读读读读它它。卢卢梭梭鲁鲁滨滨

30、孙孙漂漂流流记记笛笛福福关于鲁滨孙漂流记关于鲁滨孙漂流记鲁滨孙漂流记一问世即风靡全球又历久不衰。至今已出了几百版，几乎译成了世界上所有各种文字。据说除圣经之外，鲁滨孙漂流记是再版最多的一本书。在欧美国家是儿童的必读书。英国小说家。早年从事过许英国小说家。早年从事过许多行业，多行业，5959岁开始写小说。受岁开始写小说。受苏格兰水手真实遭遇的启发，苏格兰水手真实遭遇的启发，于于17191719年发表第一部小说鲁年发表第一部小说鲁滨孙漂流记，大受欢迎。笛滨孙漂流记，大受欢迎。笛福对于他描写的人物理解较深，福对于他描写的人物理解较深，善于写个人在不利的环境中克善于写个人在不利的环境中克服困难。他的主

31、人公有聪明才服困难。他的主人公有聪明才智，充满活力。尤其擅长描写智，充满活力。尤其擅长描写环境，细节逼真，使人如身临环境，细节逼真，使人如身临其境。其境。笛福（笛福（Defoe，16601731）他五十九岁才开始写小说，第一部小说就他五十九岁才开始写小说，第一部小说就是鲁滨孙漂流记。这部小说发表后，是鲁滨孙漂流记。这部小说发表后，立即在全世界引起轰动，他也因此获得了立即在全世界引起轰动，他也因此获得了“英国和欧洲小说之父英国和欧洲小说之父”的称号。的称号。生存问题生存问题生存，还是毁灭，生存，还是毁灭，这是一个值得思考这是一个值得思考的问题。的问题。鲁滨孙及时调整悲观绝望的心态，决定在岛上顽强

32、地生存下去。吃、喝、吃、喝、住、穿是住、穿是人生存所人生存所依赖的物依赖的物质条件。质条件。物质问题物质问题计算时间、获得的东西、缺乏的东西、打造木栅栏围墙、每天觅食人没有精神人没有精神寄托，灵魂寄托，灵魂就无所依附。就无所依附。精神问题精神问题写日记，思考处境；得出经验教训，希望得到理解；安心于荒岛生活 在海在海难中，同船的中，同船的 11人中，死了十个，人中，死了十个，就他一个人活着，就他一个人活着，这是上帝是上帝对他的特他的特别关关照；照；从船上从船上获得大量得大量维持生活的必需品，持生活的必需品，这是上帝是上帝对他的特他的特别恩恩赐；他日他日记本上列出的六大本上列出的六大“好好处”更体

33、更体现了他要了他要顽强活下去的理由。活下去的理由。鲁滨孙虽身陷绝境，但他说服自己顽强的活着，并打定主意在岛上独自生活一辈子，这需要巨大的勇气。可以看出他是一个非常热爱生命、珍惜生活的人。他活着也许并非为了什么，仅仅是因为自己是一条生命，既然是生命就应该善待它。况且他活的积极、主动，活出了尊严，这样的人值得活着。鲁滨孙是一个珍惜生命，热爱生活；意志坚强，生存信念执著；勇于创造，务实肯干的人。“在最不幸的处境之中，我们也可以把好处和坏处对照起来看，从而找到聊以自慰的事情。”可以概括为一个人在逆境中不要悲观失望，而要努力看到积极的因素，从而改变自己被动的局面。鲁滨孙记录时间，是为了清楚地了解自己是怎

34、么活着的，可以活多长时间。这表明了他对生存下去充满信心。记叙了他制作日历，记录时间，从船上获得物品，艰难地打造木栅栏围墙，以及每天在岛上各处寻找食物。这样写，从一个侧面体现了人类创造生活的艰难，也表现了鲁滨孙勤于创造、务实肯干的精神。日记是为了记录生活，抚慰心灵，而且要面对自我。鲁滨孙记日记的行为，表明他作为一个文明人精神方面的需要，为了使自己的精神有所寄托，减轻心中的苦闷，便于深入思考当前的处境。在荒岛上，鲁滨孙有理由相信上帝的存在（这部作品里多次提到圣经及鲁滨孙对上帝的祈祷），有了这个前提，鲁滨孙就有了活下去的精神支柱，活的有理由，有意义。本文没有生动的故事，作者是通过心理描写来刻画人物性

