考研英语语法讲义.pdf

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1、 考研英语核心语法精讲 考试点考研网考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m1第一部分：考研语法导学第一部分：考研语法导学 一、考研语法考什么？二、考研语法讲解（预告篇）(一)句子的结构(二)句子的省略 非谓语动词(三)句子的补充 三、考研真题应用（预告篇）第二部分：考研语法讲解第二部分：考研语法讲解 一、句子的结构(一)简单句 1.简单句的构成：一主一谓 2.简单句的分类：谓语动词的分类 3.简单句的变化：谓语动词的时态语态情态(二)并列句(三)复合句 复合句 1 名词性从句 1.宾语从句 2.表语从句 3.主语从句 4.同位语从句 复合句 2 定语从句 复合句

2、 3 状语从句 二、句子的省略 非谓语动词 三、句子的补充(一)成分的补充：定语状语同位语(二)句式的补充：倒装强调(三)考点的补充：itas 第三部分：考研真题应用第三部分：考研真题应用 一、读句子(一)基本结构的长难句分析(二)特殊结构的长难句分析 考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m21.分裂结构 2.嵌套结构 3.平行结构 4.省略结构 二、写句子 第一部分：考研语法导学第一部分：考研语法导学 一、考研语法考什么？一、考研语法考什么？_ 二、考研语法讲解（预告篇）二、考研语法讲解（预告篇）(一一)句子的结构句子的结构 1.一个句子（一件事）简单句(1)

3、最核心的简单句：N.+V.(2)简单句的变化：考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m3 例如：2.多个句子的连接（多件事）并列句复合句 句子连接的核心？_ 考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m4 例：We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of 20th century and the eve of World War,at a time when newsprin

4、t was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.(2010 年 阅读 Text 1)(二二)句子的省略 句子的省略 非谓语动词 非谓语动词 He is lying in bed,while he is reading a book.He is lying in bed,_ a book.A woman who was wearing a black coat asked me the way to the nearest

5、 hospital.A woman _ a black coat asked me the way to the nearest hospital.例：Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.(2011 年 阅读 Text 3)(三三)句子的补充句子的补充 1.成分的补充 例：The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the

6、talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.(2011 年 阅读 Text 1)考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m5 请划出补充的成分：例：One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic v

7、alue.(2010 年翻译)例：Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.(2008 年翻译)2.句式的补充：倒装强调 3.考点的补充：it/as 三、考研真题应用（预告篇）三、考研真题应用（预告篇）1.读句子（完形阅读）2.写句子（写作）：写的对写的好 根据讲解，在下面的例句上划出分析的部分：例：The same dram

8、atic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible,and much more damaging ways.(2011 年阅读 Text 3)例：While traditional“paid”media such as telev

9、ision commercials and print advertisements still play a major role,companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.(2011 年阅读 Text 3)考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m6 例：.what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or wors

10、e than other children of his age at tasks which we think require“general intelligence.”(1992 年翻译)例：It tends to ignore,and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning.(2010 年翻译)例：Formerly,too,pictures ha

11、d given him considerable,and music very great,delight.(2008 年翻译)第二部分：考研语法讲解第二部分：考研语法讲解 一、句子的结构一、句子的结构(一一)简单句简单句 1.简单句的构成：N.+V.（一主一谓）简单句的核心部分？_ 2.简单句的分类：取决于_的分类 考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m7 简单句的分类 练习：1)Yesterday morning I went to the church.2)Most boys in my class liked playing football.3)Som

12、e schools give their students a long summer vacation.4)Watching fun movies allows me to take a break from my busy routine.5)Computers have become very useful tools in modern life.简单句的分类 真题应用：例：On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that,while he wa

13、s a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.(2008 年翻译)例：Dr.Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative.One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved.(2006 年阅读 Text 3)3.简单句的变化 主要研究谓语动词的变化：时态语态情态 (1)谓语动词时态的变化 考研中最常用的时态：考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m8 特别注意：1)现在完成时 He has

14、 left.We have studied English for ten years.They have tried to help him hundreds of times.例：The reason,of course,is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.(2006 年阅读 Text 2)例：The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean becau

15、se they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.(2006 年阅读 Text 3)例：The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.(2011 年阅

16、读 Text 1)2)过去完成时 vs.一般过去时 例：Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.(2008 年翻译)考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m9 3)现在完成进行时 （have/has been doing）例：The latest revolution isnt simply a

