土木工程专业英语全部.doc.pdf

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1、土木工程专业英语土木工程专业英语1Building material is any material which is used for a constructionpurpose.Many naturally occurring substances,such as clay,sand,woodand rocks,even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings.建筑材料是用于建造目的的任何材料，许多自然形成的物质，如粘土、砂子、木材、岩石，甚至树枝和树叶都已用来建造房屋。Apartfrom naturally occur

2、ring materials,many man-made products are inuse,some more and some less synthetic1.除天然材料之外，人们还采用许多人造材料，它们或多或少地都是人工合成的。The manufacture of building materials is anestablished industry in many countries and the use of these materials istypically segmented into specific speciality trades,such as carpent

3、ry,plumbing,roofing and insulation work.This reference deals withhabitats and structures including homes.建材生产已经是许多国家的固有产业，这些人工材料通常都按特定工种分类，如木工、管道工、屋面和隔热保温工程。此处涉及到的是用于居住和结构(包括住家)的建筑材料。A brick is a block made of kiln-fired material,usually clay orshale,but also may be of lower quality mud,etc.砖是一种窖中烧制

4、的块材，通常由粘土或页岩，甚至低级泥土等制成。Clay bricks are formed in a moulding(the soft mudmethod),or in commercial manufacture more frequently by extruding claythrough a die and then wire-cutting them to the proper size(the stiffmud process)2.在软泥制作法中，粘土砖是用模具成型;而在商业化硬泥加工法中，更多的是将粘土挤压过一个硬模，然后用钢丝将其切成合适的尺寸。Bricks were wid

5、ely used as a building material in the 1700,1800 and1900s.This was probably due to the fact that it was much more flameretardant than wood in the ever crowding cities,and fairly cheap toproduce.在 17，18 和 19 世纪，砖曾被广泛用做为建筑材料，这大概是因为其在不断拥挤的城市中比木材更耐火，且较廉价的事实。Another type of block replaced clay bricks in

6、the late 20th century.It was the Cinder block,made mostly with concrete.在 20 世纪晚期，另一种块材取代了粘土砖，这就是所谓的煤渣砌块，它们大都由混凝土制成。An important low-cost building material in developing countries isthe Sandcrete block,which is weaker but cheaper than fired clay bricks.在发展中国家有一种重要的廉价建材称为砂砖，与烧制粘土砖相比，其强度较低但却更廉价。Concre

7、te is a composite building material made from the combinationof aggregate(composite)and a binder such as cement.混凝土是一种复合材料，由骨料和粘结物(如水泥)制成，The most common form of concrete is Portland cementconcrete,which consists of mineral aggregate(generally gravel andsand),portland cement and water.最常见的混凝土为波特兰水泥混

8、凝土，它是由矿物骨料(通常为砾石和砂)、波特兰水泥和水混合而成。After mixing,the cement hydrates and eventually hardensinto a stone-like material.When used in the generic sense,this is thematerial referred to by the term concrete.混合后，水泥发生水化反应，最终硬结成一种象石头一样的材料，当在一般意义上使用时，将这种材料称为混凝土。For a concrete construction of any size,as concrete

9、 has a ratherlow tensile strength,it is generally strengthened using steel rods orbars(known as rebars).对任意尺寸的混凝土结构，由于其抗拉强度很低，通常都用钢筋对其加强，Thisstrengthened concreteis then referred to as reinforced concrete.这种经过加强的混凝土称为钢筋混凝土。In order to minimise any air bubbles that would weaken the structure,a vibrat

10、or is used to eliminate any air that has been entrained when theliquid concrete mix ispoured around the ironwork3.为了尽可能减少使混凝土结构性能降低的气泡，当将具有流动性的混凝土拌合料浇入钢模时，用振捣器将其排出。Concrete has beenthe predominantbuilding material in this modern age.混凝土已是现代社会的主要建筑材料。Concrete comes cheap and will support structures(e

11、.g.bridges)for along amount of time.混凝土造价低廉，且能长期支撑结构物(如桥梁等)。Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such asskyscrapers,or as an external surface covering.金属用作为大型建筑物(如摩天大楼)的结构框架，或作为内装修材料。There are many types of metals used for building.Steel is a metal alloy whose major component i

12、s iron,and is the usualchoice for metal structural building materials.用于建材的金属有多种，钢材是一种金属合金，其主要成份为铁，它常用作为金属结构的建筑材料。It is strong,flexible,and if refinedwell and/ortreated lasts a long time.Corrosion is metals prime enemy when itcomes to longevity.钢材强度高，柔性好，如精制而成，或经过处理，其耐久性亦好。如果使用年限长，锈蚀则是金属的主要缺陷。The lo