35、格表现作品主题的。用第一人称来写，便于展现“我”的内心世界，使作品更具真实感，缩小了作品和读者之间的距离。坏处v我陷在一个可怕的荒岛上，没有重见天日的希望。我陷在一个可怕的荒岛上，没有重见天日的希望。v我现在被剔出来，与世隔绝，困苦万状。我现在被剔出来，与世隔绝，困苦万状。v我与人类隔绝，仿佛一个隐士。我与人类隔绝，仿佛一个隐士。v我没有衣服穿。我没有衣服穿。v我没有抵御野人和野兽袭击的防御力和手段。我没有抵御野人和野兽袭击的防御力和手段。v我没有人可以说话，也没有人来解除我的愁闷。我没有人可以说话，也没有人来解除我的愁闷。好处v但我还活着，没有想我同船的伙伴们一样，被水淹死。但我还活着，没有

36、想我同船的伙伴们一样，被水淹死。v但我也从全体船员中被剔出来，独免一死，上帝既然用神但我也从全体船员中被剔出来，独免一死，上帝既然用神力把我从死亡里救出来，一定也会救我脱离这个境地。力把我从死亡里救出来，一定也会救我脱离这个境地。v但我并未因为没有粮食，饿死在这不毛之地。但我并未因为没有粮食，饿死在这不毛之地。v但我是在一个热带气候里，即使有衣服，也穿不住。但我是在一个热带气候里，即使有衣服，也穿不住。v但我所流落的岛上，没有我在非洲看到的那种野兽。假使但我所流落的岛上，没有我在非洲看到的那种野兽。假使我在那里覆了舟，我又将怎样？我在那里覆了舟，我又将怎样？v但上帝却不可思议把我送到海岸附近，

37、使我可以从里面取但上帝却不可思议把我送到海岸附近，使我可以从里面取出许多有用的东西，使我终身用之不尽。出许多有用的东西，使我终身用之不尽。坏处好处v我陷在一个可怕的荒岛上，没有我陷在一个可怕的荒岛上，没有重见天日的希望。重见天日的希望。v我现在被剔出来，与世隔绝，困我现在被剔出来，与世隔绝，困苦万状。苦万状。v我与人类隔绝，仿佛一个隐士。我与人类隔绝，仿佛一个隐士。v我没有衣服穿。我没有衣服穿。v我没有抵御野人和野兽袭击的防我没有抵御野人和野兽袭击的防御力和手段。御力和手段。v我没有人可以说话，也没有人来我没有人可以说话，也没有人来解除我的愁闷。解除我的愁闷。v但我还活着，没有想我同船的伙但我

38、还活着，没有想我同船的伙伴们一样，被水淹死。伴们一样，被水淹死。v但我也从全体船员中被剔出来，但我也从全体船员中被剔出来，独免一死，上帝既然用神力把我独免一死，上帝既然用神力把我从死亡里救出来，一定也会救我从死亡里救出来，一定也会救我脱离这个境地。脱离这个境地。v但我并未因为没有粮食，饿死在但我并未因为没有粮食，饿死在这不毛之地。这不毛之地。v但我是在一个热带气候里，即使但我是在一个热带气候里，即使有衣服，也穿不住。有衣服，也穿不住。v但我所流落的岛上，没有我在非但我所流落的岛上，没有我在非洲看到的那种野兽。假使我在那洲看到的那种野兽。假使我在那里覆了舟，我又将怎样？里覆了舟，我又将怎样？v但

39、上帝却不可思议把我送到海岸但上帝却不可思议把我送到海岸附近，使我可以从里面取出许多附近，使我可以从里面取出许多有用的东西，使我终身用之不尽。有用的东西，使我终身用之不尽。Heisconsideredoneofthegreatestfictionwritersof18th-centuryEngland.Defoewasaverygoodstory-teller.Hehadagiftfororganizingminute(carefulandexact)detailsinsuchavividwaythathisstoriescouldbebothcredibleandfascinating.His