17、 matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens email.That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades.(2003 年阅读 Text 1)4)过去将来时 (would do;was/were going to do)(2)谓语动词语态的变化：被动语态 1)被动语态 跟时态相结合 be+done 例：The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in

18、European universities.(2007 年翻译)例：It has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it often enough.(2005 年完形填空)考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m102)被动语态 跟情态动词相结合 例：It may be said that the measure of the worth of any soci

19、al institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience,but this effect is not a part of its original motive.(2009 年翻译)(3)谓语动词 情态的变化 例：In such a case,the companys response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful,and the learning curve has been steep.(2011 年阅读 Text 3)例：Unhappy parents

20、rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldnt have had kids,but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world:obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping,baby-size holes in their lives.(2011 年阅读 Text 4)注意：掌握谓语动词

21、的时态语态情态的变化，是为了帮助大家更加准确的定位谓语动词（谓语动词不一定是一个单词，有可能是几个单词构成），进而看懂句子。例：Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldnt have had kids,but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world:obviously their misery must be a direc

22、t result of the gaping,baby-size holes in their lives.(2011 年阅读 Text 4)(二二)并列句并列句 1.并列句的含义：多件事（多个_句）之间同等重要，用_连接起来。2.并列连词：(1)表示顺接：.and.;both.and.;not only.,but.as well/but also./but.(2)表示转折:but;yet;still;while;however(3)表示选择:.or.;either.or.;neither.nor.(4)表示因果:.for.(原因);.so.(结果)考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h

23、id ia n.c o m11练习 划出并列连词：例：In such a case,the companys response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful,and the learning curve has been steep.(2011 年阅读 Text 3)例：In the former case the education is incidental;it is natural and important,but it is not the express reason of the association.(2009 年翻

24、译)例：.none of these requirements should deter large retailers from trying their hand,for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.(2012 年阅读)3.并列句的省略 并列结构（平行结构）I am a teacher and I like English.I am a teacher and like English.I am lying in bed and I a

25、m reading a book.I am lying in bed and reading a book.I want to leave and I want to go abroad.I want to leaveand to go abroad.练习 划出并列的成分（平行结构）：例：The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.(2011 年阅读 Text 2)例：To be sure,he performs an impressive variety o

26、f interesting compositions,but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall,or anywhere else,to hear interesting orchestral music.(2011 年阅读 Text 1)例：All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from Tunes.(2011 年阅读 Text 1)例：For the t

27、ime,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses,dance troupes,theater 考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m12companies,and museums,but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.(2011 年阅读

28、Text 2)例：Besides generating income,the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective,gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies marketing,and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.(2011 年阅读 Text 3)(三三)复合句复合句 1 名词性从句名

29、词性从句 1.宾语从句(1)宾语从句的含义：一个 _ 作 _。(2)宾语从句的写法：总结：宾语从句的写法 _+_ 考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m13 练习 写出宾语从句：1)我承诺我会帮助你。I promise _ I will help you.2)你从来没告诉过我，你对我的电脑做了什么。You never told me _ you had done to my computer.3)他们不知道他们是否会按时完成工作。They dont know _ they will finish the work on time.4)我想知道什么时候我们将会出发

30、。I wonder _ we will set out.5)你能告诉我什么时候我们将会出发吗?Can you tell me _?(3)宾语从句的位置：1)I dont know when you will finish the work.No one tells me when you will finish the work.2)I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.3)Are you positive(that)youve never seen that man before?2.表语从句：一个 _ 作 _，位于_后。My concern i

31、s that people dont care about others.The question remains whether people will buy it.3.主语从句：(1)主语从句的含义：一个 _ 作 _。(2)主语从句的写法：同 _ 从句（但_不能省略；只能用_，不能用 if）(3)主语从句的位置：位置 1:句首 Whether we will go camping depends on the weather.考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m14位置 2:句尾(句首用形式主语 it)It depends on the weather

32、whether we will go camping.注意：两种位置，意思相同。但更常用的是位于句尾的主语从句。4.同位语从句(1)同位语从句的含义：一个 _ 作 _，解释说明_。(2)同位语从句的位置：_名词后（例如：fact,idea,news,dream,suggestion,advice,report.）(3)同位语从句的写法：同 _ 从句 最常用的是：“that+陈述句”这种（注意：that 不作成分，但不能省略）I have no doubt that he will help me.I support the argument that the problems of schoo

33、l buses must be taken seriously.练习 找出名词性从句，并判断是哪一种：例：Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.(2008 年翻译)例：One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives i