13、wer density and better corrosion resistance of aluminum alloysand tin sometimes overcome their greater cost.Brass was more common inthe past,but is usually restricted to specific uses or specialty itemstoday.铝合金和锡合金的低密度和更好的耐锈蚀性有时抵消了其高成本，黄铜在过去更常见，但现今仅限于一些特殊场合。Metal figures quite prominently in prefab

14、ricated structures such asthe Quonset hut,and can be seen used in most cosmopolitan cities.Itrequires a great deal of human labor to produce metal,especially in thelarge amounts needed for the building industries.金属广泛用于预制结构中，如匡西特活动房屋，在大多数大都市中其应用比比皆是。生产金属需要大量人力，特别是建筑业需要大量金属时更是如此。Other metals used inc

15、lude titanium,chrome,gold,silver.Titaniumcan be used for structural purposes,but it is much more expensive thansteel.其它用途的金属有钛、铬、金和银。钛可用于结构物，但其比钢材价格高许多，Chrome,gold,andsilver are usedas decoration,because these materials are expensive and lackstructural qualities such as tensile strength or hardness.

16、铬、金和银用于装饰，这是因为它们价格高且结构性能差，如其抗拉强度和硬度都较低。Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to coversmall openings in a building.自从有了覆盖建筑物的小洞口的玻璃以来人们一直在使用明亮的窗户，Theyprovided humans with the ability to both let light into rooms whileat the same time keeping inclement weather outside.玻璃能使光线射入房间同时还

17、能隔绝外界气候，Glassis generally made from mixtures of sand and silicates,and is verybrittle.它通常由砂和硅酸盐混合制成，因而极易碎。Modern glass curtain walls can be used to cover the entire facadeof a building.Glass can also be used to span over a wide roof structurein a space frame.可用现代玻璃幕墙覆盖整个建筑物表面，在空间框架中也可用玻璃来覆盖大跨度屋面结构。C

18、eramics are such things as tiles,fixtures,etc.Ceramics aremostly used as fixtures or coverings in buildings.Many countries useceramic roofing tiles to cover many buildings.陶瓷制品有瓷砖和固定设备等，陶瓷最常用作为固定设备或建筑物表面装饰。Ceramics used to be just a specialized form of clay-pottery firingin kilns,but it has evolved

19、into more technical areas.陶瓷曾经是一种特殊的窑中烧制的黏土陶瓷，但它已发展成为一种技术含量更高的材料。The term plastics covers a range of synthetic or semi-syntheticorganic condensation or polymerization products that can be molded orextruded into objects or films or fibers.塑料这一术语包括一系列人造或半人造有机缩合或聚合物，只要它们能模制或挤压成物体、膜或纤维即可。Their name is d

20、erived from the fact that intheir semi-liquid state they are malleable,or have the property ofplasticity.其名来自于其在半液态时的延展性(即塑性)。Plastics vary immensely in heat tolerance,hardness,and resiliency.Combined with this adaptability,the generaluniformity of composition and lightness of plastics ensures their

21、 use inalmost all industrial applications today.塑料耐热性、硬度和弹性千差万别，结合此适应性，塑料成分的一致性和其较轻的自重保证了其几乎可用于各行各业。The tent used to be the home of choiceamong nomadic groups.Two well known types include the conical teepeeand the circular yurt.It has been revived as a major constructiontechnique with the developmen

22、t of tensile architecture.Modern buildingscan be made of flexible material such as fabric membranes,and supportedby a system of steel cables or internal air pressure.帐蓬曾是游牧民族住所首选，这其中包括两种著名的形式，即美国印第安人的圆锥形帐篷和蒙古包。随着抗拉结构的出现，帐蓬已发展成一种主要的结构技术。现代建筑物可由柔性材料(如纤维膜)制成，并由一种钢缆体系或内部气压支撑。Tensile strengthUTS or SU is

23、the stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms.抗拉强度 UTS，或SU 是使材料发生断裂或产生永久变形的应力。Tensile strength is anintensive propertyand,consequently,does not depend on the size of the test specimen.However,it is dependent on the preparation of the specimen and thetemperature of the test environment

24、 and material.材料的抗拉强度是一种广延性质，因此它并不取决于试件的尺寸。但它决定于试样的制备，测试环境温度和材料温度。Tensile strength,along with elastic modulus and corrosionresistance,is an important parameter of engineering materials that areused in structures and mechanical devices 1.It is specified formaterials such as alloys,composite materials

25、,ceramics,plastics andwood.抗拉强度以及弹性模量和抗锈蚀性都是用于各种结构和机械装置的工程材料的重要参数，对各种材料，如合金，复合材料，陶瓷，塑料和木材等，都规定了其抗拉强度。There are three definitions of tensile strength:有三种抗拉强度:Yield strength The stress at which material strain changes fromelastic deformation to plastic deformation,causing it to deformpermanently.屈服强度