40、sentencesaresometimesshort,crispandplain,andsometimeslongandrambling,whileleaveonthereaderanimpressionofcasualnarration.Hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular.Thereisnothingartificialinhislanguage:itiscommonEnglishatitsbest.Adventures of Robinson CrusoeThestoryofRobinsonCrusoeiswell-

41、knownthroughouttheworld.IttellsofhowRobinsonCrusoe,anEnglishmariner,havingshipwreckedonanisland,managedtostruggleforlivefor28yearsthereandrescuedablackman,whomhenamedFriday,fromthecannibals(personwhoeatshumanflesh).Later,Robinsongotholdofashipandsailedhome.Thebooks“realistic”touchandingenuity(origin

42、ality)arousedgreatinterestfromthereadersbothinEnglandandabroad.ThestorywasbasedonthelifeofAlexanderSelkirk,whowasputashoreonanuninhabitatedislandandspent5yearsthere.Defoewasprobablyfamiliarwithseveralversionsofthistale,andaddedmanyincidentsfromhisownimaginationtohisaccountofCrusoe,presentingitasatru

43、estory.ThestorystartswithRobinsonCrusoesrunningawayfromhome.Aninexperiencedteenagerandayoungmanfullofbrightfanciesaboutthefuture,henaturallychoosesgoingtosea,becauseinthosedaysitmeantachancetoliveachivalrouslife,toseethewondersoftheworldandtomakeafortune.Aftermanysetbacksandadventuresonthesea,hesett

44、lesdowninBrazilasaplanter.Butthecalloftheseaissostrongthathesoonembarksonanothervoyage,thistime,toAfrica.Unfortunatelyafrightfulstormblowstheboatoffitscourseandshipwrecksitnearanisland.OfalltheshipscrewRobinsonaloneescapestotheshoreafterstrenuous（费力的）efforts.Aftersalvagingfromthewreckedshipsomestore

45、sofnecessitiessuchasbread,rice,barley,corn,planks,leadandgunpowder,anaxeandtwosaws,whichhelatermanagestobringtotheislandwithaself-maderaft.Afterseveralfutileattemptstoleavetheisland,Robinsonsettleshimselfdowntoahardandlonelylife.Hegrowscrops,domesticatesanimalsandbuildscomfortablehomeshimself.Hislif

46、etakesaturnforthebetterwhenhesavesfromthehandsofsavagesayoungNegro,whomthenamesFriday.RobinsonteacheshimEnglishandeducateshiminsuchawaythatFridaysoonbecomesaloyalservantandanindispensablehelptohim.FinallytheyarepickedupbyanEnglishshipandreturntoEngland.Thusendsthefirstpartofthestory.InRobinsonCrusoe

47、,DefoetracesthegrowthofRobinsonfromanaveandartless（simple,innocent）youthintoashrewdandhardened(strong-minded)man,temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.TherealisticaccountofthesuccessfulstruggleofRobinsonsingle-handedlyagainstthehostilenatureformsthebestpartofthenovel.Robinsonisherearealhero:atyp

48、icaleighteenth-centuryEnglishmiddle-classman,withagreatcapacityforwork,inexhaustibleenergy,courage,patienceandpersistenceinovercomingobstacles,instrugglingagainstthehostilenaturalenvironment.Heistheveryprototypeoftheempirebuilder,thepioneercolonist.Asamemberofthemiddleclass,Defoespokeforandtothememb

49、ersofhisclassandhisnovelsenjoyedgreatpopularityamongthelesscultivatedreaders.Inmostofhisworks,hegavehispraisetothehard-working,sturdy(不屈的)middleclassandshowedhissympathyforthedowntrodden,unfortunatepoor.61Life on the islandCharacters of Robinson Robinsons companionsTools and foodCrusoe Visits the Wr

50、eckThe FootprintCrusoe Saves Friday fromthe Cannibals Plot overviewBackgroundPericopesuDefoesmasterpieceuconsistingofthreevolumes,onlythefirstoneverypopular,publishedinhundredsofeditionsandscoresoflanguagesubasedontheexperiencesofAlexanderSelkirk,acaptainlivedaloneinanislandfor5yearsucreatingavisual