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1、20212021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on theANSWER SHEET(10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ab

2、ility to thinkquickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It 1in young adulthood,levels out for a period oftime,and then 2starts to slowly decline as we age.But 3aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certainchanges in brain function may not be.One study found that m

3、uscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline influid intelligence.This suggests the 5that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that 7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000middle-t

4、o-oIder-aged men and women and 8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-yearperiod.They found that middle-aged people 9higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluidintelligence as the years 11.For women,lhe association may be 12 to changes in immunity that res

5、ulted from excess abdominal fat;in men.the immune system did not appear to be 13.It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhapslead to different 15 for men and women.16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in orderto

6、 protect both your physical and mental 18.The two highly recommended litestxdc approaches are maintaining orincreasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminateshighly processed foods.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.AAAAAA

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9、controlledexplaintreatmentsInsteadtakecoordinationspaceprescriptionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A.B.C or D.Mark youranswers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1How can Britain*s train operators possib

10、ly justify yet another increase to rail passenger lares?It has become agrimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises,imposing a significant extra burden onthose who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This year s rise an average

11、of 2.7percent,maybe a fraction lower than last year s,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Ind-er(CPI)measure of inflation1Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing iii and runningthe rail network.Should be bome by those who use

12、it.rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner fiom Lincoln-shire have to subscribe the daily commute of a stockbroker from survey?Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the south East,many of whom will face among the biggestrises,have re

13、ceived too much attention compared to those who must endure the relativity poor infrastructure of theMid lands and the North.However,over the past 12 months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes inyears.It is all very well train operators tmmpeting the improvements the

14、y are making to lhe network,but passengersshould be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.Theresponsibility for the test wave of strikes rests on the wines.However,there is a strong case that those who havebeen worst affected by industrial act

15、ion should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.Tlie Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement,so that?evenwhen strikes occur,services can continue to operate This should from part of a wider package of measures to addressthe long-runni

16、ng problems on Britain s railways.Yes.more investment is needed?bul passengers will not be willingto pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services interrupted by regular chaos whentime tables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.They threat of nati

17、onalization mayhave been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed inshort order.21.The author holds that this years increase in rail passenger taresAhas kept pace with inflation.Bis a big surprise to commuters.Cremains an unreasonable

18、 measure.Dwill ease train operators burden.22.ABCD23.The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand forrail travelers.car drivers.local investors.ordinary taxpayers.It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operatorsAhave suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.Bhave failed to provide an adequate

19、 service.Care offering compensation to commuters.D|are trying to repair relations with the unions24.ABCD25.ABCDIf unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face（本题有争议）the loss of investment.（网络答案）the collapse of operations.（海文考研）a reduction of revenue.a change of ownership.（何凯文答案）Which

20、 of the following would be the best title for the text?Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?Constant Complaining Doesnt WorkCan Nationalization Bring Hope?A ever-rising fares Arent SustainableText 2Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesias bleak rate deforestation has slowed in pace.Onere

21、ason for the turnaround may be the countrys antipoverty program.In 2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certainconditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or gel regular medical care.Called conditional cashtransfers or CCTs,these

22、social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.2They are already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia.the programme has provided enough foodand medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But the CCT programs dont

23、generally consider eftects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation andenvironmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns HopkinsUniversity.Thats because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting theenv

24、ironment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations dont prove cause and effect.l*hc only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported thetraditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleare

25、d land for cattle to raise formeat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesiaspoverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in theworld and one of the highest

26、deforestation rates.Fenaro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 一 including during Indonesiasphase-in of the aiitipoverty program 一 in 7.468 forested villages across 15 provinces.We see that the program isassociated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,Farrow

27、says.Thats likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclementweather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement theirharvest.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement thei

28、r harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybodys guess.Farrow suggests the results may transfer to otherparts of Asia,due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless oftransferability,the study shows that whats good for people may also be

29、 good for the environment.Even if thisprogram didnt reduce poverty.Ferraro says,the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxideemissions alone is more than the program costs26.According to the first paragraph,CCT programmes aim toAFacilitate health-care reformBhelp poor Fmilies get be