26、是材料从弹性变形到塑性变形(材料发生永久变形)转化时的应力。Ultimate strength The maximum stress a material can withstand whensubjected to tension,compression or shearing.It is the maximum stresson the stress-strain curve.极限强度 在材料承受拉伸，压缩或剪切时可以承受最大应力，是应力应变曲线上的最大应力。Breaking strength The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve

27、at the point of rupture.断裂强度 与应力应变曲线上的断裂点相对应的应力。The various definitions of tensile strength are shown in thefollowing stress-strain graph(Fig.T1.1a)for low-carbon steel:各种抗拉强度如下面的低碳钢的应力应变图(Fig.T1.1a)所示:Metals including steel have a linear stress-strain relationship upto the yield point,as shown in F

28、ig.T1.1a.金属材料(包括钢材)在到达屈服点之前具有线性应力应变关系，如Fig.T1.1a 所示。In some steels the stress falls after the yield point.This is due to the interaction of carbon atoms and dislocations in thestressed steel.由于应力作用区的碳原子的相互作用和脱位，有些钢材在屈服强度后出现应力下降现象。Coldworked and alloy steels do not show this effect.冷加工钢材和合金钢并无这种效果。Fo

29、r most metals yield point is not sharply defined.大多数金属的屈服点不分明。Belowthe yield strength all deformation is recoverable,and the materialwill return to its initial shape when the load is removed.应力低于屈服强度时，卸载后变形可完全恢复，材料将返回到其初始形状。For stresses above the yield point thedeformation is not recoverable,and the

30、 material will not return to itsinitial shape.如果应力超过屈服点，则变形不可恢复，材料不会恢复到其初始的形状。Thisunrecoverabledeformation is known as plastic deformation.这种不可恢复的变形称为塑性变形。Formany applications plastic deformation is unacceptable,and the yieldstrength is used as the design limitation.对于许多应用来讲，塑性变形是不能接受的，因而将屈服强度作为设计极限

31、强度。After the yield point,steel and many other ductile metals willundergo a period of strain hardening,in which the stress increasesagain with increasing strain up to the ultimate strength2.过了屈服点后，钢材和许多其它延性金属将经历一段应变硬化的过程，即在达到其极限强度之前随着应变的增长应力再次出现增长。If thematerial isunloaded at this point,the stress-st

32、rain curve will be parallel tothat portion of the curve between the origin and the yield point.如果材料是在这一点上卸荷，应力应变曲线将与起点和屈服点之间的曲线相平行。If it is re-loaded it willfollow theunloading curve up again to the ultimate strength,which has becomethe new yield strength.如果重新加载,它将会按照卸载曲线重新到达极限强度，并成为新的屈服强度。After a m

33、etal has been loaded to its yield strength it begins toneck as the cross-sectional area of the specimen decreases due toplastic flow.当将金属材料加载到其屈服强度之后，它将发生颈缩，即截面面积由于塑性流动而开始减小。When neckingbecomes substantial,it may cause a reversal of the engineeringstress-strain curve,where decreasing stress correlat

34、es to increasingstrain because of geometric effects.当颈缩很大时，可能导致工程应力应变曲线关系逆转变化，即因几何效应而使应力减少应变增加。This is because the engineering stress and engineering strainare calculated assuming the original cross-sectional area before necking.这是因为工程应力应变是在假设发生缩颈前原横截面积的基础上算得的。If the graph is plottedin terms of true

35、stress and true strain the curve will always slope upwards and neverreverse,as true stress is corrected for the decrease in cross-sectionalarea 3.如果此曲线是以真正的应力和应变描出，即真正的应力是按减小后的截面修改后所得到，它将总是上升的而没有下降段。Necking is not observed for materials loaded incompression.在材料受压加载中没有观察到缩颈现象。The peak stress on the e

36、ngineeringstress-strain curve is known as the ultimate strength.工程应力应变曲线峰值应力称为极限强度。After aperiod of necking,the material will rupture and the stored elasticenergy is released as noise and heat.颈缩过后，材料将断裂，所储蓄的弹性能将以声和热的形式释放出。Thestress on the material at the time of rupture is known as thetensile stren

37、gth.断裂时的材料应力称为抗拉强度。Ductile metals do not have a well defined yield point.延性金属没有明确定义的屈服点。The yield strength is typically defined by the 0.2%offsetstrain.通常将屈服强度定义为与“0.2,残余应变”相对应的应力值。The yield strength at0.2%offset isdetermined by finding the intersection of the stress-strain curvewith a line parallel

38、 to the initial slope of the curve and whichintercepts the abscissa at 0.2%.0.2,残余应变对应的屈服强度可以通过残余应变为 0.2%的横坐标，以初始斜率画平行直线与应力应变曲线的交点来确定 A typical stress-strain curve of aluminum alongwith the 0.2%offset line is shown in Fig.T1.1b.一条典型的铝的 0.2,残余变形的应力应变曲线如图T1.1b。Brittle materials such as concrete and ca