34、s that most members of the land community have no economic value.(2010 年翻译)例：Its no surprise that Jennifer Seniors insightful,provocative magazine cover story,“I Love My Children,I Hate My Life,”is arousing much chatter.(2011 年阅读 Text 4)例：He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in e

35、xpressing himself clearly and concisely,but he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every 考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m15sentence,and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observation

36、s.(2008 年翻译)(三三)复合句复合句 2 定语从句定语从句 1.定语从句的含义：一个 _ 作 _，去修饰限定 _。2.定语从句的位置：所修饰限定的 _ 后 3.定语从句的写法：(1)两个句子的合并，写出定语从句 (2)了解构成 (3)关系词如何选择？取决于 _ 考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m16 注意：关系词 which/that/who/whom 作宾语，可以省略。例：All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot up my computer and download still more r

37、ecorded music from Tunes.(2011 年阅读 Text 1)练习关系词的选择：1)I have a class _ begins at 8:00 am.2)The lawyer _ my brother called didnt answer the phone.3)My daughter asked me a question _ I couldnt answer.4)The people _ sat in the stadium cheered for the home team.5)Leo is the student _ bike was stolen.6)Au

38、stralia is one of the few countries _ people drive on the left.7)Sunday is the day _ people usually dont go to work.8)Is there any particular reason _ you cant come?(4)练习写定语从句 1)I lost the book _.我弄丢了上周从图书馆借的书。2)The woman _ was feeding pigeons.我在公园看见的那位女士正在喂鸽子。3)We like Professor Lee _.我们喜欢李教授，他的讲座非

39、常精彩。4)The bus _ is usually very crowded.我每天上学坐的那辆公交车总是很拥挤。5)I cant remember the day _.我记不起上一次我们是什么时候碰面的。考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m17 4.定语从句的分类：I met your friend who is staying in Paris.限定性定语从句 I met your mother,who is staying in Paris.非限定性定语从句 练习（填入逗号和关系词）：1)He came from Beijing _ is the ca

40、pital of China.2)He came from a city _ is in the north of China.3)This is Bill Gates _ many people know him as the richest man.4)This is the businessman _ we are cooperating with.注意：非限定性定语从句不仅可以修饰前面的名词，还可以修饰前面整句话。The company will get back to you in three days,which is one of the typical rules.例：With

41、in two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.(2011 年阅读 Text 2)例：This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels

42、 and will no doubt go further.(2011 年阅读 Text 3)5.定语从句的补充：(1)介词提前的定语从句 This is the job which/that/X I have dreamed of for years.This is the job of which I have dreamed for years.例：Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,thus subjecting all other life forms to

43、their own peculiar ideas and fancies.（2003 年翻译）考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m18例：With regard to Futurist poetry,however,the case is rather difficult,for whatever Futurist poetry may be-even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right-it can hardly be classed as Literature.（2000

44、年阅读 Text 3）(2)特殊关系词的定语从句 as 例：Stratford-on-Avon,as we all know,has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.（2006 年阅读 Text 2）例：This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars.Being learned in some branch of human knowle

45、dge is one thing,living in public and illustrious thoughts,”as Emerson would say,is something else.（2006 年翻译）wherebyby which/through which 例：The definition also excludes the majority of teachers,despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their li

46、ving.（2006 年翻译）例：He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success.Straitfords briefs dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing,whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.（2003 年阅读 Text 1）(3)分裂结构的定语从句 例：As a linguist,he acknowledges that all

47、 varieties of human language,including non-standard ones like Black English,can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.（2005 年阅读Text 4）例：It can be predicted,however,that from time to time,questions will arise which will require spec

48、ific scientific answers.（1996 年翻译）(4)定语从句与同位语从句的区别 考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m19 例：The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.（2008 年 知识运用）例：The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase deci

49、sions means that marketings impact stems from the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.(2011 年阅读 Text 3)(三三)复合句复合句 3 状语从句 状语从句 1.状语从句的含义：一个 _ 作 _，去修饰限定 _。2.状语从句的写法：I will tell him the news,when he comes home later._+_ 3.状语从句的分类：(主要取决于_)考试点考研网 w w w.ka o s h id ia n.c o m2 0 4.状语从句的补

50、充：时间条件状语从句中表示将来，要换成一般现在时。If it rains tomorrow,we will not go for a picnic.I will let him know,when he comes home later.改错练习：1)The boss will review your work after she will return from vacation next week.2)Ill give you a call on my cell phone as soon as my plane will land.3)I dont like my current job