30、tter offCImprove local education systemsDlower deforestation rales27.ABCD28.ABCD29.The study based on an area in Mexico excited to show that.cattle raising has been a major livelihood fbr the poorCCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestylesantipoveily eftbrts require the participation of

31、 local flirmerseconomic growth tends to cause environmental degradationIn his study about Indonesia,Farrow intends to find outits acceptance level of CCTsits annual rate of poverty alleviationthe relation of CCTs to its forest lossthe role of its forests in climate change.According to Ferraro,the CC

32、T program in Indonesia is valuable in.thatA it will benefit other Asian countries|B|it will reduce regional inequalityCit can protect the environmentDit can benefit grain production30.ABCDWhat is the text centred on?The effects of a program.The debates over a program.The process of a study.The trans

33、fer-ability of a study.3Text3As a historian whos always searching for the lest or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past.Ive becomepreoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what bettei way to shatter theimage of 19th-century prudery?).Ive found quite a

34、few,and since I started posting them on Twitter 一 they havebeen causing quite stir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorian had fun and could,and did,laugh.They are nothing that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years thatseparate us fade away th

35、rough our common experience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of Smiling Victoriansmakes up only a tiny percentage of thevast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900,the majority of which show sittersposing miserably and stiffly in front of painte

36、d backdrops,or staring absently into the middle distance.How do weexplain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long:thedaguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes tocomple

37、te,resulting in blurred images as sitters shitted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought holding a fixedgrin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank starebecame the norm.But exposure ties were much quicker by the 1880s and the introdu

38、ction of the Box Brownie and other portablecameras meant that,though slow by todays digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneoussmiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s so we must look elsewhere fbr an explanation of why Victoriansstill hesitated to smile.One explan

39、ation might must be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.Nature gave us lips toconceal our teeth.nran one popular Victorian saying,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistrymouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular

40、 pearly whites was arare sight in Victorian society the preserve of the super-rich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth)lacked class:drunks,tramps and music hallperfonners might gum and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Ca

41、rroll,s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not abecoming look fbr properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a heartly laugh,said that when itcame photographic portraits there could be nothing more damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed IbTever”.31.According to paragraph 1,the autho

42、rs posts on Twitter.A.illustrated the development of Victorian photographyB.highlighted social medias tole in Victorian studiesC.re-evaluated the Victorians notion of public imageD.changed peoples impression of the Victorians.32.A.B.C.D.33.A.B.C.D.34.A.B.C.D.35.A.What does the author say about the V

43、ictorian portraits he has collected?They are rare among photograph of that ageThey show effect of different exposure timesThey mirror 19th-century social conventionsThey arc in popular use among historiansWhat miglit have kept the Victorians from smiling pictures in the 1890s?Their inherent social s

44、ensitivenessTheir tension before the cameraTheir unhealthy dental conditionTheir distrust of new inventionsMark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures wasa thought-provoking ideaa misguide attitudea controversial viesa deep-rotted beliefWhich of the following questions do

45、es the text answer?Why did most Victorians look stem in photographs?4.When did the Victorians start to view photograph differently?C.What made photograph develop slowly in the Victorian period?D.How did smiling in photograph become a post-Victorian norm?Text 4From the early days of broadband advocat

46、es for consumers and Web-based companies worried that the cableand phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites overtheir rivals.Thats why there has been such a strong demand fbr rules that would prevent broadband providers frompicking winner

47、s and losers online,preserving the freedom and innovation from what have been the lifeblood of theInternet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill-in part because of push-back from broadband providersanti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A federal appeals court unchanged in again.T

48、uesday,but instead ofproviding a badly needed resolution.It only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S.Court of Appeals for thedirtiness of Columbia Court was the latest take of the Federal Communications(FCC.)on net neutrality,adopted on apartyline vote in 2017.The publican penned order not o

49、nly eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC hadadopted.When it had a democratic majority in2015.But rejected the commissions authority.To require broadbandproviders to do much of anything.The order also declared that state and local governments couldnt regulatebroadband providers either.T

50、he Commission argue that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior,such as abroadband-providing conglomerable like ATRT favors its own video-stressing service at the expense of Notfish andAppie TO caps on their rivals streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday,the appeals c