39、rbon fiber do not have ayield point,and do not strain-harden which means that the ultimatestrength and breaking strength are the same.脆性材料如混凝土和碳纤维，则没有屈服点，没有应变硬化，这意味着最终的强度和断裂强度是相同的。A most unusual stress-strain curve isshown in Fig.T1.1c.某一特殊的应力应变曲线如图 T1.1c。Typical brittlematerials do not show any pla

40、stic deformation but fail while thedeformation is elastic.典型的脆性材料不显示任何塑性变形，而且在弹性变形阶段破坏。One of the characteristics of abrittle failure is that the two broken parts can be reassembled toproduce the same shape as the original component.脆性破坏的特征之一是，这两个部分可以被重新组合而形成与原始构件相同的形状。A typical stress strain curve

41、for a brittle material will belinear.典型的脆性材料的应力一应变曲线是线性的。Testing of several identicalspecimens will result in different failure stresses.测试几个相同的试件会有不同的破坏应力。The curveshown below would be typical of a brittle polymer tested at veryslow strain rates at a temperature above its glass transitiontemperatur

42、e.下面描述的是一典型的在高于玻璃化转化温度以及低应变率下所测试的脆性聚合物应力应变曲线。Someengineeringceramics show a small amount of ductile behavior at stresses justbelow that causing failure but the initial part of the curve is a linear.一些工程陶瓷在应力低于破坏应力时表现出较差的延性，但曲线的初始部分是线性的。Tensile strength is measured in units of force per unit area.用单位

43、面积的力来衡量抗拉强度。In the SI system,the units are newtons per squaremetre(N/m2)or pascals(Pa),with prefixes as appropriate.在 SI 制中，单位是牛顿每平方米(牛顿/平方米)或帕斯卡(坝)，可加适当的前缀。The non-metric units are pounds-forceper square inch(lbf/in2 or PSI).Engineers in North America usually useunits of ksi which is a thousand psi

44、.One MegaPascal is 145.037738pounds-force per square inch.非十进制单位是磅每平方英寸(磅力/平方英寸或 PSI)。北美工程师通常使用该协会的单位(1000 psi)。一兆帕是每平方英寸 145.037738 英镑的力量。For brittle materials such as rock,concrete,cast iron,or soil,tensile strength is negligible compared to the compressive strength andit is assumed zero for many

45、engineering applications.对于诸如岩石，混凝土，铸铁，或土壤的脆性材料，抗拉强度与抗压强度相比可以忽略不计，许多工程应用假设为零。Glass fibers havea tensilestrength stronger than steel,but bulk glass usually does not.Thisis due to the Stress Intensity Factor associated with defects in thematerial.玻璃纤维比钢具有更强的拉伸强度，但大部分玻璃通常没有，这是由于材料应力强度因子缺陷。As the size o

46、fthe sample gets larger,the size of defects also grows.由于样本尺寸较大时，该缺陷大小也增加。In general,the tensile strength of a rope is alwaysless than the tensile strength of its individual fibers.一般来说，一个绳索抗拉强度总是比其单个纤维抗拉强度低。A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding loadprimarily by resisting be

47、nding.梁是一种结构构件，它主要通过抗弯来抵抗荷载。The bending forceinduced into the material of the beam as a result of the externalloads,own weight and external reactions to these loads is called abending moment.由外部荷载、自重和及相应的的支座反力在梁中产生的弯曲力称为弯矩。Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also beused to ca

48、rry horizontal loads(i.e.,loads due to earthquake or wind).梁通常承受竖向重力荷载，也能承受水平荷载，例如由地震和风引起的荷载。The loads carried by abeam aretransferred to columns,walls,or girders,which then transfer theforce to adjacent structural compression members1.In light frameconstruction the joists rest on the beam.由梁所承受的荷载被

49、传至柱、墙或大梁，大梁再将此力传至其附近的受压结构构件。在轻型框架结构中，次梁支撑于主梁上。Beams are characterized by their profile(the shape of their cross-section),their length,and their material.梁的特征包括其横截面形状、长度和材料。In contemporaryconstruction,beams are typically made of steel,reinforced concrete,or wood.在现代结构中，梁通常由钢材、钢筋混凝土或木材制成。One of the mo

50、stcommon types of steelbeam is the I-beam or wide-flange beam(also known as a universalbeam or,for stouter sections,a universal column).最常见的一类钢梁为 I 型梁或宽翼缘梁(也称为通用梁，其有更较重截面的则称为通用柱)。This is commonly used insteel-framebuildings and bridges.这种梁常用在钢框架建筑和桥梁结构中。Othercommon beamprofiles are the C-channel,the